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Unit 1: The Parts of Speech

Nouna person, place, thing, or idea Person: boy Kate mom Place: house Minnesota ocean Thing: car desk phone Idea: freedom prejudice sadness --------------------------------------------------------------Pronouna ord that takes the place of a noun! Instead of" Kate # she car # it

Name:
Adverbsdescribe %erbs, adjecti%es, and other ad%erbs $ns ers the &uestions how, when, where, and to what extent Many ords ending in *ly+ are ad%erbs: &uickly, smoothly, truly $ fe other ad%erbs: yesterday, e%er, rather, &uite, earlier --------------------------------------------------------------Prepositionssho the relationship bet een a noun or pronoun and another ord in the sentence! They begin a prepositional phrase, hich has a noun or pronoun after it, called the object! Think of the bo, 'things you ha%e do to a bo,(! -ome prepositions: o%er, under, on, from, of, at, through, in, ne,t to, against, like --------------------------------------------------------------Conjunctionsconnecting ords! .onnect ideas and/or sentence parts! 0$1234- 'for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so( $ fe other conjunctions are found at the beginning of a sentence: ho e%er, hile, since, because --------------------------------------------------------------Interjectionssho emotion! 5sually the first ord's( and are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma ',( or e,clamation point '6(! $ fe interjections: o , bam, gee, ha, aha, ouch

$ fe other pronouns: he, they, I, you, e, them, ho, e%eryone, anybody, that, many, both, fe --------------------------------------------------------------Adjectivedescribes a noun or pronoun $ns ers the &uestions what kind, which one, how many, and how much $rticles are a sub category of adjecti%es and include the follo ing three ords: a, an, the
old car ' hat kind( that car ' hich one( two cars 'ho many(

--------------------------------------------------------------Verbaction, condition, or state of being $ction 'things you can do(think, run, jump, climb, eat, gro )inking 'or helping(am, is, are, as, ere

HINT: many people mi, up pronouns and adjecti%esthink about ho it is being used in the sentence6 Many girls ent to the dance! 'many is an adjecti%e describing how many girls( Many ent to the dance! 'many is a pronoun, replacing the noun girls( HINT: many people mi, up ad%erbs and prepositionsthink about ho the ord is used in the sentence6 I looked down! 'down is an adverb describing where I looked( I looked down the ri%er! 'down is a preposition, starting the phrase down the river( HINT: many people mi, up ad%erbs and nounsthink about ho the ord is used in the sentence6 The test is tomorrow! 'tomorrow is an adverb ans ering when the test is( Tomorrow ill be beautiful6 'tomorrow is a noun6(

The Noun
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or idea.
George! Jupiter! Ice cream! Courage! Books! Bottles! Godzilla! All of these words are nouns, words that identify the whos, wheres, and whats in language. Nouns name people, places, and things. Read the sentence that follows: George and Godzilla walked to Papa John's to order a large pepperoni pizza. George is a person. Papa John's is a place. Pizza is a thing. Godzilla likes to think he's a person, is as big as a place, but qualifies as another thing.

Persons: Places: Things: Ideas:

ohn theater car inspiration

hunter "innesota tele#ision $oy

audience park hat freedom

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Common or Proper Nouns:
A common noun is a general name for a person, place, thing, or idea. &hey are usually not capitali'ed unless they are at the beginning of a sentence. A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. &hey are capitali'ed.

Common: Proper:

actor Adam (andler

planet )enus

month No#ember

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Concrete or Abstract Nouns:
A concrete noun names a person, place, or thing that can be seen, heard, smelled touched, or tasted. An abstract noun names an idea, quality or state.

Concrete: Abstract:

bell pride

skunk sadness

sand uncertainty

apple independence

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Singular or Plural Nouns:


A singular noun names only one person, place, thing, or idea. A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

Singular: P ura :

city cities

foot feet

monster monsters

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Co ective Nouns:


A collecti#e noun names a group of people or things.

E ample:

herd

media

pack

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Compound Nouns:
A compound noun is a single noun that is !ormed b" combining two or more words

E ample:

footprint

doghouse

backpack

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Possessi#e Nouns:
A possessi#e noun shows ownership or relationship.

