American Journal of Materials Research

2014; 1(1): 26-34 Published online April 10, 2014 (http://www. s!it.or"/#ourn l/ #$r)

Alumina ceramic for dental applications: A review article

Fadhel A. Al-Sanabani1, Ahmed A. Madfa1, *, Nasr H. Al-Qudaimi2
1

&ep rt$ent o. (onser, ti,e &entistr', ) !ult' o. &entistr', /ni,ersit' o. 0h $ r, 1e$en 2 &ep rt$ent o. Pedi tri! &entistr', Pre,enti,e &entistr' nd 2rthodonti!s, ) !ult' o. &entistr', /ni,ersit' o. 0h $ r, 1e$en

Email address
h$ed3u$320114' hoo.!o$ (Ah$ed A. - d. )

Citation Keywords
%io$ teri ls, Alu$in , &entistr', Alu$in -(o$posite, )un!tion ll' *r ded (on!ept
) dhel A. Al-5 n b ni, Ah$ed A. - d. , 6 sr 7. Al-8ud i$i. Alu$in (er $i! .or &ent l Appli! tions: A +e,iew Arti!le. American Journal of Materials Research. 9ol. 1, 6o. 1, 2014, pp. 26-34.

Abstract
Alu$in h s re!ei,ed !onsider ble ttention nd h s been histori! ll' well!!epted s bio$ teri ls .or dent l nd $edi! l ppli! tions. 0his rti!le re,iews the ppli! tions o. this $ teri l in dentistr'. :t presents brie. histor', dent l ppli! tions nd $ethods .or i$pro,in" the $e!h ni! l properties o. lu$in b sed $ teri ls. :t lso o..ers perspe!ti,es on re!ent rese r!h i$ed t the .urther de,elop$ent o. lu$in .or !lini! l uses, t their e, lu tion nd sele!tion, nd ,er' i$port ntl', their !lini! l per.or$ n!e. 0his rti!le lso st ted bout the )un!tion ll' *r ded - teri ls ()*-s) whi!h h s been !on!ei,ed s new $ teri l desi"n ppro !h to i$pro,e per.or$ n!e !o$p red to tr dition l ho$o"eneous nd uni.or$ $ teri ls. 0his te!hni;ue llows the produ!tion o. $ teri l with ,er' di..erent !h r !teristi!s within the s $e $ teri l t , rious inter. !es. 0he i$port n!e o. the )*- !on!ept in biolo"i! l ppli! tions nd .un!tions w s hi"hli"hted. )und $ent ll', the !o$bin tion o. $e!h ni! l properties nd bio!o$p tibilit' re ,er' i$port nt . !tors in ppli! tion o. n' bio$ teri l to $edi! l or dent l .ields. 0he !h r !teristi!s o. the sur. !e "o,ern the bio!o$p tibilit' o. the $ teri l, nd the $e!h ni! l stren"th is deter$ined b' the ,er "e $e!h ni! l stren"th o. the $ teri ls. 7owe,er, the . bri! tion o. )*-s is $ost o.ten hindered b' the , ri tion o. el sti!, pl sti!, ther$ l, !he$i! l, nd <ineti! properties within the !o$posite. A!ross $ teri l inter. !e, these dis!ontinuities in $ teri l properties le d to the .or$ tion o. residu l stresses. &espite these !h llen"es, !o$position l "r dient stru!tures o..er si"ni.i! nt bene.its. 6ot ble rese r!h liter ture is hi"hli"hted re" rdin" (1) ppli! tions o. lu$in in , rious .ields in dentistr'; (2) i$pro,e$ent o. the $e!h ni! l properties o. lu$in b' $i!rostru!tur l $ nipul tion, )*- s well s !o$posite .or$ul tions in,ol,in" $et lli!, inter$et lli! ele$ents nd bio!er $i!s.

+e!ei,ed: - r!h 21, 2014 +e,ised: - r!h 30, 2014 A!!epted: - r!h 31, 2014

1. Introduction
(er $i!s h ,e "re t potenti l in the bio$edi! l .ield due to their !o$p tibilit' with the ph'siolo"i! l en,iron$ent, their stren"th nd we r resist n!e. %io!er $i!s (su!h s lu$in , =ir!oni , 7 p, et!.) is $ inl' used in orthop edi! nd dent l rep r tion. 0his re,iew rti!le will .o!us onl' on lu$in

A$eri! n >ourn l o. - teri ls +ese r!h 2014; 1(1): 26-34

2?

.or dent l ppli! tions. Alu$in , lso ! lled Alu$iniu$ o@ide, is the onl' solid o@ide .or$ o. lu$iniu$ (Al223). :t h s been te!hnolo"i! ll' si"ni.i! nt !er $i! $ teri l throu"hout hu$ n histor'. Alu$in w s .irst introdu!ed in the 1A?0s, but e rl' !lini! l ppli! tions showed .r !ture r te s hi"h s 13B C1D. ) ilure in this .irst "ener tion o. !er $i!s w s due to the . !t th t the' !ould not be pro!essed to .ull .in l densit'. A se!ond i$pro,ed "ener tion o. !er $i!s, de,eloped in the l te 1AE0s, resulted in hi"her densit' nd s$ ller "r ins. 0he .r !ture r te sso!i ted to the se!ond "ener tion o. lu$in de!re sed to less th n FB C2D. )in ll', tod ' third "ener tion o. !er $i! !o$ponents is , il ble, !h r !teri=ed b' hi"h purit', .ull densit' nd .iner $i!rostru!ture. -e!h ni! l properties nd $i!rostru!ture o. bio$edi! l "r de lu$in re "i,en in 0 ble 1 nd )i". (1). :n the l st .ew de! des, there h ,e been re$ r< ble d, n!es in the $e!h ni! l properties nd $ethods o. . bri! tion o. !er $i! $ teri ls C3-FD. 0here.ore, this rti!le is hi"hli"hted re" rdin" the (i) ppli! tion o. lu$in in , rious .ields in dentistr'; (ii) i$pro,e$ent o. the $e!h ni! l properties o. lu$in b' $i!rostru!tur l $ nipul tion, )*- s well s !o$posite .or$ul tions in,ol,in" $et lli!, inter$et lli! ele$ents nd bio!er $i!s.
Table 1: Mechanical properties of biomedical grade alumina Mechanical Proper ies &ensit' 7 rdness %end stren"th (o$pressi,e stren"th )r !ture tou"hness 1oun"Gs $odulus 0her$ l e@p nsion !oe..i!ient Amoun 3.A? "/!$3 2200 9i!<ers F00 -P 4100 -P 4 -P /$1/2 3E0 *P E@10-6 1/H

brid"in", de.le!tion, or tr ns.or$ tion tou"henin", $on" others. +ese r!hers h ,e utili=ed nu$erous .or$ul tions nd pro!essin" $ethods i$in" to i$pro,e the .r !ture tou"hness nd other $e!h ni! l properties o. lu$in . 0hese $ethods . ll under two b si! ppro !hes: $i!rostru!tur l re.ine$ent nd !o$posite.

