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COMPLETED TOPICS PART 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Concept of unilateralism China and USA 119 and 120 constitutional amendment bill India and Bangladesh relationship Andhra Pradesh issue centre state relationship Commission of enquiry centre state relationship Bilateral security agreement and Afghanistan issue Indias interest in South Asia and Look South Policy (Nirupama Rao Article) Person with disability bill 2013 Sushma Singh and collegium regarding CIC Difference between PTA, FTA, CECA and CEPA Mudgal panel for IPL LCA project and Cauvery engine African crisis detailed analysis Al-Qaeda Maghreb South Sudan crisis Central African Republic crisis Pakistan indigenous fighter and other countries fighters Shield system of the world and important kimberlite rock C Rangarajan committee for natural gas pricing C Rangarajan for sugar levy norms Government ruling for RIL gas pricing Coal beded methane rights to CIL A 20 (1) and Ashok Ganguly Analysis about section 377 (rights based issue ) SRE experiment of ISRO CBI reforms and analysis (R K Raghavan) Tiger census in India and National tiger conservation authority Critical analysis of women workplace act 2013 Guidelines by Kasturi Rangan committee on Western Ghats Difference between Kasturi Rangan and Madav Gadgil committee Indias CMS system Critical analysis of CMS Importance of BCIM corridor Indias stake in South Sudan Indias role in OPCW and Syria (Geneva 2) Inflation index saving bonds and critical analysis Critical analysis of bit coin Geneva conference and Iran nuclear issue Kishenganga award and analysis

40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82.

Kishengana article by Ramaswamy Iyer Physiography of Himalayas and glaciers Mass contact programme and good governance India Myanmar Land dispute Importance of Myanmar for India Exclusion within exclusion Social exclusion essay Pakistan nuclear enrichment programme (Kushab) Russia Arctic oil rush Importance of Arctic sea Arctic council Direct tax analysis, recent data GSLV D5 and cryogenic engine Innovation and recent innovation in India Diabetic friendly rice variety Vulture conservation programme in India Judicial activitism and over reach (Delhi Nursery) Avalanches CCMB Hyderabad Vienna convention critical analysis Artcile 41 (1) (3) India Nepal relationship Nepal political crisis chronology Sadhu bet island Indias environmental conservation chronology National green tribunal Mobile seva and the role of Deity Artificial heart France Cervical cancer New guidelines by department of health regarding rape Consumer rights act Solid waste management Vayoshrestha samman result for old age issue Rope way in Jammu and Kashmir United nations award for Ngo Basic premises regarding New Industrial policy Bangalore Mumbai industrial corridor and their significance Child sex ratio in India UNFPA report India Pakistan DGMO talks Purn shakthi Kendra Nigeria president and related issue China Pakistan nuclear Vs India Russia Nuclear co=operation Mapping of Odisha M B Shah recommendations

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83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89.

Nepal political parties reach accord Land of fire and ice NSSO survey regarding slum and drinking water Difference between endangered and endemic species Karnataka endangered bat Characteristics associated with bats CERTin RECENT REPORT ABOUT CYBER SECURITY 90. Uruguay drug cartel 91. Maternal mortility rate causes and solutions 92. Lampedusa 93. Muslim brotherhood terrorist group 94. Double taxation avoidance agreement and 95. Top 10 scientific achievements 96. Hydrogen fuel cell technology and related problem 97. Snake venom and related mechanism 98. Hydrophonics 99. Difference between apes and monkeys 100. Apes in the world 101. Trafficking and definition of human trafficking 102. Z security 103. Gujarat riots chronology 104. Community neutral analysis 105. H7N9 bird flu 106. Guardian Microsoft application for women security 107. Diamond jublee of UGC and suggest 108. UGC extend deadline on accreditation 109. Chinas freebie in South Asia 110. Pension reforms and new pension plan 111. Importance of Indian railway for Indian economy 112. Railway security 113. Kakodkar committee 114. Attention deficit hyperactive disorder 115. Rabindra nath tagore 116. Hindu marriage act 117. Performance based ASHA allowance 118. Provisions regarding working of ASHA 119. Middle income countries key to future developed 120. Census regarding differently abled population 121. Bangladesh political crisis 122. UNMIS role in Sudan 123. GM crops critical analysis (paroda, Basudeb Acharya and technical expert committee ) 124. Nagaland issue comprehensive analysis 125. Disability and right to education 126. RBI strategy to control NPA