E ample:

hiker*s boots

+aren*s car

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$inding Nouns ,nderline e#ery noun in each sentence. -. .f all the world*s monsters, the dragon is best known. /. Ancient cultures imagined the dragon as a giant snake. 0. 1uring the "iddle Ages, dragons were depicted with wings and legs, breathing fire. 2. 1ragons resemble li'ards in the artwork of earlier cultures. 3. "ythology tells the story of 4ydra, a nine%headed dragon. 5. 6or centuries, (cotland has claimed the monster of 7och Ness. 8. (ome people claim to ha#e seen Nessie and e#en photographed the monster. 9. :ndeed, cameras ha#e detected a large, mo#ing ob$ect in the waters of the loch. ;. &he mysterious serpent has inspired writers, scientists, and preser#ationists. -<. &here may actually be some unknown creatures li#ing in this body of fresh water!

V!"#S
;,press an action, condition, or state of being T$pes: Action Verbs: May be physical or mental 'knocked / anted( %in&in' Verbs: <o not e,press an actionthey link sentence parts together! --0orms of to be: as, ere, am, are, is, be, been, being 'these stand alone( --;,press .ondition: look, smell, feel, sound, taste, gro , appear, become, seem, remain -ome %erbs can be action or linking!

$ction
=e felt the seat cushions! =e tasted the popcorn!

)inking
They felt dry! It tasted salty!

(e pfu (int: If you can substitute >, is, are, was, or were for a %erb, you kno it is a linking %erb! %in&in' Verb Sin' '-ing it to the tune of ?)ondon 2ridge is 0alling <o n?( am, are, is, as, ere, 'and( be, forms of be, forms of be, taste, smell, sound, seem, look, feel, say become, gro , appear, remain! !)ercise: Identif$in' Action and %in&in' Verbs .ircle the noun's( and underline the %erb's( in each sentence! $bo%e each %erb, rite A if it is an action %erb or L if it is a linking %erb! @emembersome sentences might ha%e more than one %erb! !)amp es:
A

The alarm sounded in the hall ays!


L

The music sounded good6 7! The man paused before climbing the mountain! 9! The hole 4ukon appeared hite! :! The man as cold! A! The temperature dipped to fifty degrees belo Bero! C! -till, the man began his journey! D! Ee felt hungry and thought about lunch all day! F! The moisture on his mustache appeared disgusting6 G! $fter he rubbed his hands along his nose, it became numb again! H! The dog floundered! 7I! The manJs hands gre numb, as the coldness gre and gre !

*+ (e pin' Verbs
1 * + , . / 0 1 12 11 1* 1+ 1, 11. 1/ 10 11 *2 *1 ** *+
C

(e pin' Verbs
(e pin' verbs 'also called au,iliary %erbs( are combined ith other %erbs to form verb phrases! $ %erb phrase may contain one or more helping %erb ith an action %erb! -ome helping %erbs donJt e%en ha%e an action %erb ith themthey indicate that an action is directed at the subject! "eminder of the *+ he pin' verbs3 4on5t for'et to memori6e $our ist3
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, have, has, had, do, does, did, can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must

Examples: -andra has a pair of .onga drums at home! helping verb acts as the main verb! -he has practiced her drumming all summer! helping verb plus action verb! Circ e nouns and under ine the comp ete verb phrase in the fo o7in' sentences8 7! 3ur friends ill be coming to the birthday party late! 9! The principal does like your project! :! 4ou should ha%e gone ith your dad! A! The for ard did play ell! C! 4our project ill be seen by se%eral people! D! The girls are laughing really loud! F! $nyone can join kno ledge bo l! G! The ad%isor ill elcome you ith open arms! #e carefu of adverbs that interrupt verb phrasesdo not inc ude them in $our verb phrases8 9ords i&e not, never, always, sometimes, rarely are ca ed adverbs because the$ modif$ the verb phrasethe$ are N:T part of the verb phrase8 Examples: -usie does go to dances! -usie goes to dances! -usie does sometimes go to dances! -usie rarely goes to dances!

