Biostatistics Example Exam Spring 2007 Syllabus 50 Questions 1 hours

Select one most likely answer only !rom " # E$ %alculators an& statistical tables without !ormulae may be use&$

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1$ " researcher reports *2$+, !or -earsons. correlation coe!!icient !or a relation between gene &osage /number o! &uplicate genes0 an& their combine& protein expression le1el in a tissue$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing can you conclu&e in the absence o! other in!ormation3 "$ 4he researcher cannot ha1e calculate& -earson.s correlation coe!!icient correctly B$ 4here is a positi1e correlation between gene &osage an& protein expression le1el %$ 4here is a negati1e correlation between gene &osage an& protein expression le1el )$ 4here is no correlation between gene &osage an& protein expression le1el E$ 5igh protein expression le1el causes high gene &osage 2$ 4here is &ata !rom a stu&y with exactly five modes$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing is it3 "$ 0 0 1 2 2 , , + 12 16 21 22 2, 27 2+ B$ 0 1 2 , 5 6 + 10 18 22 2, 25 27 2+ 28 %$ 0 1 2 2 2 2 , 7 8 11 12 1, 17 15 1+ )$ 0 1 1 1 2 7 7 8 8 8 12 17 20 21 22 27 E$ 0 1 1 2 , , 7 5 5 6 7 7 12 1+ 1+ ,$ )octor 5umper&inkle recei1es an e9mail !rom an internationally renowne& researcher9physician specialist that her patient has a :1ery goo&; chance o! reco1ery$ Being 1ery !ussy about correctness in the use o! statistics an& probability he expresse& the chance as a 1ali& normali<e& probability -/reco1ery0$ 2hich o! the !ollowing is most likely to be the 1alue he =uote&3 "$ 0$1 B$ 0$5 %$ 0$8 )$ 0$8> E$ 1$5 7$ " hun&re& patients were gi1en increasing concentration o! &rug ? an& the concentration o! metaboli<e& pro&uct was assaye&$ @ne o! the !ollowing statistical metho&s gi1es the basal le1el /concentration0 o! pro&uction o! the pro&uct /which can also be pro&uce& by metabolism without the &rug0 as well as the extent at which the le1el increases per concentration unit o! &rug inAecte&$ 2hich one is it3 "$ -earson.s correlation B$ Binear Cegression %$ %hi9s=uare& test )$ <9test E$ t9test

5$ "mylase acti1ity was &escribe& as :1ery high; in a note on the bloo& analysis o! a patient with chronic pancreatitis compare& with a large sample o! other patients with this &isease an& at a comparable stage$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing statements is least ambiguous an& most likely to be true3 "$ 4he laboratory rea&ing is below *1 stan&ar& &e1iation !or bloo& amylase acti1ity in the sample population B$ 4he laboratory 1alue is below 9, stan&ar& &e1iation !or the &istribution o! bloo& amylase acti1ity in the sample population %$ 4he laboratory 1alue is abo1e 91 stan&ar& &e1iation !or the &istribution o! bloo& amylase acti1ity in the sample population )$ 4he laboratory 1alue is abo1e *1 stan&ar& &e1iation !or the &istribution o! bloo& amylase acti1ity in the sample population E$ 4he laboratory 1alue is abo1e *, stan&ar& &e1iation !or the &istribution o! bloo& amylase acti1ity in the sample population 6$ 4he ages o! !i1e patients in a small me&ical research pilot stu&y were 10 70 70 50 60$ Dt is reasonable to belie1e that the un&erlying probability &istribution is a normal /Eaussian0 one$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing most likely applies3 "$ 4he mean age is 75 the me&ian is 70 an& the mo&e is 70 B$ 4he mean age is 75 the me&ian is 70 an& the mo&e is 75 %$ 4he mean age is 70 the me&ian is 50 an& the mo&e is 70 )$ 4he mean age is 70 the me&ian is 70 an& the mo&e is 70 E$ Fone o! the abo1e "9) are true 7$ Gou are stu&ying the inci&ence in me&ical imaging o! the granularity o! cells in a certain brain !eature in three patient groups on a continuous scale !rom 1 to 100$ @ne group associate& with one class o! &epression one with another an& one is the control group$ Gou want to know i! the inci&ence is &i!!erent amongst the groups$ Gou belie1e !rom pre1ious stu&ies that the &ata shoul& !ollow a normal /i$e$ Eaussian0 &istribution$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing shoul& you best apply3 "$ "F@H" B$ t9test %$ %alculation o! mean an& stan&ar& &e1iation )$ Cegression E$ %hi9s=uare test +$ 2hich one o! these is 1ali& !or a <9score o! a 1alue in a normal &istribution3 "$ 4he mean is 0 an& the stan&ar& error is 1 B$ 4he mean is 1 an& the stan&ar& error is 0 %$ 4he mean is 1 an& the stan&ar& error is 1 )$ 4he mean is 0 an& the stan&ar& &e1iation is 1 E$ 4he mean is 1 an& the stan&ar& &e1iation is 1 8$ Dn a stu&y o! susceptibility to common urogenital in!ections in a group which is belie1e& to ha1e re&uce& resistance &ue to genetic !actors -/male0I0$60