2. Microstructural Refinement of Alumina

-i!rostru!tur l nd $orpholo"i! l . !tors pl ' le din" roles in the i$pro,e$ent o. properties o. !er $i! $ teri ls. )or $onolithi! lu$in , onl' elon" ted "r ins nd hi"h spe!t r tio "r ins CA-10D, s well s s$ ll "r in si=es less th n 4 I$ nd n rrow "r in si=e distribution, ! n le d to n i$pro,e$ent in .r !ture tou"hness nd produ!e ,er' low sur. !e rou"hness. An in!re se in ,er "e "r in si=e ! n le d to de!re se in $e!h ni! l properties up to 20B. + pid we r o. be rin" sur. !es t <es pl !e in the ! se o. l r"e "r in presen!e owin" to "r in pull out due to lo! l dr' .ri!tion. 0hus, ppro@i$ tel' 0.FB o. -"2 should be dded to lu$in , where it !ts s inhibitor o. debris b' . !tor o. 10 or "re ter C11D.

. Alumina!Composite
Alu$in -!o$posite with other $ teri ls, r n"in" .ro$ $et ls, inter$et lli!s to !er $i!s, ! n i$pro,e the $e!h ni! l properties o. lu$in . 1 o et l. C12D e@peri$ented with sp r<-pl s$ sinterin" .or the $endin" o. n Al223-6i n no!o$posite. 0he' reported th t the .r !ture tou"hness w s 3.E4 -P $J. 5e<ino et l. C13D prep red Al223-6i n no!o$posite b' redu!in" nd hot pressin" Al223-6i2 $i@ture under 30 -P t 14F0o(. 0he' de$onstr ted th t the .r !ture stren"th w s o,er 1 *P but the .r !ture tou"hness w s onl' 3.F -P $J .or F ,olB o. 6i. Honop< C14D used 20 nd 3F ,olB -o in the !o$posite with n Al223 nd re!orded .r !ture tou"hness o. 4.E4 nd 6.62 -P $J respe!ti,el'. Ku!!hini et l. C1FD reported the .r !ture tou"hness o. 6, A nd 12 -P $J .or 1F, 20, nd 2F ,olB -o. 0he' showed th t -o enh n!ed Al223--o !o$posites .r !ture tou"hness. 7owe,er, &L = et l. C16D . bri! ted n Al223--o n no!o$posite ,i the !olloid l pro!essin" route. 0he' re!orded th t the .r !ture tou"hness nd the .le@ur l stren"th were 6.26 -P $J nd ?00 -P respe!ti,el' .or -o !ontent o. onl' 0.6A ,olB. 0his w s possible be! use the tou"henin" $e!h nis$ !ti, ted in the Al223--o n no!o$posite is not !r !< brid"in" or pl sti! de.or$ tion (due to the s$ ll si=e o. the -o n nop rti!les), but it is result o. the stresses "ener ted b' the di..erenti l ther$ l e@p nsion between lu$in nd -o. Addition ll', 0rust' et l. C1?D $i@ed 20 ,olB o. du!tile iron p rti!les into Al223 nd reported th t the .r !ture tou"hness o. Al223-)e !o$posite re !hed to 10.A0 -P $J.

Fig. 1: Microstructure of alumina.

7owe,er, despite its en,i ble properties nd potenti l, its use s stru!tur l $ teri l h s been !onsider bl' hindered b' its low-.r !ture stren"th nd low-.r !ture tou"hness ( s is t'pi! l o. !er $i!s) C6-ED. (r !<s re dil' prop " te in !er $i!s. 0hus, the' . il une@pe!tedl' in ser,i!e, nd in $ost ! ses, ! t strophi! ll', durin" i$p !t e,en when the i$p !t lo d is below the stren"th o. the !er $i! $ teri l. +esist n!e to !r !< "rowth lies in the bilit' to !ti, te tou"henin" $e!h nis$ su!h s !r !<-

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) dhel A. Al-5 n b ni et al.: Alu$in (er $i! .or &ent l Appli! tions: A +e,iew Arti!le

5o$e uthors dded inter$et lli! ele$ents to !hie,e !o$bin tion o. spe!i.i! properties su!h s hi"h du!tilit' nd stren"th. 5"l ,o et l. C1ED . bri! ted n Al223-6i3Al n no!o$posite nd reported th t the .r !ture tou"hness w s bout ? -P $J t roo$ te$per ture .or 10 ,olB !o$posite hot pressed t 13F0o(. *on" et l. C1AD prep red n Al223-F ,olB )e3Al n no!o$posite nd reported th t the bendin" stren"th nd the .r !ture tou"hness were E32 -P nd ?.34 -P $J respe!ti,el'. 0hese , lues re,e l the poten!' o. inter$et lli!s .or enh n!in" the .r !ture stren"th nd the .r !ture tou"hness. 2thers dded !er $i! !o$posites su!h s 5i( nd =ir!oni to i$pro,e $e!h ni! l properties o. lu$in . 0hese !er $i!-!er $i! !o$posites "ener ll' possess the hi"hest h rdness o. ll !o$posites. /n.ortun tel', $ost !er $i! se!ond ph ses th t enh n!e h rdness nd stren"th onl' $odestl' enh n!e .r !ture tou"hness C20-21D. Al2235i( n no!o$posite h s been reported to h ,e the $ost i$pro,ed properties C22D. 5i( si"ni.i! ntl' in!re ses the we r resist n!e o. lu$in . &oM n nd 7 w< C23D tou"hened lu$in with 34 ,olB 5i( whis<ers nd reported tou"hness in!re se o. 3FB, i$pro,in" the tou"hness o. $onolithi! lu$in .ro$ 3.4 to 4.6 -P $J. 7owe,er, %el$onte et l. C24D utili=ed 20 ,olB 5i( (4.F $$) nd showed th t the .r !ture tou"hness re !hed to F.A -P $J. 0u n et l. C2FD in!orpor ted =ir!oni p rti!les into lu$in nd reported th t the .r !ture tou"hness i$pro,ed. )r !ture stren"th nd .r !ture tou"hness , lues s hi"h s A43 -P nd 11.E -P $J h ,e been re!orded .or Nir!oni -0ou"hened Alu$in (N0A) !ont inin" 10 ,olB =ir!oni . 0ou"hness , lues o. 10 -P $J .or 10 ,olB =ir!oni C26D nd ?.02 -P $J .or F0 ,olB =ir!oni !ontent h ,e lso been reported C2?D. 0he $i!rostru!ture o. =ir!oni -tou"hened lu$in is shown in )i". (2).

dent l i$pl nts, !rowns nd brid"es nd in !er $i! but$ents. 7i"h-stren"th lu$in !er $i!s re indi! ted in ll re s o. the $outh .or !opin"s nd .r $ewor<s o. .ull!o,er "e !rowns nd .i@ed prostheses C2ED. :t h s been used to in!re se the stren"th o. dent l por!el ins .or $ore th n 4 de! des C2AD. ".1. $rt%odontic &rac'ets (er $i! lu$in -b sed br !<ets were lso introdu!ed in the 1AE0Gs, o..erin" $ n' d, nt "es o,er the tr dition l estheti! ppli n!es. 0he' pro,ide hi"her stren"th, $ore resist n!e to we r nd de.or$ tion, better !olor st bilit' nd, $ost i$port nt to the p tient, superior estheti!s s shown in )i". (3). 0hese br !<ets were !o$posed one o. two .or$s: $ono!r'st lline or pol'!r'st lline, dependin" on their distin!t $ethod o. . bri! tion. 0he .irst br !<ets were $illed .ro$ sin"le !r'st ls o. s pphire usin" di $ond tools C30D. 0hese were !losel' .ollowed b' pol'!r'st lline s pphire ( lu$in ) br !<ets, whi!h re $ nu. !tured nd sintered usin" spe!i l binders to ther$ ll' .use the p rti!les to"ether C31, 32D.