7!3ur friends ill not be coming to the birthday party late! 9! 4ou should ne%er go alone! :! I donJt ant any e,cuses! A! -tudents sometimes make lame e,cuses! C! I had al ays ondered the truth! D! -heila rarely misses a free thro in practice! F! Eo e%er, -heila does not make them in games! G! I ill al ays e,pect your best in class! D

An adjective modifies or limits the meaning of a noun or pronoun. An adjective tells what kind, which one, how many, or how much.
What Kind
famous song squeaky noise green light

Which One
this song that way these words

How Many
one dollar three tenors several years

How Much
some music more room less energy

Articles: The most common adjectives are the articles a, an, and the. Proper Adjectives: These are formed from proper nouns. They are capitalized and often end in -n, -an, -ian, -ese, and -ish. Examples: American artists perform in international countries. Japanese crowds fill Yokohama tadium.
;indin' Adjectives Circ e nouns< abe verb phrases and under ine each adjective and dra7 an arro7 to the 7ord it is modif$in'8 9rite P above proper adjectives8 $s e correct, you ill need to say hich of the four &uestions the adjecti%e ans ers!

7! Ted has taken se%eral classes in photographic journalism! 9! The thoughtful audience remained silent throughout the performance! :! The ne models ill use less fuel and get better mileage! A! Kloria bought a yello shirt and hite jeans! C! The senior class is studying ;uropean history! D! Mauna )oa is a large %olcano on one of the Ea aiian islands! F! @ed apples usually are crisp and juicy! G! The reporters asked insightful &uestions during the inter%ie ! H! The agents found the secret documents in an old suitcase! 7I! The miners talked to the press after the terrifying ordeal!

9atch out for possessive pronouns that oo& i&e adjectives the$ are not adjectives3

=$

:ur (er (is Their

77! The refreshing ater cooled my hot feet! 79! The tra%el magaBine included an article about Lapanese gardens!

=ore A4>!CTIV!S?
@emember: M $djecti%es modify nouns and pronouns! M $djecti%es ans er the &uestions what kind, which one, how many, or how much" M <onJt forget that articles 'a, an, the( are al ays adjecti%es! M The ords my, our, his, her, and their are possessi%e pronouns, 13T adjecti%es6

;indin' Adjectives
Circ e the noun@sA< abe verb phrases and under ine each adjective once and dra7 an arro7 to the noun or pronoun it modifies inc ude artic esB remember that artic es are adjectives3 #e prepared to tell us what $uestion the ad%ective answers& 7! ;%eryone enjoys a rela,ing day at the beach!':( 9! I can see about ten umbrellas from here I am standing!'7( :! Those umbrellas protect sensiti%e skin from harmful sunlight!':( A! I usually sunbathe in a place ith fe er people!'9( C! I ha%e gone there for se%eral years!'7( D! The hot sand burned my feet!'9( F! =hen I go to that beach, I take cold drinks and salty snacks!':( H! If I am lucky, I can read an interesting book for a fe hours!'C( 7I! )ittle children play &uietly near their parents! 77! I like to go for long alks on the beach! 79! I look for colorful shells and more rocks for my collection! 7:! I can see cruise ships on the ay to Me,ican resorts! 7A! I imagine e,citing trips to -outh $merican ports! 7C! In my mind, I see -panish galleons at the bottom of the ocean! 7D! .hests ith rare coins and gold necklaces lie belo the surface! 7F! The sight of a beach ball ends this daydream! 7G! I returned to my soft blanket on the beach! 7H! The angry gulls fle a ay hen I disturbed them! 97! -oon they settle do n, and a peaceful feeling descends on all of us! 99! -omeday I ould like to buy a house near the blue ocean! 9:! I ould sit on a comfortable chair on my porch and look at the sea! 9A! I ould atch gentle sunrises and spectacular sunsets e%ery day! 9C! I ould ne%er lea%e that beach again!

Adverbs
An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. =>amples: ?e instantl" recogni'ed @eetho#en*s 6ifth (ymphony. &he famous notes rang out %uite clearl". &he orchestra waited until the auditorium grew completel" quiet.

=here
&hen 'ow

&he student orchestra stopped here during a national tour. ?ill they be returning soonA =#eryone played magni!icentl".

To what e tent &he auditorium was completel" full.