127. Comprehensive analysis about US stimuls programme and present status of Indian economy 128. Project Lakshya and DBT 129. New system to hold railway fire 130. Difference between NSSO and census and their impact over Indias policy 131. Women role in Indias politics 132. India Saudi Arabia labour co-operation 133. RBI ease norms in relation to gold imports 134. Teltail women security application 135. August westland VVIPhelicopter India scraps deal 136. Fiscal deficit reason and suggestions to control it 137. Syria crisis complete analysis 138. India Sri Lanka Maritime boundary issue 139. UNCLOS 140. International Sea bed authority 141. United Nations convention on the law of nonnavigational uses of watercourses 142. Mass spectrometer 143. MERS virus 144. Solar luminosity 145. Poverty estimation in India 146. International criminal court 147. International court of justice 148. National youth policy 149. Employment issue in India 150. Millennium development goals 151. The direct tax code bill 152. The 6 bills 153. University grants commission 154. Financial stability bill 155. Malnourishment in India 156. Land acquisition act

Personality
Elizabeth Susan Koshy gold in 57th National shooting championship Rajat Chauhan Archer Sidharth Birla, Succeeded first women FICCI head Naina lal Kidwai as President of FICCI Samaresh Jung National shooting championship Mission director NRHM Anuradha Gupta Maldives President - Yameen Abdul Gayoom

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IAF chief Arup Raha Taxonomist passes away T C Narendran recipient of E K Janaki Ammal National award of Ministery of Environment and forests Suresh Das tipped to head CSIR Mathew Chosen for Prestigious Journalism award Maldives President - Yameen Abdul Gayoom IAF chief Arup Raha Taxonomist passes away T C Narendran recipient of E K Janaki Ammal National award of Ministery of Environment and forests Suresh Das tipped to head CSIR Mathew Chosen for Prestigious Journalism award Sunitha Narain waste disposal management Ronjan Sodhi free rifle nationals Ashwini ponappa and G Jwala badminton Kalashnikov, designer of AK 47 dies Jacques kallis to quit cricket Zakia Jafri fighting for 2002 Gujarat riot against Modi Sushma Singh, New CIC

Application: infrastructure and development; to control the problem of CAD; industrial growth; employment generation; implementation of AravindMayaram committee Relaxation of FDI norms in railways and construction activities 2013 India most favoured investment destination globally Shining light through skin to diagnose malaria A laser pulse creates a vapour nanobubble on a malariainfected cell and is used to noninvasively diagnose malaria rapidly and with high sensitivity Get answers to comet queries this year From European spacecraft Rosetta Magroves in Florida expanding polewards Example of climate change

MANGROVES
Mangroves are salt-tolerant plants of tropical and subtropical intertidal regions of the world. The specific regions where these plants occur are termed as 'mangrove ecosystem'. These are highly productive but extremely sensitive and fragile. Besides mangroves, the ecosystem also harbours other plant and animal species Mangrove plants live in hostile environmental conditions such as high salinity, hypoxic (oxygen deficient) waterlogged soil strata, tidal pressures, strong winds and sea waves. To cope up with such a hostile environment mangroves exhibit highly evolved morphological and physiological adaptations to extreme conditions. WHERE DO MANGROVES OCCUR The richest mangrove communities occur in tropical and subtropical areas, i.e., between the 30N and 30S latitudes where the water temperature is greater than 24C in the warmest month, where the annual rainfall exceeds 1250mm and mountain ranges greater than 700m high are found close to the coast. Mangroves are found practically in almost all the continents, excepting Europe, the Arctic and Antarctic.

Last class articles

India to conduct on-ground assessment in South Sudan New land acquisition rolled out A programme to address malnutrition Marijuana stores open in Colorado Greece takes EU reins Rotating Presidency policy Election in May Latvia joins Eurozone Latvia (part of former USSR) adopted euro Became the 18th member of the Eurozone Anand Sharma hints at further liberalisation of FDI policy

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The total area of mangroves in India is about 6,740 sq. km, which is about 7% of the world's total area of mangroves. Of the total mangroves 80% are present along the east coast, mostly forming the Sunderbans, Bhitarkanika and the Andaman & Nicobar mangroves. The GangeticSunderbans is about 4,000 sq. km whereas Andaman & Nicobar is about 700 sq km. Besides, large rivers like Mahanadi, Krishna, Cauveri, Godavari also harbour major mangroves in their estuarine regions. The remaining 20% mangroves are scattered on the west coast from Kutch to Kerala. The reason for such a restricted mangrove cover is the peculiar coastal structure and the nature of estuaries formed by the relatively small and non-perennial rivers except Narmada and Tapi. DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVES IN INDIA