-/!emale0I0$70 -/prostatitis0 I 0$10 -/male with cystitis0 I 0$25 -/!emale with cystitis0I 0$,0$ 5owe1er in a particular laboratory test a particular biomarker appears i&entical both !or 50% o! female patients with cystitis an& 100% !or prostatistis su!!erers but is absent otherwise$ 2hat is the probability o! such a biomarker being reporte&3 "$ 0$015 B$ 0$10 %$ 0$25 )$ 0$,0 E$ 0$75 Hint: clearly one probability to use, i.e. of appearance of the biomarker for females with cystitis, is less than the probability of being female with cystitis. 10$ 2hich o! the !ollowing is a branch o! classical parametric statistics base& on the normal cur1e3 "$ 4he scatter plot B$ 4he t9test %$ -earson. correlation )$ Binear Cegression E$ Bayesian in!erence 11$ 10 patients ha& respecti1ely 11 12 1, 17 15 16 17 1+ 18 20 cigarettes a &ay$ 2hat is the a1erage number per &ay in this group3 "$ 17$5 B$ 15$0 %$ 15$5 )$ 16$0 E$ 16$5 12$ Scientists o!ten report statistical results o! measurement in the !ormat as 2,$, J 2$7 where 2,$, is the mean the J symbol means :plus or minus; an& 2$7 is a certain number o! stan&ar& &e1iations $ 5owe1er although the same !ormat is wi&ely use& across se1eral &isciplines there are &i!!erences in what the latter 1alue !ollowing the J symbol represents$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing groups has highest precision in reporting measurements3 "$ -hysicists generally report J1 /6+> o! population0 B$ %hemists o!ten report J2 /85> o! population0 %$ Biologists sometimes report J, /88> o! population0 )$ Ke&ical scientists typically report J2 or J, /85> or 88> o! population0 E$ Sociologists sometimes report J, or J7 /greater than 88$8> o! population0

1,$ " %hi s=uare test is applie& to the results !or ol& an& new laboratory tests !or 5epatitis % as in the table below$ 2hich o! the !ollowing "9E is the expecte& 1alue in the cell where the obser1e& 1alue is 1503 5epatitis % positi1e actually 5epatitis % negati1e actually 50 50 150 50

5epatitis % positi1e ol& test 5epatitis % negati1e new test "$ B$ %$ )$ E$ 50 100 122$22 1,,$,, 150

17$ " subse=uent %hi s=uare test is again applie& to the results !or ol& an& new laboratory tests !or 5epatitis % as in the table below$ 2hat is the sum o! the chi9 s=uare& 1alues over all four cells3 5epatitis % positi1e actually 5epatitis % negati1e actually 50 50 50 50

5epatitis % positi1e ol& test 5epatitis % negati1e new test "$ 0 B$ 50 %$ 150 )$ 1,,$,, E$ 200