B "any ad#erbs are formed by adding Cly to ad$ecti#es. (ometimes the spelling changes because of this addition. frequent D ly E !re%uentl" true D ly E trul" e>treme D ly E e tremel" possible D ly E possibl" Other Commonly used Adverbs after7ard forth near sti far fast more sometimes $et no7 o7 s o7 too even on' often tomorro7 bac& ate then toda$ a so instead hot a read$ hard ne)t strai'ht

An intensi!ier is an ad#erb that defines the degree of an ad$ecti#e or another #erb. :ntensifiers always precede the ad$ecti#es or ad#erbs they are modifying. =>ample: ?e were rather surprised that classical music is still popular. Commonly used Intensi iers e)treme $ near $ rea $ most rather too Cuite some7hat so ver$ tru $ more just on $ H

Adverb Practice
)ook back at the page before this666

Identif$ 9ords =odified b$ Adverbs


<ecide hether each boldfaced ad%erb modifies a %erb, an adjecti%e, or another ad%erb! <ra an arro to the ord being modified! =rite V< A4>< or A4V on the line! 7! The dictator ca ous $ disregarded the ishes of his people! 9! The stadium as virtua $ silent after our heartbreaking loss! :! My grandparents usua $ go to bed at ten oJclock! A! =e ere ver$ definitely told to come to this door! C! The sun never shines brightly in this corner of my garden! D! The sound of your %oice is bare $ audible in this loud room! F! This speaker chooses her ords Cuite carefully! G! 4ou need to be more meticulous hen you do your proofreading! H! =e ere e)treme $ shocked hen e heard the bad ne s yesterday! 7I! The library closes ear $ on -aturdays during the summer! 77! Ea%e you learned $et ho on the championshipO 79! The speaker as some7hat annoyed that the microphone asnJt orking properly! 7:! The rock band arri%ed at the concert ate and ent right on stage! 7A! The ind ble surprisin' $ strongly all night! N 888888 888888 888888 888888 888888 888888 888888 888888 888888 888888 888888 888888 888888 888888

Identif$in' Adverb
5nderline each ad%erb and dra an arro to the ord being modified! 7! =e cleaned the house thoroughly last eek! 9! -andra rearranged the furniture yesterday! :! <ri%ers on the e,press ay must be %ery careful! A! The %otes for mayor are still being counted! C! Lill does e,ceptionally fine ork! D! The Indian rugs ere incredibly e,pensi%e! F! I heard your &uestion clearly, but I donJt kno the ans er! G! The city often holds concerts in the park! H! The current is too dangerous for s imming! 7I! The ind as bitterly cold during the month of <ecember!

7I

=ore A4V!"#S?
@emember: M $d%erbs modify %erbs, adjecti%es, and other ad%erbs! M $d%erbs ans er the &uestions where, when, how, and to what extent" M If a ord is modifying/describing a noun or pronoun, it is an adjecti%e, 13T an ad%erb6

;indin' Adverbs
Circ e the noun@sA< abe the verb@sA and adjective@sA< and under ine each adverb once and dra7 an arro7 to the 7ord (verb, adjective, or adverb) it modifies8 #e prepared to tell us what $uestion the adverb answers& 7! The ship sailed smoothly into the harbor! 9! My neighbor absolutely adores her cat! :! Put the ne bookcase there, please! A! It rained hea%ily for most of the night! C! This author rites e,ceptionally gripping no%els! D! Ee is surprisingly graceful for a hea%y man! F! Tomorro the painters begin ork on our house! G! Many doctors consider bungee jumping an unnecessarily dangerous sport! H! .an you belie%e that the plane actually arri%ed earlyO 7I! 4ou must breathe more deeply at this altitude! 77! My ears and nose became &uite cold as e aited for the bus! 79! Patiently, $dam shelled the peas! 7:! The president %etoed the ta, bill recently! 7A! ;mergency doctors &uickly surrounded the incoming patient! 7C! $s the balloon soared higher, e gripped the supports tightly ith our hands! 7D! 2rad began to draft his report on T!-!;liot immediately after supper! 7F! The dispatcher ga%e directions clearly but s iftly to the rescue s&uad! 7G! The tree trunks still smoldered! 7H! The children tried hard to please their mother on her birthday! 9I! 0un, food, and football go together! 97! 3n a really &uiet night, you can hear a train histle far in the distance!

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%et5s practice3 Dou can abe ever$ 7ord in these sentences3


Noun @NA Verb @VA Adjective @AdjA Adverb @AdvA

7! The student tasted the hamburger! 9! The hamburger tasted good! :! The %ery big dog appears cute! A! The young child as skipping &uickly!

C! Eope should not be ignored! D! The girl feels the arm blanket!