Fig. 3: "eramic alumina-based brac#ets

".2. #ental Implant Alu$in w s lso used s dent l i$pl nt. 5in!e 1A?0, nu$erous new i$pl nt $ teri ls nd desi"ns .ollowed, in!ludin" the use o. pol'$ers, por!el in, hi"h-densit' lu$inu$ o@ide, bio !ti,e "l ss nd ! rbon. :n 1A?6, 5!hulte nd 7ei$<e introdu!ed the 0Obin"en i$$edi te i$pl nt, whi!h !ould be used .or i$$edi te restor tion o. n e@tr !ted or lost tooth, nd w s $ de o. n lu$in !er $i! $ teri l C33, 34D. 2ther in,esti" tions, utili=in" , rious lu$in i$pl nt s'ste$s, .ound less bonei$pl nt !ont !t !o$p red to tit niu$ C3FD, nd redu!ed sur,i, l r tes C36D. 2sseointe"r ted dent l i$pl nts h ,e been used sin!e the E0Gs in reh bilit tion o. p rti ll' nd tot ll' edentulous p tients C3?D. 0he $et lli! but$ents used in prostheti! restor tions with i$pl nts !o$pro$ise the estheti! in so$e ! ses C3ED. 0o $ini$i=e this proble$, so$e i$pl nt s'ste$s de,eloped !er $i! but$ents. 0o the <nowled"e o. the uthors, howe,er, no lu$in i$pl nt

Fig. 2: Microstructure of zirconia-toughened alumina. A: alumina grains, Z: zirconia grains, Arrow indicates pore [ !

". #ental Application of Alumina

A "re t pro"ress in dent l restor tions te!hni;ue h s been est blished b' the use o. !er $i! $ teri ls sin!e the ?0Gs. Alu$in h s been used in dent l ppli! tions .or . bri! tion o. endodonti! posts, orthodonti! br !<ets,

A$eri! n >ourn l o. - teri ls +ese r!h 2014; 1(1): 26-34

2A

s'ste$ is $ r<eted n'$ore in these d 's. +e!entl', the %io!er $ (sin"le-!r'st l s pphire) i$pl nt w s withdr wn .ro$ the $ r<et. 5o$e in,esti" tions reported on e rl' i$pl nt loss (no osseointe"r tion o!!urred ob,iousl') nd others on i$pl nt .r !tures. 0he l tter d,erse e,ent see$ed to pre,ent dentists to use this !er $i! i$pl nt $ teri l. Phen s!reenin" the liter ture, it w s re li=ed th t no s!ienti.i! in,esti" tions !ould be .ound de lin" with the st bilit' o. lu$in !er $i! i$pl nts be.ore its !lini! l use. +e!entl', 0 < no et l. C3AD reported th t (e-0NP/Al223 n no!o$posite showed hi"her !'!li! . ti"ue stren"th !o$p red. 0he' indi! ted th t (e-0NP/Al223 n no!o$posite is pro$isin" $ teri l .or use in dent l i$pl nts. ". . Core Material for (i)ed *rost%eses :n 1AE2, -!Ke n introdu!ed the pl tinu$-bonded lu$in .i@ed p rti l dentures to redu!e the proble$ o. .r !ture throu"h the !onne!tor re while eli$in tin" the tr dition l ! st $et l .r $ewor<. 7owe,er, this restor ti,e option de$onstr ted hi"h r te o. . ilure t the !onne!tor sites C40D. 5in!e then, de,elop$ents in dent l !er $i!s h ,e led to the introdu!tion o. new hi"h-stren"th !er $i! !ore $ teri ls .or ll-!er $i! .i@ed prostheses. 5tudies h ,e shown th t "l ss-in.iltr ted lu$in (:n(er $Q) h s .le@ur l stren"th up to .our ti$es "re ter th n th t o. !on,ention l !er $i!s. 0he uthors !on!luded th t it see$ed possible to $ <e restor tions with ll!er $i! .i@ed prostheses in ! ses not onl' o. nterior but lso posterior tooth loss. 0he' e$ph si=ed, howe,er, th t lon"-ter$ .ollow-up studies were ne!ess r' to est blish the d,is bilit' o. su!h pro!edure C41-46D. 0he $i!rostru!tur l o. "l ss-in.iltr ted lu$in (:n-(er $Q) is shown in )i". (4).

nd 6 -P $J C4?D. 2ther !o$bined 3FB p rti ll' st bili=ed =ir!oni with the "l ss-in.iltr ted lu$in .or the !ore $ teri l. 0he results o. , rious t'pes o. tests $e surin" the .le@ur l stren"th o. the !ore $ teri l h ,e been reported to r n"e .ro$ 421 to E00 -P C4A-F0D. )or the "l ss-in.iltr ted =ir!oni / lu$in !ore $ teri l, the .r !ture tou"hness r n"es between 6 nd E -P $J C4AF1D. 0he $i!rostru!tur l o. Pro!er (rown is shown in )i". (F).

Fig. 5: Microstructural of )rocera "rown [ *!.

Fig. 4: $canning electron micrograph showing tra%erse section of glassinfiltrated alumina &'(A 'n-"eram.

2ther uthors densel' sintered hi"h-purit' lu$in (Pro!er Q All-(er $) s !ore $ teri ls. 0he' $e sured, usin" , rious t'pes o. tests, the .le@ur l stren"th o. the .r $ewor< $ teri l nd de$onstr ted th t the .le@ur l stren"th r n"e between 4E? to 6AA -P C4?,-4ED. )or this !ore $ teri l, the .r !ture tou"hness r n"es between 4.4E

Another ll-!er $i! s'ste$ b sed on lu$in e$plo's te!hni;ue where hi"h purit' lu$in !rown !opin"s or .i@ed prostheses !ores re . bri! ted usin" !o$puter- ided desi"n/!o$puter- ided $ nu. !turin" ((A&/(A-) te!hni;ues CF3D. 5ubse;uentl', the lu$in substru!tures re densel' sintered nd ,eneered with dent l por!el in. (lini! l studies h ,e indi! ted th t su!h lu$in -b sed !rowns $ ' be used .or !rowns in ll lo! tions o. the or l ! ,it' CF4D. 0he s'ste$ in!ludes te!hni;ue .or produ!in" ll-!er $i! .i@ed prostheses. 0his te!hni;ue !o$bines lu$in !opin"s with n lu$in ponti! th t is #oined to the !opin"s usin" spe!i ll' .or$ul ted !onne!tin" nd .usin" $ teri l CFFD. 0he "l ss dded to lu$in ! n in!re se tou"hness nd stren"th o. su!h !o$posite, be! use the !r !< ! nnot p ss throu"h the lu$in p rti!les s e sil' s it ! n p ss throu"h the "l ss $ tri@ CF6D. 0he $ount o. tou"henin" depends on the !r'st l t'pe, its si=e, its ,olu$e .r !tion, the inter p rti!le sp !in", nd its rel ti,e ther$ l e@p nsion !oe..i!ient to the "l ss $ tri@. :n $ost inst n!es, the use o. dispersed !r'st lline ph se to disrupt !r !< prop " tion re;uires !lose $ t!h between the ther$ l !ontr !tion !oe..i!ients o. the !r'st lline $ teri l nd the surroundin" "l ss $ tri@ CF6D. %orb et l. CF?D predi!ted the reli bilit' o. n lu$in b sed dent l !ore sub#e!ted to $e!h ni! l "in" test. 0he' .ound the "in" w s e..e!ti,e to redu!e lu$in !er $i! stren"th s predi!ted b' the reli bilit' esti$ te, !on.ir$in" the stud' h'pothesis. Nh o et l. CFED e, lu ted the she r bond stren"th between lu$in -tou"hened =ir!oni (A0N) !ores nd ,eneerin" !er $i!s. 0he' .ound th t the she r bond stren"th between the A0N !ore nd the ,eneerin" !er $i!s w s not ..e!ted b' "in". )u<ushi$

