Introduction of HES2120 Structural Mechanics

Teaching Structure

Textbook

Assessment

Teaching Staff

Other Information(Blackboard)

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Teaching Structure
Each week : 3 hours Lecture + 2 hours Tutorial

Two practical labs run in E211: Week8 Lab report is required for each lab sessions within two weeks time of end of lab.

Two tests run in B004: Weeks 7, and 12. Tutorial will start in Week 2
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Textbook
*

Hibbeler R.C. (2010). Statics and Mechanics of Materials, SI Edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
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*http://mrlibrarydude.wordpress.com/2013/08/

Assessment
Assessment Breakdown

Final Exam (65%) Test (20%) Practical Labs/Report (15%)

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Minimum Requirements to pass this Unit of Study:

In order to achieve a pass in this unit of study, you must: (a) at least 35% of the possible final marks for each Major Assessment Component plus an aggregate mark for the subject of 50% or more. If you do not achieve at least 35% of the possible final marks for each major Assessment Component you will receive a maximum of 44% as your mark for the subject concerned.

The Major Assessment Components are those that carry a weighting of at least 15% of the total mark available.
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Teaching Staff
Name Role Campus & Room No. Phone No. Email Address Consultation Times

Dr Khameel Mustapha

Unit of Study Convenor, Lecturer & Tutor Tutor

SUTS (E614)

+ 6082 260656

kbmustaph By a@swinbur appointme ne.edu.my nt By hha@swinb appointme urne.edu.m nt y By rsiswoyo@s appointme winburne.e nt du.my

Dr Ha How

Mr Riady Siswojo Jo
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Tutor

Other information on Blackboard

Subject Outline / Study Guide Announcement Lecture PowerPoint Slides Tutorial Question Sheet Lab. Handouts

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Requirement
You will be treated as a mature student and expect to behave likewise, so: Be quite in the Class Minimize fiddling with your gadgets Complete and submit assignments on time Do not copy reports
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Structural Mechanics HES2120

TOPIC 1: REVISION OF BASIC PRINCIPLES

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Chapter 1 STRESS AND EQUILIBRIUM

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 EQUILIBRIUM 1.3 KINETICS 1.4 EXTERNAL LOADS 1.5 DESIGN AGAINST FAILURE 1.6 RELIABLE DESIGN AGAINST FAILURE 1.7 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

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1.1 Introduction
The main objective of Structural Mechanics or its equivalent Mechanics of Materials is to provide the engineer with the ability to analyze and design various structures, frames and machines operating under different conditions and environment.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1 shows a sea to air missile, meshed using hexahedral finite elements. By subjecting this model to various lunching conditions under different loads, military scientists can design an optimum geometry for the missile.

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Fig. 1.2

The figure above shows the dynamical analyses performed on the missile, and the missile is experiencing the first bending mode. The structure is treated as a symmetry beam. We will come to this again in the near future. Another example is shown in Fig. 1.3 analysis of tabular joints, usually used in offshore structures. By assuming equilibrium of forces, and apply the principal of static, the tabular joint structure can be analyzed for its stress concentration at the welded joints. By performing the analyses for different loading conditions, one can come out with a design code
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for the structural members.

Fig. 1.3

In this course, namely HES2120, we are going to extend the knowledge we have acquired in HES1125 and perform an in-depth analyses of the structural members subjected to different load type, e.g. torsion, bending moment, shear, transverse and longitudinal loads, concentrated load etc. But before we do that, it is essential to revise some basic principals of static and the conditions for equilibrium of structures.

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1.2 Equilibrium
The necessary and sufficient condition for equilibrium of statically determinate structures is that the internal forces developed in the structures must balance the external forces applied to the structures. Mathematically, we require that , (1.1)

which is a re-statement of the Newtons First Law of Motion. Notice that external force includes the reaction forces.

1.3 Kinetics
The concept of force vector is closely tied to the concept of stresses at a point. We also learned that material failure is caused by excessive internal stresses developed in the structure. The generalized definition of stress is , (1.2)
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where is the admissible stress. From Eq. (1.2), it is clear that stress is associated with the concept of point in the infinitesimal sense. The generalized formulation, Eq. (1.2), allows us to define different stress components depending on the orientation of the area vector. 1.3.1 Average normal stress If we now define where is the unit normal vector to the area A, then eq. (1.2) becomes, in the most simplistic setting , (1.3)

which is simply the average normal stress over an area A and P is the external force (push/pull).

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Fig. 1.4

1.3.2 Average shearing stress If we now define , where is the unit tangential vector to the area A, then eq. (1.2) becomes, in the most simplistic setting (1.4) which is simply the average normal stress over an area A.

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Fig. 1.5 (a) Single shear and (b) double shear 1.3.3 Bearing stress It is sometimes called contact stress and used extensively in design of simple bolt-nut connection and the formula is given by

Fig. 1.6

(1.5)
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Note that

is the average bearing stress.