F! The girl feels incredibly sick today! G! Today is not becoming a beautiful day!

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Pronouns
(Personal and Possessive)
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun. The word that a pronoun stands for is called its antecedent. Ray said he hates getting up early for school. Possessive Pronouns show ownership: Kara drove her car. ***Loo at the chart !elow too see all the personal and possessive pronouns. (Possessive are in parenthesis)
"ingular #irst Person "econd Person Third Person $% &e (ou (&y% &ine) (your% yours) Plural 'e% us (our% ours) (ou (your% yours) They% the& (their% theirs)

)e% hi&% she% her% it (his% her% hers% its)

0inding the Pronouns and $ntecedents


5nderline all the pronouns once! 5nderline their antecedent t ice! 7! 4ears ago children ere told to jump up and do n on the earth so that its plants ould be stimulated to gro ! 9! 2oys ere probably the first jump ropers, impressing girls ith their speed! :! Lump rope probably became more popular ith girls hen one girl added her songs to the game! A! In hopscotch, children hop o%er lines and test their balance! C! Kail remembers, *3ne of my fa%orite games as tag!+ D! If players didnJt *freeBe+ hen tagged, their mo%ements could cost them the game! F! @unning as its o n re ard and being chased as e,citing! G! 2illie Eoliday as a jaBB singer admired for the uni&ue &uality of her %oice! H! 2ecause it is understood by people of all nations, music is considered a uni%ersal language! 7I! Its location near the -ahara <esert and the 1iger @i%er made Timbuktu a thri%ing commercial city! 77! Malcolm and Kreg do their home ork in the library! 79! Many ;uropeans use bicycles as a means of transportation to and from their ork! 8

7:

:ther Einds of Pronouns


"ef e)ive F Intensivethese are formed by adding 'self or 'selves to personal pronouns
"ef e)ive reflects action back upon the subject! Intensive emphasiBes a noun or pronoun in the same sentence!

Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oursel%es, yoursel%es, themsel%es <onna prepared herself for a long day! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4emonstrativepoint out -P;.I0I. persons, places, ideas, or things! this, these, that, those The people at the end of the line ill get better tickets than those at the end! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Indefinitedo not refer to specific persons, places, ideas, or things! It usually does not ha%e an antecedent! $nother, anybody, anyone, anything, each, e%erybody, e%eryone, e%erything, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, something, both, fe , many, se%eral, all, any, more, most, none, some -e%eral of the fans aited in the rain! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Interro'ativeask a &uestion =ho, hom, hose, hich, hat =hat is your fa%orite songO --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"e ativeis used to introduce dependent clauses 'something that canJt be a sentence alone( =ho, hom, hose, hich, that The seats that the students asked for ere una%ailable! Identif$ the bo dface pronouns8 7! 9hich is the oldest Boo, the Philadelphia Poo or .entral park Poo in 1e 4orkO 9! Kodiak bears sunned themse ves on the to ering rocks! :! Those are griBBlies, an especially %icious type of bear! A! Karl Eagenbeck, 7ho as an animal dealer, de%eloped the idea of putting moats in front of animal cages! C! $bout 9II years ago, an$one ith money could establish a small Boo! D! 4ou $ourse f could ride on the back of a giant tortoise! F! ;e7 of the earliest Boos made the preser%ations of animal species a priority! G! The $riBona--onora <esert Museum, 7hich is a small Boo in Tucson, contains nati%e plants and animals! H! =here are the allabies that look so much like kangaroosO 7I! The atchful mother &uail guarded the babies herse f8 888888888888888888 888888888888888888 888888888888888888 88888888888888888 888888888888888888 888888888888888888 888888888888888888 888888888888888888 888888888888888888 888888888888888888 7A