30

) dhel A. Al-5 n b ni et al.: Alu$in (er $i! .or &ent l Appli! tions: A +e,iew Arti!le

et l. CFAD !o$p red the residu l stress in the ,eneerin" !er $i! l 'ered on three di..erent pol'!r'st lline !er $i! .r $ewor< $ teri ls: 1-0NP, lu$in pol'!r'st l (AK) nd =ir!oni tou"hened lu$in (N0A). 1-0NP s $ples e@hibited less . ,or ble stress pro.ile th n those o. AK nd N0A s $ples. (ehreli et l. C60D !o$p red the out!o$e o. .eldsp thi! por!el in with "l ss-in.iltr ted lu$in ll-!er $i! !rowns. 0he' .ound th t .eldsp thi! nd "l ss-in.iltr ted lu$in ll-!er $i! !rowns pl !ed predo$in ntl' in the nterior portion h ,e !o$p r ble biolo"i! nd prostheti! out!o$es, s well s sur,i, l prob bilities. +in<e et l. C61D e, lu ted the lon"-ter$ per.or$ n!e o. !on,ention ll' luted :n-(er $Q !rowns with $ @i$u$ .ollow-up period o. 1E.6 'e rs. 0he' .ound th t sur,i, l nd su!!ess r tes o. nterior :n-(er $Q !rowns t 1F 'e rs. * lindo et l. C62D esti$ ted the lon"-ter$ sur,i, l o. lu$in !rowns in nterior nd posterior re s o,er n obser, tion period o. up to 10 'e rs. 0he results su""est th t the e@pe!ted 10-'e r sur,i, l r te o. lu$in !rowns due to te!hni! l . ilures. 5el= et l. C63D in,esti" ted the F'e r per.or$ n!e o. :n-(er $Q lu$in posterior !rowns !e$ented with three di..erent lutin" !e$ents. 0he' reported th t posterior :n-(er $Q lu$in !rowns showed !!ept ble lon"-ter$ sur,i, l nd su!!ess r tes independent o. lutin" "ent used. Hi$ et l. C64D studied the lon"-ter$ !lini! l sur,i, l nd !o$pli! tion r tes o. lu$in -tou"hened =ir!oni but$ents used .or i$pl ntsupported restor tions. 0he' st ted th t lu$in -tou"hened =ir!oni but$ents e@hibited e@!ellent lon"-ter$ sur,i, l in !lini! l use .or .i@ed restor tions. ".". (iller for t%e #ental Composites and &one Cement Materials A .ew studies h ,e been published with respe!t to the lu$in /%is-*-A !o$posites .or bone !e$ent ppli! tions, in whi!h the si=e o. lu$in powder is bout 10 I$ C6F-66D. :n !o$p rison with !on,ention l bone !e$ent $ teri l, P--A $i@ed with h'dro@' p tite powder; lu$in /%is-*-A !o$posites e@hibit superior $e!h ni! l properties nd osteo!ondu!ti,it'. 5hin= to et l. C66D lso !o$p red the sili! /%is-*-A !o$posites nd lu$in /%is-*-A !o$posites, the l tter o. whi!h h ,e better osteo!ondu!ti,it', !h r !teristi! o. the $u!h $ore bone .or$ed dire!tl' opposed to the !o$posite sur. !e. 0his shows th t lu$in h s e@!ellent bio!o$p tibilit'. -ore re!entl', lu$in is lso used s .iller .or rein.or!in" the dent l restor ti,e !o$posite. Alu$in .iller with hi"her el sti! $odulus (3?0 *P ) is bene.it to rein.or!e the dent l !o$posites. 0he el sti! $odulus nd stren"th o. !o$posites ! n be in!re sed with rel ti,el' low ,olu$e .r !tions !o$p red to the !ounterp rts rein.or!ed with sili! "l ss. 0here.ore, use o. ultr -sti.. .iller $ teri ls su!h s lu$in , espe!i ll' in n nos! le si=e, ppe rs ,i ble str te"' to i$pro,in" the el sti! properties o. dent l !o$posites C6?D.

+. (uture $pportunities in (unctionally ,raded Materials -(,M.

0he !on!ept o. .un!tion ll' "r ded $ teri ls ()*-s) is new $ teri l desi"n ppro !h to i$pro,e per.or$ n!e !o$p red to tr dition l ho$o"eneous nd uni.or$ $ teri ls C6ED. (er $i!s t'pi! ll' e@hibit hi"h h rdness, low densit' nd wei"ht, brittleness, nd e@!ellent hi"h-te$per ture .r !ture, !reep, !orrosion, r di tion, we r, nd ther$ l sho!< resist n!e. 2n the other h nd, $et ls re t'pi! ll' du!tile, h ,e hi"h tensile stren"th, hi"h tou"hness, nd hi"h densit'. -et l-!er $i! )*-s ! n lso be desi"ned to t <e d, nt "e o. the he t nd !orrosion resist n!e o. !er $i!s nd the $e!h ni! l stren"th o. $et ls C6A-?2D. )*-s re new "ener tion o. en"ineered $ teri ls th t h ,e be!o$e o. $u!h interest in re!ent 'e rs. 0he "r ded $ teri ls re ide l ! ndid tes .or , rious ppli! tions r n"in" .ro$ .un!tion l nd stru!tur l $ teri ls. 0he $i!rostru!ture o. the )*-s is shown in )i". (6). 0he $i!rostru!ture depended on the ,olu$e .r !tions o. e !h !o$posite $ teri l; the .in l stru!ture h s di..erent ppe r n!e th t ! n e sil' be !o$p red to the d# !ent l 'ers. 0he $i!rostru!ture o. sintered )*- , ried "r du ll' .ro$ one side to other side with the di,ersi.i! tion o. !he$i! l !o$positions s shown in )i". (?).

Fig. 6: Microstructure of +, Al*-.-/anthanum 0e1aaluminate [2.!

Fig. 7: Microstructure of +, Al*-.-0A-(i [23!