Zooplankton The zooplankton in the mangrove areas mostly includes crustacean larvae. Insects Insect fauna of mangroves has not been adequately researched in India. Butterflies and moths are also commonly found in the mangrove ecosystem. Salmona is a butterfly which is associated with the mangrove associate, Salvadora. Another moth, Hybloeapuera, has recently been observed to be infesting large tracts of Avicennia marina on the Western coast. Molluscs and Crustaceans Mangroves are a paradise for aquatic animals like molluscs and crustaceans. Mangrove Crab (Scylla cerata) : Scylla serrata, the large edible swimming crab, inhabits the muddy bottom of mangrove estuaries, as well as coastal brackish water. Fish : Mangroves are the breeding and nursery grounds for several species of fish. Estuarine or Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylusporosus): This is the largest crocodile found in India or in the world. Sea Turtles : Olive Ridley (Lepidochelysolivacea) is the most common sea turtle in Indian waters. Large nesting sites are found in Orissa, the largest nesting site ever recorded is Gahirmatha near Bhitarkanika. Water Monitor Lizard (Varanussalvator) : The Water monitor is one of the largest lizards in the world, growing upto 3 mtrs. In India it is found in association with the estuarine crocodile. They are a major predator of crocodile and turtle eggs. Due to overkilling and very long periods of incubation (8-9 months) it has become endangered in India. Birds are a prominent part of most mangrove forests and they are often present in large numbers. The mangrove habitats offer rich feeding grounds for many of the large and more spectacular species as well as a multitude of small birds. Mammals

THE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM

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Royal Bengal Tiger (Pantheratigristigris) Dugong (Dugong dugong)/Sea cow Otters Crab eating macaque THREAT TO MANGROVES Anthropological pressures and natural calamities are the enemies of the ecosystem. Growing industrial areas along the coastlines and discharge of domestic and industrial sewage are polluting these areas. Many studies have highlighted these problems and the conservation efforts are being considered. Experiences have proved that the presence of mangrove ecosystems on coastline save lives and property during natural hazards such as cyclones, storm surges and erosion. These ecosystems are also well known for their economic importance. They are breeding, feeding and nursery grounds for many estuarine and marine organisms. Hence, these areas are used for captive and culture fisheries. The ecosystem has a very large unexplored potential for natural products useful for medicinal purposes and also for salt production, apiculture, fuel and fodder, etc. The distribution of mangrove ecosystem on Indian coastlines indicates that the Sundarban mangroves occupy very large area followed by Andaman-Nicobar Islands and Gulf of Kachch in Gujarat. Rest of the mangrove ecosystems is comparatively smaller. However, good number of studies has been carried out in almost all ecosystems. Over 1600 plant and 3700 animal species have been identified from these areas. THREATS TO MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM The threats to the mangrove ecosystem could be broadly grouped into two: Natural and Anthropogenic. These factors may affect the system as a whole or any one entity within the system, etc. The natural threats include: Climatic changes, Cyclones and Physical processes. Diseases, deterioration, pollution, grazing, agriculture, aquaculture and human encroachment (including reclamation), etc., are considered as the anthropogenic threats to the ecosystem. The values shown by satellite data shows a decrease in the mangrove area, which may be due to several reasons such as grazing by domestic cattles and exploitation of mangrove woods for fuel and timber the neo-tectonic movement of river courses

abatement of upstream freshwater discharges due to construction of dams and reservoirs rapid trend of reclamation of mangrove forests for habitations pollutant discharges from cities and industries etc.

NEED FOR MANGROVE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT Increasing human population in coastal areas is resulting in increased pressure on mangrove ecosystems in many countries, with the growing demand for timber, fuelwood, fodder and other non-wood forest products. To ensure the conservation of mangroves for environmental benefits, together with a sustainable supply of various forest and other products to meet the day-to-day requirements of local people, appropriate management of mangrove ecosystems is needed. Management can also open new avenues for self-employment such as ecotourism, fishing, beekeeping and cottage industries based on mangrove forest products, helping to improve the socio-economic conditions of the local communities. MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVES IN INDIA India has a long tradition of mangrove forest management. The Sundarbans mangroves, located in the Bay of Bengal (partly in India and partly in Bangladesh), were the first mangroves in the world to be put under scientific management. Recognizing the importance of mangroves, the Government of India set up the National Mangrove Committee in the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1976 to advise the government about mangrove conservation and development. In its first meeting, the panel, which consists of scientists, research scholars and experts on the mangrove ecosystem, emphasized the need to conduct a survey of the extent of existing mangrove areas within the country. The government subsequently introduced a scheme for mangrove conservation and protection, consisting of: identification of selected mangrove areas for conservation; preparation of a management plan; promotion of research; adoption of a multidisciplinary approach involving state governments, universities, research institutions and local organizations.

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In 1979, the National Mangrove Committee recommended areas for research and development and for management of the mangroves, which included the following: nationwide mapping of the mangrove areas, preferably by remote sensing techniques coupled with land surveys, and time series to assess the rate of degradation of the ecosystems; quantitative surveys of area, climatic regime, rate of growth of forest trees and seasonal variations of environmental parameters; assessment of suitable sites for reserve forests; conservation programmes; afforestation of degraded mangrove areas; study of management methods, the ecology of mangroves, their flora and fauna, their microbiology and the biochemistry of organic matter and sediments.

