Group 3

1. sendy H. Toana

2. Silvana Panigoro

3. Fitriyani Sidampoi

4. Sinta Mointi

Morphology
• Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the
structure of words (words as units in the lexicon are the subject
matter of lexicology). While words are generally accepted as being
(with clitics) the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most (if
not all) languages, words can be related to other words by rules. For
example, English speakers recognize that the words dog, dogs, and
dog catcher are closely related.

• English speakers recognize these relations from their tacit

knowledge of the rules of word formation in English. They infer
intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; similarly, dog is to dog
catcher as dish is to dishwasher.

• The rules understood by the speaker reflect specific patterns (or

regularities) in the way words are formed from smaller units and how
those smaller units interact in speech. In this way, morphology is the
branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within
and across languages, and attempts to formulate rules that model the
knowledge of the speakers of those languages. Morphology is the
study of these meaning-bearing units and the rules governing them,
the study of the structure of words. There are two major types of
 rules dealing with morphology: word – formation rules and adjustment
rules.

Morpheme
The morpheme was defined by the structuralist as the smallest unit of the
meaning. The variant of morphemes are called allomorphs.

Structuralist Morphology
Structuralist phonemes were units that distingueshed among meaning
but that did not in themselves carry meaning. For example re- is not a word,
but it does carry meaning.

A morpheme ordinarily consist of a sequence of one or more phonemes. The

structuralist tried both to classify the types of morphemes and to relate
these abstract units to the actual words of speech.

Types of morphemes
Many words are themselves morphemes, such as {dry} and {water} :
they cannot be broken down into smaller units that in themselves carry
meaning. All the morphemes named thus far are free morphemes; that is,
they can exist as independent words.

Bound morphemes may be subdivided into derivational and inflectional

morphemes.

A derivational morpheme is one that is added to a root (that is, a word) to

form a new word that differs, usually in its part-of-speech classification.
In English, prefixes are usually derivational morphemes that change the
meaning but not the part-of-speech classification. Whereas suffixes are
usually derivational morphemes that change the part-of-speech
classification but not the meaning.

An inflectional morpheme indicates certain grammatical properties

associated with nouns and verbs, such as gender, number, case, and tense.

Allomorphs
The morpheme is an abstract unit. In actual speech, one morpheme
may have several pronunciations or several phological forms. These three
allomorphs do not occur randomly; which allomorphs occur depends on the
phonetic environment. Nouns that end in one of the sibilant /s, z, š, ž, č, ĵ/
take the /-əz plural allomorph, as in mazes, judges, and wishes. Nouns that
end in voiceless consonant (other than a sibilant) form their plurals with the
voiceless allomorph.

Morphology and transformational – Generative Grammar

Many linguistics have reemphasized that plurality is a morphological, not s

phological, issue. Other morphological phenomena were treated in
transformational generative grammar as part of syntax. For example, the
noun refusal was assumed to derive from the verb refuse by a syntactic rule
called a transformation.

Generally, morphological and phonological rules exhibit the following

relationship in a grammar.