A$eri! n >ourn l o. - teri ls +ese r!h 2014; 1(1): 26-34

31

&e,elop$ent o. i$pl nts b sed on bio!o$p tible )*-s .or $edi! l nd dent l ppli! tions h s been e$ph si=ed C6A-EAD. 0he de,elop$ent o. )*- !on!ept h d its ori"in in the sophisti! ted properties whi!h rise .ro$ $ teri ls in n ture, su!h s teeth CA0D nd bones CA1D. )or inst n!e, the desi"n o. bone with !h n"e .ro$ dense, sti.. e@tern l stru!ture (the !orti! l bone) to porous intern l one (the ! n!elous bone) de$onstr tes th t .un!tion l "r d tion h s been utili=ed b' biolo"i! l d pt tion CA1D. 0hus, opti$i=ed stru!ture .or n rti.i!i l i$pl nt should show si$il r "r d tion. 0he s $e trend h s been obser,ed in the de,elop$ent o. )* dent l i$pl nts with the introdu!tion o. sur. !e !o tin"s, porosit' "r dients nd !o$posite $ teri ls $ de essenti ll' o. $et l nd !er $i!s (e.". h'dro@' p tite), whi!h i$ed to i$pro,e the i$pl nt per.or$ n!e in ter$s o. bio!o$p tibilit' nd stress distribution CA2-A3D. 7e nd 5w in CA0D in,esti" ted the n noindent tion $e!h ni! l beh ,iour o. the inner nd outer re"ions o. hu$ n en $el. 0he' reported th t inner en $el h s lower sti..ness nd h rdness but hi"her !reep nd stress redistribution bilities th n their outer !ounterp rt. 0he' ttributed this obser, tion to the "r du l !o$position l !h n"e throu"hout the en $el .ro$ the outer re"ion ne r the o!!lus l sur. !e to the inner re"ion ne r R&>. 0he' su""ested th t en $el ! n be re" rded s )* n tur l bio!o$posite. 6 tur l teeth re !o$posed b' l 'ered stru!tures, dentin nd en $el, th t re bonded b' )* dentin-en $el #un!tion (&R>) l 'er th t is bout 10-100 $i!ro$eters thi!< CA4-AFD. 0he &R> !ts s brid"e between the h rd brittle en $el (RS?0*P ) nd the so.ter dur ble dentin l 'er (RS20*P ), llowin" s$ooth 1oun" $odulus tr nsition between the two stru!tures CA6D. A new t ilored =ir!oni T$ullite/ lu$in s )* !er $i!s w s desi"ned nd s'nthesi=ed b' re !tion sinterin" o. =ir!on nd lu$in . +esults showed th t the t ilored =ir!oni T$ullite/ lu$in s )* !er $i!s " ,e !ontinuous ho$o"enous stru!ture with hi"hl' i$pro,ed ph'si! l, $e!h ni! l nd ther$ l properties CA?D. Abu H si$ et l. CAED p tented three t'pes o. $ultil 'ered !o$posite $ teri ls th t were produ!ed usin" powders o. =ir!oni (Nr22), lu$in (Al223), h'dro@' p tite (7A), nd tit niu$ (0i) to de,elop newl' desi"ned )* dent l posts. Ki<ewise, Abu H si$ et l. CAAD lso in,esti" ted the stress distribution o. newl' desi"ned )* dent l posts whi!h !onsisted o. $ultil 'er desi"n o. Al223-0i-7A nd !o$p red it to posts . bri! ted .ro$ ho$o"eneous $ teri l su!h s tit niu$ nd =ir!oni . 0he' reported th t this new dent l post e@hibited se,er l d, nt "es in ter$s o. stress distribution !o$p red to posts . bri! ted .ro$ ho$o"eneous $ teri l. 0he stress nd str in distribution t the post-dentin inter. !e o. )* dent l posts w s better th n th t o. ho$o"enous posts.

/. Conclusion
+e!ent pro"ress in the s'nthesis, !h r !teri= tion, nd i$pro,e$ent in $e!h ni! l properties o. lu$in -b sed $ teri ls .or dent l ppli! tions is re,iewed. Althou"h there were $ #or re!ent de,elop$ents nd i$pro,e$ents in this .ield, .urther studies re needed to ssess the properties o. the in,ol,ed $ teri ls. 0hese de,elop$ents in lu$in , n espe!i ll' lu$in !o$posites, $ ' hope.ull' i$pro,e the .un!tion nd lon"er li.e sp n in their !lini! l uses.

References
C1D C2D Pill$ nn *. (er $i! .e$or l he ds retrie, ls d t , (lini! l 2rthopedi!s, 2000; 3?A: 1?3-1??. Pill$ nn * nd 9on (h $ier P. %io!er $i!s in orthopedi!s: 6ew ppli! tions. 5tutt" rt, *er$ n', Rn<e 9erl ", 1AAE. K wson 6(, %ur"ess >2. &ent l !er $i!s: A !urrent re,iew. (o$pend (ontin Rdu! &ent, 2014. 5heno' A, 5heno' 6. &ent l !er $i!s: An upd te. > (onser, &ent, 2010; 13: 1AF-203. &enr' :, 7ollow ' >A. (er $i!s .or dent l ppli! tions: A re,iew. - teri ls, 2010; 3: 3F1-36E. (hen +N nd 0u n P7. 0ou"henin" lu$in with sil,er nd =ir!oni in!lusions. > Rur (er $ 5o!, 2001; 21:2EE?2EA3. -i' = <i 7, 1oshi= w 1 nd 7ir o H. Prep r tion nd $e!h ni! l properties o. 10 ,ol.B =ir!oni / lu$in !o$posite with .ine-s! le .ibrous $i!rostru!ture b' !oe@trusion pro!ess. - ter Kett, 2004; FE:1410-1414. Kiu (, Nh n" >, 5un > nd Nh n" U. Addition o. Al-0i-% $ ster llo's to i$pro,e the per.or$ n!es o. lu$in $ tri@ !er $i! $ teri ls. (er $ :nt, 200?; 33:131A-1324. Ho, r &, %ennison 5> nd +e de' ->. (r !< st bilit' nd stren"th , ri bilit' in lu$in !er $i!s with risin" tou"hness-!ur,e beh ,ior. A!t $ ter, 2000; 4E: F6F-F?E.

C3D C4D CFD C6D

C?D

CED

CAD

C10D Uu K, Uie N, * o K, P n" U, Ki n ), Kiu 0 nd Ki P. 5'nthesis, e, lu tion nd !h r !teri= tion o. lu$in !er $i!s with elon" ted "r ins. (er $ :nt, 200F; 31:AF3AFE. C11D %r "don (+, > st' -, H w te H, -!*ror' %>, Rlder >+, Kowenstein > nd 7 rris P7. Pe r o. retrie,ed !e$ented pol'eth'lene !et bul r with lu$in .e$or l he ds. > Arthropl st', 1AA?; 12:11A-12F. C12D 1 o U, 7u n" N, (hen K, >i n" &, 0 n 5, -i!hel &, P n" *, - =erolles K nd P stol >-K. Alu$in -ni!<el !o$posites densi.ied b' sp r< pl s$ sinterin". - ter Kett, 200F; FA:2314-231E. C13D 5e<ino 0, 6 < #i$ 0 nd 6iih r H. -e!h ni! l nd $ "neti! properties o. ni!<el dispersed lu$in -b sed n no!o$posite. - ter Kett, 1AA6; 2A: 16F-16A. C14D Honop< H, - # - nd 2ws<i >H. 5tudies o. the R..e!t o. $et l p rti!les on the .r !ture tou"hness o. !er $i! $ tri@ !o$posites. - ter (h r !teri= tion, 2003; F1:33F-340.