AERB is a international body responsible for Nuclear security Controlling spacecraft Is controlled through radio frequency, electromagnetic waves India lost 63 wild tigers in 2013 Tiger conservation strategy of India Gogoi for Assam local time Mean time line of India Allahabad Tea Garden time was a time line given by East India Company Cap on subsidised LPG may be raised CCTVs in public vehicles Application: women rights, old age safety The project is a part of Nirbhaya fund Global centre for Nuclear energy partnership (Haryana) National cancer institute (Haryana) Mr Yameen in India No firm assurance from Yameen on GMR issue Maldives for out-of-court pact with GMR on airport project Big brother is watching you

On the basis of the National Mangrove Committee's recommendation, 15 mangrove areas were identified for conservation. The Government of India has provided guidance and financial assistance to states and Union territories for the preparation and implementation of Management Action Plans for the conservation and development of these mangrove ecosystems. Most of these plans are now being implemented. The plans broadly cover survey and demarcation, natural regeneration in selected areas, afforestation, protection measures, fencing and awareness programmes. Legislative framework In India, a legislative framework for the conservation and management of mangroves is already in place. The Indian Forest Act, 1927 and the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 provide protection to flora and fauna. Although they do not specifically mention mangroves, these acts can also apply to the conservation of the flora and fauna of mangrove ecosystems. Since 1927, the Indian Forest Act has been applied to the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans, which have been declared as a reserved area Flexible rover could explore Titan SUPER BALL BOT Making solar exploration easier and cheaper by embedding science instruments inside a flexible, deformable robotic exoskeleton. Is working in a nuclear power plant risky? Nuclear explosion affects DNA

NETRA(NEtworkTRaffic

Analysis)

It is a software network developed by India's Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, a DRDO laboratory, and is run by Research and Analysis Wing(RAW), the country's external intelligence agency to intercept emails, web forum messages, blogs, social networks, images using pre-defined filters. The primary purpose of the system will be detect words like 'attack', 'bomb', 'blast' or 'kill' from a lot of sources over the Internet. Now, Traffic analysis means the process of intercepting and examining messages in order to deduce information from patterns in communication. It can be

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performed even when the messages are encrypted and cannot be decrypted. A team of 40 scientists from CAIR developed NETRA. Security agencies were looking to build a system that could monitor Internet traffic on a real time basis due to the rapidly escalating threat posed by terrorist and criminal elements using data communication, which had brought service providers like BlackBerry, Skype and Gmail into the focus of law enforcement agencies. An inter-ministerial committee selected NETRA as the internet monitoring system. The committee is staffed by members from Ministry of Home Affairs, Intelligence Bureau, Department of Telecom, Department of IT, and National Investigation Agency. The committee said that NETRA was an indigenous solution involving government scientists and personnel and no component of solution had been outsourced to an outside agency. The committee further observed that CAIR has been continuously investing in R&D to keep up with the fast-changing web technologies. Capabilities NETRA can capture all voice traffic passing through software such as Skype and Google Talk, and intercept messages with keywords passing through emails, web forums, blogs, social networks and even images to obtain the desired intelligence. The system was first demonstrated at the premises of Sify Technologies to capture the entire internet traffic passing through its probes. The system with RAW analyses large amount of international data which crosses through the internet networks in India. Internet Scanning and Coordination Centre will use this software to monitor the Internet similar to the ones used by USA, UK, and many other nations. R&AW is the only user of this monitoring system, though in 2013, the Ministry of Home Affairs recommended the use of a second NETRA system by law enforcement agencies. This was done as the intelligence gathered by the external intelligence agency was largely irrelevant for the use by law enforcement agencies, and could not handle more data. Centre may pick up half the cost of transportation of targeted PDS grain Cabinet clears changes to Mega Power Policy

Power system development fund gets cabinet nod Government strategy to solve energy crisis Indian film evokes memories of Pakistans flying bird Personality: Louis Braille invention of reading and writing tool for blind Expert panel urges Kerala to repeal ecologically fragile lands act Telangana: no constitutional barriers Bitcoin: missing the real revolution SASTRA-CNR Rao award for two CSIR directors Panel moots more powers for RBI in financial benchmarks Mass grave found in Nagaland GSLV D5 launch today

Violence of Bangladesh ahead of polls (Acc to new trend)

