25.

5 Major Changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes -basically genetic mechanisms of change Effects of Developmental enes -!evo-devo"# evolutionary biology $ developmental bio -slight genetic diverges major morphological diffs Changes in %ate and &iming -heterochrony# evol change in rate'timing of developmental events -this causes many evol transformations -shape depends on rate of gro(th -increased gro(th of fingers bats) (ings -slo(ed gro(th of leg'pelvic - no legs in (hales -heterochrony# *lso the timing of reprod development -paedomorphosis# if reprod organs develop faster than other organs se+ually mature stage of species retains juvenile body feats in ancestral species -a+olotl salamander, only - locus change is sufficient Changes in .patial /attern -homeotic genes# master reg genes that determine basic features)s location'arrangement -0o+ gene# has the position info of animal embryo -change in gene huge changes 1s(imming feeding appendage, or diff flo(ers2 &he Evolution of Development -34 mill yrs before Cambrian, there (ere genes capable of ma5ing comple+ animals -.o (hy huge increase during e+plosion6 -adaptive evo# sort through diff of genes, this selection improves adaptation rapidly ne( genes (' ne( metabolic'struct Changes in enes -ne( devo genes arise from changes in nucleotide seq'reg of genes -si+-legged insects 1Drosophilia2 coming from multi-leg ancestors 1Artemia2 -Drosophilia has 7b+ gene that suppresses leg formation in insects, but 7b+ gene in Artemia -Droso)s legs -448 suppressed, *rtemia)s only -58 -hybrid 7b+ 1part Droso part *rt2 able to find amino acids responsible for suppression of limbs Changes in ene %egulation -can result in morphological change very harmful, and can affect gene)s function (herever it)s e+pressed -but change in dev gene may have less harm than change to seq of gene 1dev genes can be limited to - cell type2 -thus organism)s change mutations of reg of dev genes

-supported by threespine stic5lebac5 fish, need those 3 spines b'c to deter predators a(ay -stic5lebac5 fish ('o predation lac5 those 3 spines, unnecessary use -(as it from changes of gene6 9r changes of gene e+pression6 1it (as e+pression2 25.: Evolution is not goal-oriented -three 5ey features of nature -ho( organisms are suited for life in enviro -many shared characteristics of life -rich diversity of life Evolutionary ;ovelties -even though (e have good eyes, doesn)t mean partial simple eyes are bad -simple eyes for animals (ho find them adequate enough to live -mollus5'human eyes evolved from cluster of photoreceptor cells in common ancestor -e+aptations# structs that evolve in - conte+t but become co-opted for another function 1ja( bone sound transmissioner2 Evolutionary &rends -!speciation is their birth, e+tinction is their death, ne( species that diverge from then are their offspring" -horse has one toe, but ancestor, Hyracotherium, had four toes. -.pecies selection, ones that could run faster from the prairies and mate more