4.2 Prokaryota 1. Structural and functional adaptations 0.

5-5 m in diameter Shape: Sphere (cocci) Rod (bacilli) Spiral

2. Cell surface structures Cell wall of bacteria Peptidoglycan (matrix composed of modified sugar polymers crosslinked by short polypeptides) Provides physical protection & prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic environment Gram + Simpler Thick layer of peptidoglycan (protein+carbohydrate) No lipopolysaccharide (lipid+carbohydrate) membrane Cell wall of archaea No peptidoglycan but can be gram+/ Contain variety of polysaccharides & proteins

Gram Complex Less peptidoglycan Have an outer lipoplysaccharide membrane

Sticky capsule outside cell wall Protection from hosts immune system Glue for adhering to substrate Attach by hairlike appendages frimbae shorter & more numerous than sex pilli Sex pilli specialized for exchange of DNA between prokaryotes

3. Motility Flagella Scattered over cell surface/ concentrated at one or both ends of cells Lack of plasma membrane over Different from eukaryotic flagella Naked protein structure that lacks microtubules Exhibit taxis (respond to chemical/light/other stimuli)

4. Internal and genomic organization Lack of complex compartmentalization

Some have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions Infoldings of plasma membrane respiration &photosynthesis Less DNA than eukaryotes Genome consists of circular chromosomes with fewer proteins Chromosome located in nucleoid Plasmids smaller rings of DNA which only carry a few genes Ribosomes smaller than eukaryotes & differ in protein and RNA content Some antibiotics bind to ribosomes & block protein synthesis of prokaryotes

5. Reproduction & Adaptation Reproduce quickly in favorable environment Small Reproduce by binary fission Short generation times 20 mins to 3 hours Reproduction limited by: No nutrients Too much waste products Form protective structures endospores when lack of essential nutrients Contains genetic material & a few enzymes encased within thick protective coat Water is removed from endospores Cell breaks endospores released Metabolic activity ceases until spore encounters favorable condition Resistant to extreme environmental conditions Genetic recombination Transformation

Transduction

 Conjugation Bacterial cell temporarily join to another cell by sex pilli Donor transfer DNA to recipient through mating bridge between two cells Ability to form pilli and donate DNA results from presence of F factor (F for fertility) F factor can exist as plasmid/segment of DNA within bacterial chromosome Cells containing F factor are designated F+ cells ; lack F factor, designated F-

6. Nutritional modes Autotrophs obtain carbon from carbon dioxide Heterotrophs obtain carbon from organic compounds of other organisms

Archaea Usually are extremophiles Extreme halophiles live in highly saline environments tolerate salinity Extreme thermophiles Thrive in very hot environment Methanogens Live in anaerobic environment & give off energy and methane waste Live in swamps & marshes Decomposers in sewage treatment

Bacteria Proteobacteria Gram Share a particular rRNA sequence Have high metabolic diversity Chlamydias Live inside eukaryotic host cells Parasites Spirochetes Helical bacteria moving in corkscrew fashion Gram + Diverse group Cyanobacteria Plantlike Oxygen-generating photosynthesis Provide enormous amount of food for freshwater and marine ecosystems Many have symbiotic relationships with organisms such as fungi, mosses and marine invertebrates