October 28, 2006: Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia steps down after her term ends. Twenty-five people are killed in resulting clashes between political parties over appointment of caretaker government. * October 29 2006: President Iajuddin Ahmed is sworn in as head of caretaker administration. * November 28 2006: Activists set fire to five election commission offices as Awami League begins new campaign to force removal of election officials. * January 3, 2007: Sheikh Hasina, leader of the Awami League, says her alliance will boycott January 22 election. * January 11 2007: President declares state of emergency and imposes night-time curfew. He also steps down as head of

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caretaker government and hands charge to Fakhruddin Ahmed, former governor of the central bank. * April 12 2007: Murder charges are filed against former leader Sheikh Hasina and more than 50 others relating to deaths of 10 activists on October 28 during street protests. Those charged include leaders of Jamaat-e-Islami party. 2007 August - Government imposes a curfew on Dhaka and five other cities amid violent clashes between police and students demanding an end to emergency rule. 2008 June - Sheikh Hasina is temporarily freed to get medical treatment in the US. 2008 August - Local elections take place, seen as a big step towards restoring democracy. Candidates backed by the Awami League party perform strongly. 2008 November - The authorities say general elections will be held on 18 December. Sheikh Hasina returns to lead her party in the poll. Awami League win 2008 December - General elections: Awami League captures more than 250 of 300 seats in parliament. Sheikh Hasina is sworn in as prime minister in January. 2009 February - Around 74 people, mainly army officers, are killed in a mutiny in Dhaka by border guards unhappy with pay and conditions. Police arrest some 700 guards. A further 1,000 guards are detained in May. 2009 June - In a ruling on the decades-old dispute between two main political parties, the High Court decides that it was the father of PM Sheikh Hasina, and not late husband of her arch-rival Khaleda Zia, who proclaimed independence from Pakistan in 1971.

2009 October - The government bans the local branch of the global Islamist organisation Hizb-utTahrir, saying it poses a threat to peace. 2010 January - Five former army officers are executed for the 1975 murder of founding PM Sheikh MujiburRahman. 2011 June - Constitutional change scraps provision for a neutral caretaker government to oversee elections. 2012 January - Army says it has foiled a coup planned by "fanatical officers". 2012 May-June - Key figures from the main Islamist party Jamaat-e-Islami, including leader MotiurRahmanNizami, are charged with war crimes by a government tribunal investigating alleged collaboration with Pakistan during the 1971 independence struggle. Jaamat-e Islami supporters clash with police repeatedly in following months in protest at the trial. 2012 October - Muslim rioters attack Buddhist villages and shrines in south-east Bangladesh after an image said to show a burnt Koran was posted on Facebook. The government denounces the attacks as "premeditated and deliberate acts of communal violence against a minority". 2013 January - War crimes tribunal sentences prominent Muslim cleric AbulKalam Azad to death for crimes against humanity during the 1971 independence war. He was tried in absentia, as he had fled abroad. 2013 April - Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina vetoes Islamist bill to outlaw criticism of Islam. Parliament elects Abdul Hamid as Bangladesh's new president, following the death in March of ZillurRahman. 2013 May - European retailers promise to sign an accord to improve safety conditions in factories after a garment factory building collapsed in April, killing more than 1,100 people. Worker protests close hundreds of factories and extract a government pledge to raise the minimum wage and make it easier to form unions.

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2013 July - At least two people are killed as police clash with thousands of protesters after the conviction of GhulamAzam, leader of the Jamaat-e-Islami party, for war crimes committed during the 1971 war of independence. 2013 November - Opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Jamaat-e-Islami supporters clash with police in protests at the government's refusal to make way for a caretaker administration to oversee parliamentary elections in January, as is the usual custom. 2013 December - Supreme Court upholds death sentence on Islamist leader Abdul Kader Mullah of the Jamaat-e-Islami party, who was convicted in February of crimes against humanity during the 1971 war of independence. 2014 January - Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina gains a third term in elections.

1995 - Communist government dissolved. 1995 - Start of Maoist revolt which drags on for more than a decade and kills thousands. The rebels want the monarchy to be abolished. 1997 - Prime Minister SherBahadurDeuba loses no-confidence vote, ushering in period of increased political instability, with frequent changes of prime minister. 2000 - GP Koirala returns as prime minister, heading the ninth government in 10 years. 2001 November - Maoists end four-month old truce with government, declare peace talks with government failed. Launch coordinated attacks on army and police posts. 2001 November - State of emergency declared after more than 100 people are killed in four days of violence. King Gyanendra orders army to crush the Maoist rebels. Many hundreds are killed in rebel and government operations in the following months. 2002 May - Parliament dissolved, fresh elections called amid political confrontation over extending the state of emergency. SherBahadurDeuba heads interim government, renews emergency. 2002 October - King Gyanendra dismisses Deuba and indefinitely puts off elections set for November. 2003 January - Rebels, government declare ceasefire. 2003 August - Rebels pull out of peace talks with government and end seven-month truce. The following months see resurgence of violence and frequent clashes between students/activists and police. 2005 February - King Gyanendra assumes direct control and dismisses the government. He declares a state of emergency, citing the need to defeat Maoist rebels. 2005 April - King lifts the state of emergency amid international pressure.