15$ )r Brown recei1es a computer print out representing a lab report !rom a new &iagnostic an& tests company expressing the statistical accuracy o! the test result base& on the &ispersion o! results !rom many pre1ious tests$ She is 1ery surprise& that it is a 1ariance H$ She ha& been expecting a stan&ar& &e1iation S) the measure to which she is accustome& !rom the pre1ious company that she use&$ But she knew well how to con1ert it$ 2hich o! the !ollowing &i& she &o on her calculator3 "$ She calculate& HLMF B$ She calculate& HLF %$ She calculate& HLF2 )$ She calculate& MH E$ She calculate& H2

16$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing patient recor& entries belong to they &ata type normally uni=uely consi&ere& :ratio; accor&ing to the tra&itional classi!ication !irst &e1elope& by 5ar1ar& psychologist S$ S$ Ste1ens3 "$ Smoker I no B$ -ulse I 5+ %$ 4emperature in o% I ,7$2 )$ 4emperature in oN I 8+$7 E$ Feurotic response test gra&e /0 to 50 I 7 17$ D! &rinking /)0 really &i&n.t correlate in any way with cirrhosis o! the li1er /%0 which one o! the !ollowing is the appropriate expression to estimate the Aoint probability -/) O %0 o! being a &rinker an& ha1ing cirrhosis o! the li1er3 "$ -/%0 * -/)0 B$ -/%0 x -/)0 %$ -/%0 * -/)0 # -/% O )0 )$ -/%0 * -/)0 # -/%0 x -/)0 E$ -/%0 x -/)0 x F where F I total amount o! &ata 1+$ "ssume that the probability o! any patient walking in being male is 0$5 an& o! being !emale is 0$5 an& that only one patient walks in at a time$ 4he probability o! the next two patients being male is 0$25$ But which o! the !ollowing is the probability that the next three patients will all be male3 "$ 0$05 B$ 0$1 %$ 0$125 )$ 0$25 E$ 0$5 18$ 2hen Sir Conal& Nisher 1+8091862 was aske& what an appropriate 1alue !or was in scienti!ic in=uiry he respon&e&' :D &on.t know$ -erhaps 1 in 20;$ 4his =uantity is use& to per!orm one o! the !ollowing actions in a typical parametric test$ 2hich one is it3 "$ 4o represent the power o! the statistical test B$ 4o reAect or accept a null hypothesis base& on the mean %$ 4o reAect or accept a null hypothesis base& on the stan&ar& &e1iation )$ 4o reAect or accept a null hypothesis base& on the stan&ar& error E$ 4o reAect or accept a null hypothesis base& on the - 1alue 20$ Gou are stu&ying the occurrence an& non9occurrence o! sickle cell anemia in each o! three &i!!erent ethnic groups$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing is consi&ere& the most suitable statistical test to use to show that the &istribution is non9ran&om3 4here is no guarantee o! an un&erlying normal &istribution$ "$ Binear regression B$ 4he &etermination o! the mean an& stan&ar& &e1iation %$ 4he &en&rogram /:tree plot;0 !rom cluster analysis an& multi&imensional scaling