1.4 External Loads

In HES1125, we learned to use the following formula to calculate the equivalent load and the equivalent point of action:

(1.6)

Fig. 1.7

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In fact, in addition to that, it should be realized that loads could be categorized according to the following chart.

Chart 1.1

Static load are loads that do not change abruptly during its application. Point and concentrated loads can be considered static loads. Dynamic load are loading programs that are fluctuating either in a periodically sinusoidal or
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random form. Seismic activities considered as dynamic load.

can

be

1.5 Design against failure

Structural members or machines must be designed such that the working stresses are less than the ultimate strength of the material. In such, we define the factor of safety, FS, as

(1.7) Now, it is important in Eq. (1.7) that one defines explicitly . It does not necessary have to the ultimate tensile stress (UTS). It could be yield stress, or other stress values that are properly defined.

1.6 Reliable design against failure

Rather than using the factor of safety as a way of design, we can make use of the concept of reliability. Reliability forces us to answer the
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following trivial question: how likely is my design is going to fail if such and such happens? Reliability makes extensive use of probabilistic approach, taking into account uncertainties in material properties, fabrication tolerance, design approximations and loading conditions. It is important in risk analysis and the concept is closely tied with quality assurance. In the first place of reliability assessment technique, the proposed criteria are calibrated against well-established cases, and we disregard individual cases of pass successful candidates. Let be the sample sizes. The mean, , of the sample are given by (1.8) The standard deviation S is simply the positive square root of the variance. The coefficient of variance, V, is defined as
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and

variance,

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(1.9) Now, the mean , is the expected sample value. The standard deviation, , is a measure of dispersion (scattering) of the data and V is a measure of variability.

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Example: The structure shown is designed to support a 30 kN load. Perform a complete static analysis of the structure. Can the structure safely support the 30 kN load? Take allowable stress of steel as 165MPa. If it is decided to use aluminum to construct the structure, what is an appropriate diameter for the rod? Take allowable stress of aluminum as 100MPa.

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Solution: Reaction at supports Equilibrium of moment about C:

Equilibrium of force horizontally:

Equilibrium of force vertically:

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and

cannot be determined from these equations.

Since each member must satisfy the conditions for static equilibrium, we consider a free-body diagram for the boom:

Equilibrium of moment about B:

.

Thus

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Structural members Notice that the boom and rod are 2-force members.

Using the method of joints, and the vector parallelogram, we have

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First, we analyze the rod center. Stress at member BC

(T).

At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional area occurs at the pin centerline,

The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40 kN and the average normal stress of

Pins

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The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B and C are

.

The force on the pin at C is equal to the force exerted by the rod BC,

The pin at A is in double shear. Thus

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The pin at B is slightly complicated. We divide the pin at B into sections to determine the section with the largest shear force. Thus P =15kN
E

P =25kN
G

The corresponding shear stress at section G

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We now determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB. We have t=30mm and d=25mm. Thus

The bearing stress at A in the bracket, we have t=50mm and d=25mm. Thus
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Since the maximum stress is in member BC, with , structure is safe and can support the 30kN load. If design for aluminum structure,

Thus an aluminum rod of 26mm or more in diameter is adequate.

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1.7 Statically indeterminate structures

All the problems we have considered thus far are statically determinate problems. By statically determinate, we mean that the forces in the structure can be determined by considering its static equilibrium. There is another class of problem, which is termed the statically indeterminate problem. By statically indeterminate problem, we mean that the forces in the structure cannot be determined by considering only its static equilibrium. Further requirements of stress-strain compatibility conditions and a stress-strain relationship in the form of a constitutive law need to be supplied to make the force determination possible. Before we look at some examples, we ask how it is possible for us to differentiate between a statically determinate and indeterminate problem. Without drifting too much into the theoretical
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detail, it suffices at this stage to simply lay out the rule: Consider an arbitrary planar truss system. Suppose that the total number of joints in the structure is , the total number of member is , and total number of unknown reaction force components at the support is .

The total number of equilibrium equation available, two per joint, is , while the total number of unknown is 2 . If the number of unknowns and equation are equal, with 2 (1.10) then the structure is statically determinate. If 2 (1.11)

the number of unknowns exceeds the number of equations and solution cannot be obtained. The
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structure is statically indeterminate, and involves either members or support reactions which are redundant in terms of forming a framework which can exist as an anchored load-carrying structure. The number of redundancies is given by the difference On the other hand, if 2 (1.12)

the structure have a mechanism, which is incapable of supporting static loads, either because the members are free to move relative to each other or because the structure itself is not anchored to its surrounding.

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For example, the beam in Fig. 1.8 is determinate:

Fig. 1.8

Since

and there is only one unknown. However, the beam in Fig. 1.9 is indeterminate.

Fig. 1.9

Since

and there are two unknowns. Examples of determinate systems:

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Fig. 1.10

Examples of indeterminate systems:

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Fig. 1.11

Throughout this semester, you will see many more examples of statically indeterminate systems, which we will study. In addition, one of your laboratories practical will deal with an indeterminate truss experiment.

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