CHRONOLOGY OF NEPAL POLITICAL CRISIS (As per new trend of UPSC)

After the death of King Mahendra in 1972 he was succeeded by Birendra. 1980 - Constitutional referendum follows agitation for reform. Small majority favours keeping existing panchayat system. King agrees to allow direct elections to national assembly but on a non-party basis. 1985 Nepal Congress Party begins civil disobedience campaign for restoration of multi-party system. 1986 - New elections boycotted by NCP. 1990 - Pro-democracy agitation co-ordinated by NCP and leftist groups. Street protests suppressed by security forces resulting in deaths and mass arrests. King Birendra eventually bows to pressure and agrees to new democratic constitution. 1991 - Nepali Congress Party wins first democratic elections. Girija Prasad Koirala becomes prime minister. 1994 - Koirala's government defeated in no-confidence motion. New elections lead to formation of Communist government.

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2005 November - Maoist rebels and main opposition parties agree on a programme intended to restore democracy. 2006 April - King Gyanendra agrees to reinstate parliament following weeks of violent strikes and protests against direct royal rule. Maoist rebels call a three-month ceasefire. 2006 May - Parliament votes unanimously to curtail the king's political powers. The government and Maoist rebels begin peace talks, the first in nearly three years. Peace deal 2006 November - Government and Maoists sign a peace accord - the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) declaring a formal end to a 10-year rebel insurgency. 2007 January - Maoist leaders enter parliament under the terms of a temporary constitution. Maoists join government 2007 April - Maoists join interim government, a move that takes them into the political mainstream. Maoists quit interim government to press demand for monarchy to be scrapped. This forces the postponement of November's constituent assembly elections. 2007 December - Parliament approves abolition of monarchy as part of peace deal with Maoists, who agree to re-join government. 2008 April - Former Maoist rebels win the largest bloc of seats in elections to the new Constituent Assembly (CA), but fail to achieve an outright majority. 2008 May - Nepal becomes a republic. 2008 August - Maoist leader Prachanda forms coalition government, with Nepali Congress going into opposition. 2009 May - Prime Minister Prachanda resigns in a row with President Yadav. Maoists leave government after other parties oppose integration of former rebel fighters into national army.

2010 May - Governing coalition and Maoist opposition extend deadline for drafting of new constitution to May 2011. 2011 May - Constituent Assembly fails to meet deadline for drawing up new constitution. 2012 May - Prime Minister Bhattari dissolves parliament, calls elections for November after politicians miss a final deadline to agree on a new constitution. Mr Bhattari remains in charge of a caretaker government 2013 November - Election for an assembly which will write a new constitution. Nepali Congress party wins most seats, Maoist party disputes results. Cases registered for supplying low quality imported Indonesian coal Jammu and Kashmir Wild Life Sanctuaries Kishtwar Wild Life Sanctuary Dachigam Wildlife sanctuary Hamis Wildlife sanctuary Salim Ali Wildlife sanctuary Ministry passing the buck to states on illegal mining Centre soft pedalling on enforcing Western Ghats report Bitcoin critical analysis All eyes on todays launch of refurbished GSLV D5 Majestic welcome to INS Vikramaditya NPT AND CTBT AND THEIR DIFFERENCE

NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY

The NPT is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. The Treaty represents the only binding commitment in a

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multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclearweapon States. Opened for signature in 1968, the Treaty entered into force in 1970. On 11 May 1995, the Treaty was extended indefinitely. A total of 190 parties have joined the Treaty, including the five nuclear-weapon States. More countries have ratified the NPT than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement, a testament to the Treaty's significance. The provisions of the Treaty envisage a review of the operation of the Treaty every five years, a provision which was reaffirmed by the States parties at the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference. To further the goal of non-proliferation and as a confidencebuilding measure between States parties, the Treaty establishes a safeguards system under the responsibility of theInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Safeguards are used to verify compliance with the Treaty through inspections conducted by the IAEA. The Treaty promotes cooperation in the field of peaceful nuclear technology and equal access to this technology for all States parties, while safeguards prevent the diversion of fissile material for weapons use.