)$ 4he %hi9s=uare test E$ " <9test /or P9test0 21$ %lassical statistical thinking &oesn.t allow one to &etermine &irectly -/5 Q )0 the probability o! the hypothesis /gi1en the &ata0 but rather makes conser1ati1e choices base& on -/) Q 50 the :likelihoo&; or probability o! getting that &ata /gi1en the hypothesis0$ "&&ing to that a consi&eration o! the typical cost o! acting on a new hypothesis say &e1eloping a new &rug an& perhaps as yet hi&&en risks what conser1ati1e action &oes classical statistics take3 "$ 4ries to re!ute the new hypothesis B$ 4ries to re!ute the negati1e hypothesis /the alternati1e hypothesis to the new hypothesis0 %$ 4ries to re!ute the null hypothesis )$ 4ries to re!ute an ran&omly selecte& hypothesis E$ 4ries to re!ute a !act 22$ D! in a large sample o! &ata the mo&e me&ian an& mean are the same then in the !ollowing which kin& o! &istribution is it most likely to be3 "$ " bimo&al &istribution B$ "n S9cur1e &istribution %$ " normal /Eaussian0 &istribution )$ " le!t9skewe& Eaussian &istribution E$ " right9skewe& Eaussian &istribution 2,$ D! in a large sample o! &ata the mo&e me&ian an& mean are F@4 anything like the same then in the !ollowing which kin& o! &istribution is it most likely to be3 "$ " binomial /not bimo&alR0 &istribution B$ " normal &istribution with small &ispersion %$ " normal &istribution with large &ispersion )$ " normal &istribution with a large mean 1alue E$ " 1ery skewe& normal9like &istribution 27$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing was most common amongst the wi&ely use& types o! statistical 1ariables as &e!ine& by 5ar1ar& -sychologist S$ S$ Ste1ens in the 1870s3 "$ @r&inary B$ Fominal /categorical0 %$ Dnternal )$ Dnterlu&e E$ Cational 25$ %lassical statisticians &o not like Bayes metho&s because they use -/5ypothesis0 to calculate -/5ypothesis Q )ata0$ 4hey !ocus instea& on the likelihoo& i$e$ -/)ata Q 5ypothesis0$ 2hich o! these is their obAection to -/5ypothesis03 "$ Dt &oes not allow use o! regression B$ -earson.s correlation coe!!icient then !alls outsi&e the range 91(*1

%$ 5ow can you ha1e a 5ypothesis which isn.t con&itional on &ata3 )$ 4he Full 5ypothesis is !un an& easier to un&erstan& an& use E$ Dt means that the stan&ar& error is larger than the stan&ar& &e1iation 26$ 4he !ollowing charts are which types o! chart3 "$ -ie charts B$ charts %$ Scatter plots )$ Fon9linear graphs E$ %ircular Bar charts

27$ D! /as the "K" statistics an& "C" statistics seem to suggest0 there really is 800 times less risk o! a !atal acci&ent in owning a gun compare& with 1isiting your physician or hospital but 1000 times more risk o! &ying be!ore 50 i! you ne1er 1isit a physician or hospital what is sa!est course o! action3 "$ @wn a gun an& ne1er 1isit your physician or hospital B$ )on.t own a gun an& ne1er 1isit your physician or hospital %$ @wn a gun a!ter age 50 an& ne1er 1isit your physician or hospital )$ )on.t own a gun an& 1isit your physician or hospital E$ @wn a gun be!ore 50 an& 1isit your physician or hospital 2+$ D! the range o! 1alues in a patient population sample o! a certain en<yme acti1ity is 100 to 200 acti1ity units an& these two numbers are not in past experience particularly extreme or unusual 1alues which o! the !ollowing is most likely closest to the stan&ar& &e1iation3 "ssume an un&erlying normal &istribution$ "$ 1 B$ ,5 %$ 100 )$ 150 E$ 200

28$ 2hich is the stan&ar& abbre1iation !or the metho& calle& :analysis o! 1ariance;3 "$ "@H B$ "FH %$ "F@H )$ "F@H" E$ "F@H"C ,0$ Dn a stu&y o! the number o! repeate& insertions o! base pairs " E % or 4 at a particular locus in the )F" o! patients the difference between the mean an& the me&ian o! &ata 0 1 1 , 7 7 6 6 6 8 20 is closest to which one o! the !ollowing3 "$ 1$0 B$ 1$5 %$ 2$0 )$ 2$5 E$ ,$0 ,1$ 4he le1els o! an en<yme acti1ity in a population are + 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 17 15 15 15 17 1+ 18 18 18 18 27 when the in&epen&ent 1ariable is that en<yme acti1ity$ 2hich o! these is most likely to &escribe the multimo&al &istribution !or an extremely large sample !rom the same population3 "$ 2 peaks an& , troughs exclu&ing the en&s B$ , peaks an& 2 troughs exclu&ing the en&s %$ , peaks an& , troughs exclu&ing the en&s )$ 7 peaks an& , troughs exclu&ing the en&s E$ 7 peaks an& 7 troughs exclu&ing the en&s ,2$ " <9score o! 9, is obtaine& !or a group in a stu&y o! the normal &istribution o! the number o! repetiti1e epileptic attacks per patient in a particular patient population$ 4his score in a lies in which one o! the !ollowing ranges3 "$ "bo1e *, stan&ar& &e1iation !rom the mean B$ Between the mean an& 91 stan&ar& &e1iation %$ Between the mean an& *1 stan&ar& &e1iation )$ Between *1 an& *2 stan&ar& &e1iations E$ Below 92 stan&ar& &e1iations !rom the mean ,,$ "n outrage& physician9researcher wants to show that there is a 1ery small chance o! impro1ement on gi1ing a contro1ersial herb9store &rug$ 5e can assume a normal cur1e$ 5owe1er the number o! patients he has teste& it on is 1ery small$ 2hich is the best test3 "$ <9test B$ t9test %$ -earson.s correlation )$ Cegression E$ "F@H"