32

) dhel A. Al-5 n b ni et al.: Alu$in (er $i! .or &ent l Appli! tions: A +e,iew Arti!le

C1FD Ku!!hini R, Ko ( sto 5 nd 5b i=ero 2. 0he per.or$ n!e o. $ol'bdenu$ tou"hened lu$in !uttin" tools in turnin" p rti!ul te $et l $ tri@ !o$posite. - ter 5!i Rn" A, 2003; 3F?:36A-3?F. C16D &L = KA, 9 ldVs A), &L = (, Rspino A- nd 0orre!ill s +. Alu$in /$ol'bdenu$ n no!o$posites obt ined in or" ni! $edi . > Rur (er $ 5o!, 2003; 23:2E2A-2E34. C1?D 0rust' PA nd 1eo$ ns >A. 0he tou"henin" o. lu$in with iron: e..e!ts o. iron distribution on .r !ture tou"hness. > Rur (er $ 5o!, 1AA?; 1?:4AF-F04. C1ED 5"l ,o 9-, - rinob ) nd Nh n" %-+. 0he Prep r tion nd $e!h ni! l properties o. Al223/6i3Al !o$posites. (o$p 5!i 0e!hnol, 1AAA; FA:120?-1212. C1AD *on" 7, 1in 1, ) n + nd Nh n" >. -e!h ni! l properties o. in-situ tou"hened Al223/)e3Al. - ter +es %ull, 2003; 3E:1F0A-1F1?. C20D Pill i 5H(, % ron %, Po$ero' -> nd 7 $pshire 5. R..e!t o. o@ide dop nts on densi.i! tion, $i!rostru!ture nd $e!h ni! l properties o. lu$in -sili!on ! rbide n no!o$posite !er $i!s prep red b' pressureless sinterin". > Rur (er $ 5o!, 2004; 24: 331?-3326. C21D Ku 7-U, 5un 7-P, Ki *-U, (hen (-P, 1 n" &-: nd 7u U. -i!rostru!ture nd $e!h ni! l properties o. Al223--"%2 !o$posites. (er $ :nt, 200F; 31:10F-10E. C22D ( rroll K, 5ternit=<e - nd &erb' %. 5ili!on ! rbide p rti!le si=e e..e!ts in lu$in -b sed n no!o$posites. A!t - ter, 1AA6; 44:4F43-4FF2. C23D &oM n (P nd 7 w< >A. :n.luen!e o. whis<er rein.or!e$ent on the br si,e we r beh ,ior o. sili!on nitride nd lu$in -b sed !o$posites. Pe r, 1AA?; 203204:26?-2??. C24D %el$onte -, 6ieto -:, 2sendi -: nd -ir n=o P. :n.luen!e o. the 5i( "r in si=e on the we r beh ,iour o. Al223/5i( !o$posites. > Rur (er $ 5o!, 2006; 26:12?312?A. C2FD 0u n P7, (hen +N, P n" 0(, (hen" (7 nd Huo P5. -e!h ni! l properties o. Al223/Nr22 !o$posites. > Rur (er $ 5o!, 2002; 22:2E2?-2E33. C26D P n" 15, 7e (, 7o!<e' %>, K !e' P: nd 7su 5-. Pe r tr nsitions in $onolithi! lu$in nd =ir!oni - lu$in !o$posites. Pe r, 1AAF; 1E1-1E3, P rt 1: 1F6-164. C2?D 7u n" UP, P n" 5P nd 7u n" UU. -i!rostru!ture nd $e!h ni! l properties o. N0A . bri! ted b' li;uid ph se sinterin". (er $ :nt, 2003; 2A:?6F-?6A. C2ED %l t= -%. Kon"-ter$ !lini! l su!!ess o. ll-!er $i! posterior restor tions. 8uintessen!e :nt, 2002; 33:41F-426. C2AD -!Ke n >P. 0he 6 ture o. dent l !er $i!s nd their !lini! l use. :n: 0he s!ien!e nd rt o. dent l !er $i!s. 8uintessen!e Publishin" (o., :n!. (hi! "o: /5A; 1A?A. C30D 5w rt= -K. (er $i! br !<ets. > (lin 2rthod, 1AEE; 22:E2EE. C31D Hus' +P. -orpholo"' o. pol'!r'st lline lu$in br !<ets nd its rel tionship to .r !ture tou"hness nd stren"th. An"le 2rthod, 1AEE; FE:1A?-203. C32D 5 unders (+ nd Hus' +P. 5ur. !e topo"r ph' nd

.ri!tion l !h r !teristi!s o. !er $i! br !<ets. A$ > 2rthod &ento. !i l 2rthop, 1AA4; 106:?6-E?. C33D 5!hulte P nd 7ei$<e *. 0he 0Obin"er i$$edi te i$pl nt. 8uintessen=, 1A?6; 2?:1?- 23. C34D 5!hulte P. 0he intr osseous Al223 ()ri lit) 0Oebin"en i$pl nt. &e,elop$ent l st tus .ter ei"ht 'e rs (:-:::). 8uintessen!e :nt, 1AE4; 1F:1-3A. C3FD 5te.li< &R, K <e )0, 5is< AK, P rr *+, 7 nes P>, & ,is 7(, Ad $s %2 nd 1 , ri >. A !o$p r ti,e in,esti" tion in do"s: 2-'e r $orpho$etri! results o. the dent l i$pl ntbone inter. !e. :nt > 2r l - @illo. ! :$pl nts, 1AA6; 11:1F2F. C36D %er"e 0: nd *rWnnin"s eter A*. 5ur,i, l o. sin"le !r'st l s pphire i$pl nts supportin" $ ndibul r o,erdentures. (lin 2r l :$pl nts +es, 2000; 11:1F4-162. C3?D %rXne$ r< P:, N rb *A nd Albre<tsson 0. 0issueinte"r ted prostheses: osseointe"r tion in !lini! l dentistr'. 8uintessen!e 9erl "sT*$b7: %erlin; 1AE?. C3ED 5 doun - nd Perel$uter 5. Alu$in -=ir!oni $ !hin ble but$ents .or i$pl nt-supported sin"le-tooth nterior !rowns. Pr !t Periodonti!s Aesthet &ent, 1AA?; A:104?10F3. C3AD 0 < no 0, 0 s < A, 1oshin ri -, 5 <ur i H. ) ti"ue stren"th o. (e-0NP/Al223 n no!o$posite with di..erent sur. !es. > &ent +es, 2012; A1:E00-4. C40D -!Ke n >P. Alu$in rein.or!ed !er $i!s spe!i l ppli! tions. :n: 0he s!ien!e nd rt o. dent l !er $i!s. 9ol. 2: %rid"e desi"n nd l bor tor' pro!edures in dent l !er $i!s. (hi! "o: 8uintessen!e; 1AE2. C41D PrYbster K nd &iehl >. 5lip-! stin" lu$in !er $i!s .or !rown nd brid"e restor tions. 8uintessen!e :nt, 1AA2; 23:2F-31. C42D Pen -1, -ueller 7>, (h i > nd Po=ni < P0. (o$p r ti,e $e!h ni! l Propert' !h r !teri= tion o. 3 ll!er $i! !ore $ teri ls. :nt > Prosthodont, 1AAA; 12:F34-F41. C43D P ll >* nd (ipr &K. Altern ti,e !rown s'ste$s. :s the $et l-!er $i! !rown lw 's the restor tion o. !hoi!eZ &ent (lin 6orth A$, 1AA2; 36:?6F-?E2. C44D 5e"hi ++ nd 5orensen >A. +el ti,e .le@ur l stren"th o. si@ new !er $i! $ teri ls. :nt > Prosthodont, 1AAF; E:23A-246. C4FD *iord no +A, Pelletier K, ( $bell 5 nd Pober +. )le@ur l stren"th o. n in.used !er $i!, "l ss !er $i! nd .eldsp thi! por!el in. > Prosthet &ent, 1AAF; ?3:411-41E. C46D 6ei, *, 1 $ n P, &ennison >%, + ==oo" -R nd K n" %+. +esist n!e to .r !ture o. three All-(er $i! s'ste$s. > Rstheti! &ent, 1AAE; 10:60-66. C4?D P "ner P( nd (hu 0-. %i @i l .le@ur l stren"th nd indent tion .r !ture tou"hness o. three new dent l !ore !er $i!s. > Prosthet &ent, 1AA6; ?6:140-144. C4ED Nen" H, 2dVn A nd +ow!li..e &. )le@ure tests on dent l !er $i!s. :nt > Prosthodont, 1AA6; A:434-43A. C4AD -!K ren RA nd Phite 56. *l ss-in.iltr ted =ir!oni / lu$in -b sed !er $i! .or !rowns nd .i@ed p rti l dentures: !lini! l nd l bor tor' "uidelines. 8uintessen!e &ent l 0e!hnol, 2000; 23:63-?6.