consent of the United States Senate to ratify the treaty, and to helping secure ratification by others, so that the treaty can enter into force. Entry into force of the Comprehensive Test Ban (CTBT) would create a legally binding prohibition on nuclear explosive tests for all of its parties. The CTBT will: Hinder states that do not have nuclear weapons expertise and experience from advancing their nuclear weapons capabilities, while not affecting the ability of the United States to maintain its own nuclear deterrent force. States interested in pursuing a nuclear weapons program or advancing or expanding the capabilities of an existing nuclear weapons program would have to either risk deploying weapons without confidence that they will work as designed, or incurring international condemnation and reprisals by conducting nuclear explosive tests in violation of the Treaty;

Impede states with more established nuclear weapon capabilities from confirming the performance of advanced nuclear weapon designs that they have not tested successfully in the past; and

COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR-TESTBAN TREATY (CTBT)

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a legally binding global ban on nuclear explosive testing and the final step in the vision laid out fifty years ago by President John F. Kennedy. The CTBT was opened for signature in 1996. Since 1992, the United States has observed a unilateral moratorium on nuclear explosive testing. This moratorium is based on our national security assessment that the United States does not need to conduct nuclear explosive tests in order to ensure the safety, security and effectiveness of the nuclear forces we maintain to deter nuclear attacks on the United States, our allies and partners. Moreover, reinforcing the international norm against nuclear explosive testing is very much in the U.S. security interest. As President Obama first stated in Prague in 2009, the Administration is committed both to seeking the advice and

Constrain regional arms races in the years and decades to come. These constraints will be particularly important in Asia, where states are building up and modernizing nuclear forces. Of the 44 states, three - India, Pakistan, and North Korea have not signed the Treaty. A further six states China, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran,Israel, and the United States have signed but not ratified the Treaty. As of early 2011, Indonesia has been signalling that it will soon ratify the treaty and following the US Senate's ratification of New START

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NPT AND CTBT

The world is trying to control chemical and nuclear weapons. CTBT, which stands for Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, is a treaty which is to ban all nuclear explosions in all surroundings. NPT stands for Non-Proliferation Treaty, whose aim is to prevent nuclear weapons for peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

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Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) was opened for signature in 1996. It is intended to prohibit all nuclear weapon test explosions. Till date, nearby 1900 nuclear tests have been carried out at different locations all over the world. CTBT was floated by the former American President Bill Clinton. The treaty was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996. However, the treaty has not been put into effect as either countries have yet to ratify the treaty. These countries are: China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, United States. Since the early 1950s, the adaptation of banning all the nuclear explosions are going on until now , but for so many years they were not banned. In fact, so many new explosions came into existence. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru also signed to ban all nuclear test explosions all over the world, however, with the circumstance of Cold War, nobody bothered about the agreement. Then, in 1963, Partial Test Ban Treaty came into existence, which banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater and in space, but not underground. In 1991, little progress was made until the end of the Cold War. Under Article 1, the basic obligations of CTBT are: 1. Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control. 2. Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to refrain from causing, encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion. Though after few years, US signed the treaty, but they did not approve it. Also, seven other countries did not ratify the treaty. There is ongoing debate whether or not the CTBT should be approved.

The Non-Proliferation Treat (NPT) of nuclear weapons was signed in 1968 but it was entered into force in 1970. A total of 190 parties joined the treaty, with five states were recognized as nuclear weapon states. The states were the United States, Russia, The United Kingdom, France and China. They require nuclear weapons for their states but not to transfer nuclear weapons, or other explosive devices to any non-nuclear weapon state. Nuclear weapon States Parties are also compelled, under Article VI, to "pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control." The NPT aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of disarmament. The Treaty establishes a safeguard system under the responsibility of the IAEA, which also plays a central role under the Treaty, in areas of technology transfer for peaceful purposes. The treaties are to stop nuclear weapons in all the countries. Thus, CTBT is the treaty in which the countries are to ban the nuclear explosions and tests of nuclear weapons, whereas, NPT is the treaty which bans development of nuclear weapons altogether but allows the development of nuclear energy for experiments or peaceful uses.

Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty [FMCT]

A Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty [FMCT] would strengthen nuclear non-proliferation norms by adding a binding international commitment to existing constraints on nuclear weapons-usable fissile material. The proposed treaty would ban the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. It would not apply to plutonium and HEU for non-explosive purposes.It would also not apply to non-fissile materials, like tritium, and it would not address existing stockpiles.