,7$ Dn an assay o! the le1el o! botulin interacting with antibo&y the !ollowing spectrophotometer rea&ings were 0$1 0$5 1$, an& 1$7 !or concentrations o! antibo&y /arbitrary units0 o! 0 1 2 an& , respecti1ely !or a !ixe& low concentration o! botulin$ 2hich o! the !ollowing is the most correct statement3 "$ 4he correlation coe!!icient is close to <ero B$ 4he correlation coe!!icient is close to 91 %$ 4he gra&ient !rom the regression test is close to *0$6 )$ 4he gra&ient !rom the regression test is close to 90$6 E$ 4he intercept !rom the regression test is close to *1$7 ,5$ 2hich one o! these is the strongest can&i&ate to be or exempli!y a null hypothesis !or a new &rug in -hase DDD clinical trials on SS patients base& on an herb use& in tra&itional %hinese me&icine3 "$ 4hat the &rug e!!icacy is that o! the herb as reporte& in the tra&itional %hinese literature B$ 4hat the &rug e!!icacy is that o! the herb as reporte& in the mo&ern %hinese literature %$ 4hat the &rug is &angerous )$ 4hat the &rug is signi!icantly e!!icacious E$ 4hat the &rug will not work ,6$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing may be best consi&ere& a simpler 1ersion o! a t9test an& &oes not re=uire that you take into account the :&egrees o! !ree&om; or amount o! &ata3 "$ -earson.s correlation coe!!icient B$ Spearman.s rank or&er coe!!icient %$ Binear regression )$ %hi9s=uare& test E$ <9test ,7$ Suppose that in a stu&y o! the relation between insomnia an& the sel!9reporte& sense o! goo& =uality o! li!e a 1alue o! 90$+5 is obtaine& !or -earson.s correlation coe!!icient$ 4his means which o! these in the absence o! any other in!ormation3 "$ 4here is a strong negati1e correlation between insomnia an& sense o! goo& =uality o! li!e B$ 4here is a strong positi1e correlation between insomnia an& sense o! goo& =uality o! li!e %$ 4here is an negati1e correlation between insomnia an& sense o! goo& =uality o! li!e in +5> o! the population )$ Dnsomnia &irectly causes a re&uce& sense o! =uality o! li!e E$ " poor =uality o! li!e &irectly causes insomnia ,+$ " per!ormance score S in a psychological stu&y on 500 patients 1arying in &egree o! alcohol abuse I ?1 an& &epression I ?2 was show to best !it an e=uation o! !orm S I 17$, * +$7?1 * 0$,?2 when per!orme& in one city an& o! !orm S I 18*