A$eri! n >ourn l o. - teri ls +ese r!h 2014; 1(1): 26-34

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CF0D *u == to -, Alb <r' -, 5w in -9 nd :ronside >. -e!h ni! l properties o. in-!er $ lu$in nd in-!er $ =ir!oni . :nt > Prosthodont, 2002; 1F:33A-346. CF1D (hon" H7, (h i >, 0 < h shi 1 nd Po=ni < P. )le@ur l stren"th o. :n-(er $ lu$in nd :n-(er $ =ir!oni !ore $ teri ls. :nt > Prosthodont, 2002; 1F:1E3-1EE. CF2D *iord no +, -!K ren RA. (er $i!s 2,er,iew: (l ssi.i! tion b' -i!rostru!ture nd Pro!essin" -ethods. (o$pend (ontin Rdu! &ent, 2010; 31: 6E2-6A?. CF3D Andersson - nd 2dVn A. A new ll-!er $i! !rown. A dense-sintered, hi"h-purit' lu$in !opin" with por!el in. A!t 2dontol 5! nd, 1AA3; 1:FA-64. CF4D 2d$ n P nd Andersson %. Pro!er All-(er $ !rowns .ollowed .or F to 10.F 'e rs: prospe!ti,e !lini! l stud'. :nt > Prosthodont, 2001; 14:F04-F0A. CFFD K n" %+, - l[ P, *uedes (-, P n" +-), H n" %, K n" KA nd + ==oo" -R. Pro!er All-(er $ brid"e. Appl 2sseointe"r tion +es, 2004; 4:13-21. CF6D >ones &P. 0he stren"th nd stren"thenin" $e!h nis$s o. dent l !er $i!s. :n: 1st intern tion l s'$posiu$ on dent l !er $i!s pro!eedin"s (-!Ke n >P ed.), (hi! "o: 8uintessen!e Publi! tion (o., A6-AE nd 110-116; 1AE3. CF?D %orb -, (es r P), *ri""s >A, &ell %on A. 5tep-stress n l'sis .or predi!tin" dent l !er $i! reli bilit'. &ent - ter. 2013; 2A:A13-E. CFED Nh o 18, Ki >, Nh n" >(, Ki o 1-, Ku >>, Ki P. 5he r bond stren"ths between lu$in -tou"hened =ir!oni !ores nd ,eneerin" !er $i!s nd their sus!eptibilit' to "in". Asi n P ! > 0rop -ed, 2012; F: 402-F. CFAD )u<ushi$ HA, 5 doun ->, (es r P), - in#ot AH. +esidu l stress pro.iles in ,eneerin" !er $i! on 1-0NP, lu$in nd N0A .r $ewor<s: $e sure$ent b' holedrillin". &ent - ter, 2014; 30:10F-11. C60D (ehreli -(, Ho< t A-, 2=p ' (, H r so' &, A<! H. A r ndo$i=ed !ontrolled !lini! l tri l o. .eldsp thi! ,ersus "l ss-in.iltr ted lu$in ll-!er $i! !rowns: 3-'e r .ollow-up. :nt > Prosthodont, 2011; 24:??-E4. C61D +in<e 5, 0si" r s A, 7uels A, +oedi"er -. An 1E-'e r retrospe!ti,e e, lu tion o. "l ss-in.iltr ted lu$in !rowns. 8uintessen!e :nt, 2011; 42: 62F-33. C62D * lindo -K, 5endi P, - rinello (P. Rsti$ tin" lon"-ter$ sur,i, l o. densel' sintered lu$in !rowns: !ohort stud' o,er 10 'e rs. > Prosthet &ent. 2011; 106:23-E. C63D 5el= (), 5trub >+, 9 !h H, *uess P(. Kon"-ter$ per.or$ n!e o. posterior :n(er $ Alu$in !rowns !e$ented with di..erent lutin" "ents: prospe!ti,e, r ndo$i=ed !lini! l split-$outh stud' o,er F 'e rs. (lin 2r l :n,esti". 2013 6o, 22. C64D Hi$ 55, 1eo :5, Kee 5>, Hi$ &>, > n" %-, Hi$ 57, 7 n >5. (lini! l use o. lu$in -tou"hened =ir!oni but$ents .or i$pl nt-supported restor tion: prospe!ti,e !ohort stud' o. sur,i, l n l'sis. (lin 2r l :$pl nts +es, 2013; 24:F1?22. C6FD 5hin= to 5, Hob ' shi -, (ho#u H, et l. %one-bndin" beh ,ior o. lu$in be d !o$posite. > %io$ed - ter +es, 1AAA; 46: 2E?-300.