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A fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is a proposed international agreement that would prohibit the production of the two main components of nuclear weapons: highly-enriched uranium (HEU), and plutonium. Discussions on this subject are being held within the UN Conference on Disarmament (CD), a body of 65 member nations established as the sole multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament. The CD requires consensus for action to take place. Consequently, negotiations for an FMCT have not taken place, though preliminary discussions are ongoing. Those nations that joined the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) as non-weapon states are already prohibited from producing or acquiring fissile material for weapons. An FMCT would provide new restrictions for the five recognized nuclear weapon states (NWSUnited States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China), and for the four nations that are not NPT members (Israel, India, Pakistan, and North Korea). Background Efforts to curb the spread of nuclear material and technology began only a short time after the world was introduced to the destructive potential of atomic weaponry. In 1946 the Acheson-Lilienthal Report, authored in part by Manhattan Project physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, advocated for an Atomic Development Agency to regulate fissile material and ensure that state rivalries over the technology did not occur. Ultimately, neither Dean Acheson or David Lilienthal presented the U.S. plan to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC). Instead, Bernard Baruch presented the Baruch Plan, which also would have established an Atomic Development Authority that answered to the UN Security-Council. The plan called for the United States to disassemble its nuclear arsenal, but only after an agreement had been reached assuring the United States that the Soviets would not be able to acquire a bomb. The plan failed to achieve consensus within the UNAEC. Much later, UN resolution 78/57 L, which passed unanimously in 1993, called for a non -discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. In March 1995, the CD took up a mandate presented by Canadian Ambassador Gerald Shannon. The Shannon Mandate established an ad hoc committee that was directed to negotiate an FMCT by the end of the 1995 session. A lack of consensus over verification provisions, as well as desires to hold parallel negotiations on outer space arms control issues, prevented negotiations from getting underway. China and Russia continue to articulate a desire to hold parallel

negotiations on Preventing an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS), a point which has further stalled efforts to begin FMCT negotiations. The George W. Bush administration submitted an FMCT proposal at the CD 2006 which proposed a fifteen year ban on the production of HEU and plutonium, two key components of nuclear weapons. The proposal did not include any verification measures, and would have applied to only the five recognized NWS. The Obama administrations support of an FMCT was displayed prominently in a speech President Obama delivered in Prague in 2009, including dropping the previous administrations opposition to FMCT verification. Obama stated that, the United States will seek a new treaty that verifiably ends the production of fissile materials intended for use in state nuclear weapons. Obligations: There are two primary issues that divide the different drafts for an FM(C)T: verification and pre-existing stocks. With regard to the issue of pre-existing stocks, under the 2009 International Panel on Fissile Materials' (IPFM) draft treaty, States Parties would be required to declare to the IAEA all fissile materials in its civilian sector, excess for all military purposes, and for use in military reactors. Under Article I, State Parties would agree not to produce, acquire or encourage the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Each State Party would also agree to disable, decommission and, when feasible, dismantle its fissile material production facilities. Article I also calls on States to declare and submit to IAEA monitoring fissile materials in excess of their military requirements and future excess materials resulting from future nuclear disarmament measures. Article V of the draft treaty would establish an FM(C)T Organization to implement the treaty objectives, ensure implementation with the IAEA, and provide a forum for the State Parties. While a "ban on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices" implies a cut-off, a number of states often call for a fissile material treaty (FMT)

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that would limit existing stockpiles of fissile material in addition to future production. The Shannon Mandate specifically does not preclude these states from raising this issue in negotiations. In this manner an FMT would promote the principles of both nonproliferation and disarmament. Pakistan, in particular, has advocated for the negotiation of an FMT due to its concern regarding India's large stockpiles of weapons-usable nuclear material. Key players

the agreement on a mandate (known as the Shannon Mandate) to begin negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament (CD) broke down in 1995. Since then, there has been very little formal progress. There are three draft treaty texts which have been presented as documents of the CD, one presented by the United States in May 2006, another submitted Greenpeace International in April 2004 and a third in September 2009 by the International Panel on Fissile Material (IPFM). An FMCT will require many technical issues to be resolved, from actually defining fissile material to ensuring that the treaty is effective by developing specific procedures for verification. There are a number of different approaches to these issues ranging from a simple approach to a more comprehensive one.

Whatever the scope of the eventual FMCT, most of the nonnuclear weapons states that are party to comprehensive safeguard agreements associated with the NPT will already satisfy the requirements of an eventual FMCT. These states have undertaken not to produce or acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, and to accept International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards on all their nuclear material to verify this. The states that will most be affected by an FMCT are the P5: the United States, China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom; and the nuclear weapons possessing states that are not party to the NPT: India, Pakistan, and Israel. Other states that also will be affected by such a treaty are those which produce the greatest amount of fissile material for nonmilitary purposes, such as Canada, Australia, and Japan. Additionally, while the 35 member states of the Zangger Committee (also known as the "NPT Exporters Committee") have different positions on the critical issues that have prevented the launch of negotiationsdefinitions, existing stocks and verificationthey all have a special interest in the potential scope control. Critical issues of FMCT The concept of a cut-off of the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons has been discussed for a long time, and and nature of any FMCT since a comprehensive treaty could, in theory, universalize export All the best Hope this material helps my NEWSPAPER programme students Jai Hind

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