,?1 in another city$ 2hat kin& o! statistical metho& was use& to get such e=uations3 "$ t9test B$ %orrelation %$ Cegression )$ "F@H" E$ %hi s=uare test ,8$ Be care!ul with this oneR Some say that you shoul& pick care!ully who to marry i! you ha1e large teeth or a small Aaw an& want to ha1e chil&ren$ )ue to the way the genes are expresse& large teeth si<e is uncorrelate& with small Aaw si<e an& can lea& to serious Aaw crow&ing$ By sampling you know the probability -/"0 o! being male with large teeth an& probability -/B0 o! being !emale with a small Aaw$ 2hich then woul& be the most appropriate way o! calculating the probability o! being a potential husban& with large teeth @C a potential wi!e with a small Aaw3 "$ -/"0 L -/B0 B$ -/"0 x -/B0 %$ -/"0 * -/B0 )$ -/"0 * -/B0 # -/" O B0 E$ -/"0 * -/B0 # -/"0 x -/B0 70$ 4he stan&ar& error is in1ersely relate& to some !unction o! the sample si<e F$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing is that !unction3 "$ 4he 1alue o! F itsel! B$ 4he s=uare root o! F %$ 4he cube o! F )$ 4he natural logarithm o! F E$ 4he cosine o! F 71$ 2hich o! the !ollowing sample plans is most likely to gi1e a more accurate /unbiase&0 an& more precise /a&e=uate &ata0 estimate o! the a1erage weight o! %hicago resi&ents3 "$ Sse o! 50 registere& 1oters in %hicago B$ Sse o! 500 registere& 1oters in %hicago %$ Sse o! 500 persons !oun& working out at a gym in %hicago )$ Sse o! 50 persons !oun& with illegal inAecte& &rugs in %hicago E$ Sse o! 500 persons !oun& with illegal inAecte& &rugs in %hicago 72$ 4he typical null hypothesis concerning e!!icacy o! a new &rug is shown to ha1e a probability o! 0$, o! being correct in 2008$ Gou take the usual action in accepting or reAecting the null hypothesis$ Dn 2008 the &rug is subse=uently pro1en worthless but in 2010 !oun& to work$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing is the most likely to be the most appropriate statement3 "$ 4he result o! the stu&y was correct in 2008 an& correct in 2010

B$ 4he result o! the stu&y was a 4ype DD error in 2008 an& a 4ype D error in 2010 %$ 4he result o! the stu&y was a 4ype D error in 2008 an& a 4ype DD error in 2010 )$ 4he result o! the stu&y was correct in 2008 an& a 4ype D error in 2010 E$ 4he result o! the stu&y was correct in 2008 an& a 4ype DD error in 2010 4he stu&y shoul& be repeate& 7,$ D! you tell a patient collo=uially that she has a 50'50 chance o! reco1ery this means which in !ormal probability terms3 "$ 4he correctly normali<e& probability o! reco1ery is 0 B$ 4he correctly normali<e& probability o! reco1ery is 0$5> %$ 4he correctly normali<e& probability o! reco1ery is 0$5 )$ 4he correctly normali<e& probability o! reco1ery is 5> E$ 4he correctly normali<e& probability o! reco1ery is 100 77$ Dn consi&ering application o! the %hi9s=uare test to a Cussian !actory community o! 1000 persons you note that the obser1e& number o! smokers is 700 an& the obser1e& number with biomarker e1i&ence o! !irst stage emphysema in the community is 500$ Be!ore &oing the stu&y an& in absence o! other in!ormation what is the smallest possible number o! smokers with !irst stage emphysema3 "$ 0 B$ 100 %$ 200 )$ ,00 E$ 700 75$ 2hich one o! the !ollowing is the most 1ali& statement !or the normal &istribution /bell cur1e Eaussian &istribution0 "$ <9scores o! 91 an& *1 enclose roughly two thir&s o! the population B$ <9scores o! 91 an& *1 enclose roughly one thir& o! the population %$ <9scores o! 0 an& *1 enclose roughly two thir&s o! the population )$ <9scores o! 91 an& *1 enclose roughly three =uarters o! the population E$ "bo1e a <9score o! *1 lies roughly one thir& o! the population 76$ Ei1en a stan&ar& normali<e probability -/patient has 2ilson.s )isease Q lab result0 I 0$85 which o! the !ollowing is the most likely correspon&ing &escription accepting that lab result as accurate an& precise3 "$ 4hat the patient almost certainly has 2ilson.s )isease B$ 4hat the patient almost certainly &oes not ha1e 2ilson.s )isease %$ 4hat the patient has 2ilson.s is a :&on.t know; )$ 4hat the patient has a 0$85> probability o! ha1ing 2ilson.s )isease E$ 4hat the patient has a 0$05> probability o! not ha1ing 2ilson.s )isease 77$ " null hypothesis in a stu&y is that the mean DQ score o! a group with particular genomic !eature is e=ual to 100$ 4he test statistic is < I 91$0, an& we nee& to !in&