C66D Hob ' shi -, 5hin= to 5, H w n be H, et l. Alu$in powder/%is-*-A !o$posite: R..e!t o. .iller !ontent on $e!h ni! l properties nd osteo!ondu!ti,it'. > %io$ed - ter +es, 2000; 4A: 31A-32?. C6?D 0hor t 5, &i spro A, 5 lerno -. R..e!t o. lu$in rein.or!in" .illers in %is*-A-b sed resin !o$posites .or dent l ppli! tions. Ad, - ter Kett, 2013: 4:1F-21. C6ED P t n be 1, H w $oto A, - tsud H. P rti!le si=e distributions in .un!tion ll' "r ded $ teri ls . bri! ted b' the !entri.u" l solid-p rti!le $ethod. (o$p 5!i 0e!h, 2002; 62: EE1-EE. C6AD P t ri ), 1o<o' $ A, 2$ori -, et l. %io!o$p tibilit' o. $ teri ls nd de,elop$ent to .un!tion ll' "r ded i$pl nt .or bio-$edi! l ppli! tion. (o$p 5!i 0e!h, 2004; 64: EA3A0E. C?0D 7edi 75, - h$oud 6A. &esi"n opti$i= tion o. .un!tion ll' "r ded dent l i$pl nt. %io$ed - ter Rn", 2004; 14: 133-43. C?1D 7edi 75. &esi"n o. .un!tion ll' "r ded dent l i$pl nt in the presen!e o. ! n!ellous bone. > %io$edi! l - ter +es %: Applied %io$ ter, 200F; ?F: ?4-E0. C?2D 7edi 75. R..e!t o. ! n!ellous bone on the .un!tion ll' "r ded dent l i$pl nt !on!ept. %io$ed - ter Rn", 200F; 1F: 1AA-20A. C?3D 6e" hd ri N, Pillert-Por d -, 5!her$ ). &e,elop$ent o. no,el .un!tion ll' "r ded l2o3-l nth nu$ he@ lu$in te !er $i!s .or ther$ l b rrier !o tin"s. - ter 5!i )oru$, 2010; 631-632: A?-102. C?4D - d. AA. &e,elop$ent o. .un!tion ll' "r ded !o$posite .or . bri! tion o. dent l post. Ph& 0hesis, /ni,ersit' - l ' , 2011. C?FD 7u n" -, + hb r 6, P n" +, et l. %ioinspired desi"n o. dent l $ultil 'ers. - ter 5!i Rn" A, 200?; 464: 31F-20. C?6D P n" ), Kee 7P, Ku (. 0her$ l-$e!h ni! l stud' o. .un!tion ll' "r ded dent l i$pl nts with the .inite ele$ent $ethod. > %io$edi! l - ter +es A, 200?; E0: 146-FE. C??D 1 n" >, Ui n" 7->. 0hree-di$ension l .inite ele$ent stud' on the bio$e!h ni! l beh ,ior o. n )*%- dent l i$pl nt in surroundin" bone. > %io$e!h, 200?; 40: 23??-EF. C?ED + hb r 6, 5obo'e#o P2. &esi"n o. .un!tion ll' "r ded dent l $ultil 'ers. ) ti" )r !t Rn" - ter 5tru!t, 2011; 34: EE?-A?. C?AD 6iu U, + hb r 6, ) ri s 5, et l. %io-inspired desi"n o. dent l $ultil 'ers: e@peri$ents nd $odel. > -e!h %eh , %io$ed - ter, 200A; 2: FA6-602. CE0D 5 doll h A, % hreinine# d A. 2pti$u$ "r dient $ teri l .or .un!tion ll' "r ded dent l i$pl nt usin" $et heuristi! l"orith$s. > -e!h %eh , %io$ed - ter, 2011; 4:13E4-AF. CE1D 5 ndu< s 5, 1 $ $oto A, + biei A. 2steobl st dhesion to .un!tion ll' "r ded h'dro@' p tite !o tin"s doped with sil,er. > %io$ed - ter +es A, 2011; A?:4A0-?. CE2D -ehr li -, 5hir =i )5, -ehr li -, -etsel r 75, H dri 6A, 2s$ n 6A. &ent l i$pl nts .ro$ .un!tion ll' "r ded $ teri ls. > %io$ed - ter +es A, 2013; 101:3046-F?.

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) dhel A. Al-5 n b ni et al.: Alu$in (er $i! .or &ent l Appli! tions: A +e,iew Arti!le

CE3D Kin P5, 5t rr 0K, 7 rris %0, N ndine# d A, -orton &. Additi,e $ nu. !turin" te!hnolo"' (dire!t $et l l ser sinterin") s no,el ppro !h to . bri! te .un!tion ll' "r ded tit niu$ i$pl nts: preli$in r' in,esti" tion o. . bri! tion p r $eters. :nt > 2r l - @illo. ! :$pl nts, 2013; 2E: 14A0-F. CE4D Al-5 n b ni >5, - d. AA, Al-5 n b ni )A. Appli! tion o. ! l!iu$ phosph te $ teri ls in dentistr'. :nt > %io$ ter, 2013; 2013: E?6132. CEFD 7e K7, 1in N7, , n 9uuren K>, ( rter RA, Ki n" UP. A n tur l .un!tion ll' "r ded bio!o$posite !o tin"--hu$ n en $el. A!t %io$ ter, 2013; A:6330-?. CE6D &u >, 6iu U, + hb r 6, 5obo'e#o P. %io-inspired dent l $ultil 'ers: e..e!ts o. l 'er r!hite!ture on the !ont !tindu!ed de.or$ tion. A!t %io$ ter, 2013; A:F2?3-A. CE?D 7enri;ues %, *on\ l,es 5, 5o res &, 5il, )5. 5he r bond stren"th !o$p rison between !on,ention l por!el in .used to $et l nd new .un!tion ll' "r ded dent l restor tions .ter ther$ l-$e!h ni! l !'!lin". > -e!h %eh , %io$ed - ter, 2012; 13:1A4-20F. CEED ) $il' +, 5ol ti-7 sh#in -, 6 $#o' 6i< 5, 6e$ ti A. 5ur. !e $odi.i! tion .or tit niu$ i$pl nts b' h'dro@' p tite n no!o$posite. ( spi n > :ntern -ed, 2012 5u$$er; 3: 460-F. CEAD +en K nd Nh n" 1. 5lidin" !ont !t .r !ture o. dent l !er $i!s: Prin!iples nd , lid tion. A!t %io$ ter, 2014 - r 12. CA0D 7e K7, 5w in -9. Rn $el]A .un!tion ll' "r ded n tur l !o tin". > &ent, 200A; 3?: FA6-603.

CA1D Po$pe P, Por!h 7, Rpple -, et l. )un!tion ll' "r ded $ teri ls .or bio$edi! l ppli! tions. - ter 5!i Rn" A, 2003; 362:40T60. CA2D - rsh ll >r *P, % loo!h -, * ll "her ++, et l. -e!h ni! l properties o. the dentinoen $el #un!tion: A)studies o. n noh rdness, el sti! $odulus, nd .r !ture. > %io$ed - ter +es A, 2001; F4: E?-AF. CA3D Kin &, Ki 8, Ki P, et l. &esi"n opti$i= tion o. .un!tion ll' "r ded dent l i$pl nt .or bone re$odelin". (o$p P rt %, 200A; 40:66E-6?F. CA4D 5 doll h A, % hreinine# d A. 2pti$u$ "r dient $ teri l .or .un!tion ll' "r ded dent li$pl nt usin" $et heuristi! l"orith$s. > -e!h %eh , %io$ed - ter, 2011; 4:13E413AF. CAFD Kin (P, &ou"l s P7, Rrl ndsen 5K. 5! nnin" ele!tron $i!ros!op' o. t'pe : !oll "en t the dentin-en $el #un!tion o. hu$ n teeth. > 7isto!he$ ('to!he$, 1AA3; 41: 3E1-3EE. CA6D )r n!is K), 9 id' H>, 7u n" 71, et l. &esi"n nd pro!essin" o. !er $i!b sed n lo"s to the dent l !rown. - ter 5!i Rn" (, 1AAF; 3: 63-?4. CA?D Rw is R--, %esis &7A, N <i N:. 0 ilorin" o. .un!tion ll' "r ded =ir!oni T$ullite/ lu$in !er $i!s. > Rur (er $ 5o!i, 2012; 32:1F61-1F?3. CAED Abu H si$ 67, - d. AA, Abd 5hu<or -7, et l. -et l!er $i! dent l post. P tent no. P2201304303A (A2), 2013. CAAD Abu H si$ 67, - d. AA, Abd 5hu<or -7, et l. )R An l'sis o. .un!tion ll' "r ded stru!tured dent l posts. &ent - ter >, 2011; 30: E6A-EE0.