the p 1alue$ 4he test re=uire& is calle& a two9taile& test because the claim is that the scores are e=ual$ 2e look up <I1$0, an& get pI0$,7+5$ 4his is the area between a <9score o! 1$0, an& 0 or between 91$0, an& 0$ 2hich o! the !ollowing statements is correct3 "$ 4o get the area beyon& 1$0, we ha1e to subtract 0$,7+5 !rom 0$5000 to get 0$1515$ 4his is the area in each tail so the !inal answer is the total area is 2 x 0$1515 I 0$,0,0 which is the !inal answer$ B$ 4o get the area beyon& 1$0, we ha1e to subtract 0$,7+5 !rom 0$5000 to get 0$1515 which is the !inal answer$ %$ 4o get the area beyon& 1$0, we ha1e to a&& 0$5000 to 0$,7+5 to get 0$+7+5 which is the !inal answer$ )$ 4o get the area beyon& 1$0, we ha1e to a&& 0$5000 x 2 to 0$,7+5 to get 1$,7+5 which is the !inal answer$ E$ 4o get the area beyon& 1$0, we ha1e to a&& 0$5000 x 2 to 0$1515 x 2 to get 1$,0,0 which is the !inal answer$ 7+$ 4he resting rate o! -@ ratio /"4- pro&uction o1er oxygen consumption0 !or a suspension o! mitochon&ria is measure& as ,$1$ 4his &rops to 2$1 when uncoupling agent is a&&e& gi1ing a concentration o! 2 micromolar to 0$8 when uncoupling agent is a&&e& gi1ing a concentration o! 7 micromolar an& to 0$0, when uncoupling agent is a&&e& gi1ing a concentration o! 6 micromolar$ "pplying linear regression which o! the !ollowing most likely to be true3 "$ 4he intercept is approximately , micromolar an& the slope is approximately *1 B$ 4he intercept is approximately 0 micromolar an& the slope is approximately *1 %$ 4he intercept is approximately , micromolar an& the slope is approximately 91 )$ 4he intercept is approximately 2 micromolar an& the slope is approximately 91 E$ 4he intercept is approximately , micromolar an& the slope is approximately 90$5 78$ Gou ha1e two groups male an& !emale both o! which ha1e the categorical attributes hepatitis positi1e an& hepatitis negati1e$ 4he appropriate test to see i! gen&er an& in!ection by hepatitis is correlate& is which one o! the !ollowing3 "$ t9test B$ Binear regression %$ )etermination o! the mean an& stan&ar& &e1iation )$ 4he %hi9S=uare& test E$ "F@H" 50$ "t a biostatistics con!erence se1eral unusual statistical tests were &escribe&$ So recalling the &e!inition o! parametric an& o! non9parametric metho&s which o! the !ollowing o! them is K@S4 likely to be a F@F9parametric metho&3

"$ Sse o! the &istribution o! </@0 # </E0 where @ is the obser1e& !re=uency E is the expecte& !re=uency an& P/n0 I 1 * 1L2 * 1L, * 1L7 *(n B$ Sse o! the means an& stan&ar& &e1iations attribute& to each o! two normal cur1es which a&& up to gi1e a bimo&al &istribution %$ Sse o! the !ourth power o! the &i!!erence between the obser1e& 1alue an& the mean 1alue /i$e$ o! the s=uare o! the stan&ar& &e1iation0 )$ Sse o! parameters o! a polynomial !unction &escribing the &istribution o! a multimo&al population E$ Sse o! the means an& stan&ar& errors in the comparison o! the properties o! three separate an& &istinct populations