P":N:UN C:NT!ST3
This e)ercise covers A%% pronouns: persona < ref e)ive< intensive< demonstrative< indefinite< interro'ative< and re ative8 In the follo ing sentences, be the first to underline $)) 8888888888 pronouns correctly6 Dou can use previous pa'es to he p $ouit 7i just ta&e $ou more time 8 7! =hile alking through the BooJs rain forest, I myself sa the anaconda slither under a shrub! 9! The gibbons amused themsel%es by s inging from tree to tree! :! This is the largest bison in our Boo! A! Many of the %isitors ere a ed by the ne a&uarium! C! =ho is going to %ie the snake displayO D! Peacock feathers themsel%es are things of beauty! F! )uckily, the animals seem undisturbed by the large number of people ho come to see them! G! =hich is larger, the gorilla or the orangutanO H! The curator, ho o%ersees the animals, is usually a highly-trained Boologist! 7I! ;%eryone entering the insect display as gi%en a magnifying glass! 77! Melissa startled herself hen she suddenly came upon the Komodo dragon! 79! -e%eral of the Bebras ere thundering across the sa%anna area! 7:! The %eterinarian herself is responsible for the medical needs of the animals! 7A! $nimals that roam the grasslands include giraffes, Bebras, and lions! 7C! Is this a bighorn sheep or an ibe,O 7D! $ trained Bookeeper himself is directly responsible for the animals under his care! 7F! =hat are the jaguars eatingO 7G! $ colorful maca as grooming itself high atop the palm tree! 7H! The tracks of the ocelot differ from those of the lyn,! 9I! =hose as the idea of making Boos more naturalisticO 97! The platypus, hose appearance is &uite unusual, is a nati%e of $ustralia! 99! 3ften e can see oursel%es reflected in the antics of the monkey! 9:! 3ne of the pandas as eating a bamboo shoot! 9A! 2actrain camels are o%er thereQ these are the <romedaries! 9C! The magnificent lion carried himself ith grace and dignity!

7C

Prepositions
$ ord that sho s the relationship bet een a noun or pronoun and another ord in the sentence! Common $ Used Prepositions
about abo%e across after against along among around as at before behind belo beneath beside bet een beyond by despite do n during e,cept for from in inside into like near of off on onto out outside o%er since through throughout to to ard under underneath until up upon ith ithin ithout

A preposition be'ins a prepositiona phrase! $ prepositional phrase begins ith a preposition and ends ith a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition! 1ote: 4ou can ha%e adjecti%es and ad%erbs in prepositional phrases, but 13 R;@2-6 Comp ete the fo o7in' sentences8 Circ e the object@sA of the prepositiona phrase8 7! I am going in GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG8 9! :n GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG you ill find your make up ork! :! They are going to go inside GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG8 A! Thro the ball over GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG8 C! Please dri%e around GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG8 Prepositions that consist of more than one ord are compound prepositions! Common $ Used Compound Prepositions
according to aside from because of by means of in addition to in front of in place of in spite of instead of on account of out of prior to

D! Ko to the game instead of GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG8 F! The dog alks ahead of GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG8 G! Aside from GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG< you did really ell in this class! Under ine the prepositiona phrases in the fo o7in' sentences8 Circ e the preposition8 7! -hippers in the Mid est ha%e al ays looked longingly to ard the $tlantic 3cean!'9( 9! The Kreat )akes ha%e al ays had a large amount of traffic!'7( :! )arge steamers sailed fairly easily from <uluth to <etroit! '9( A! $ major problem has been the linkage of this traffic on the lakes ith the ports of the ;ast .oast and ;urope! 'A( 7D

Preposition Practice
5nderline the prepositional phrase in each sentence and circle the preposition! @emember that compound prepositions ha%e t o or more ords! 7! $ &uilt is simply a co%er for a bed! 9! 2ut, to many omen and children, it has a deeper significance! :! In colonial $merica, omen often se ed and assembled &uilts together! A! These &uilting parties ere a chance for much-needed socialiBation! C! ;ach piece reminded the &uilter of a lo%ed family member or friend! D! Suilts ere often presented as gifts! F! Instead of money, young ne ly eds ould recei%e a &uilt! G! Today, &uilts ha%e regained much of the popularity they had years ago! H! 2y means of &uilts, people today can touch the past! =ore of the same? #ut p ease not 7hen commas are used and 7hen the$ are not333 7! =ood orking means forming ood into useful or beautiful objects! 9! $ competent ood orker needs a number of tools for the job! :! 0or measuring and cutting, you need rulers, framing s&uares, and scissors! A! $ccording to most modern ood orkers, ho e%er, an electric sa is the preferred tool! C! =ith a plane, the ood orker shapes and smoothes the ood in fine items! D! @ubbing ith abrasi%e sandpaper makes surfaces smooth enough for the last step in the process! F! =ood orkers use simple paintbrushes for the painting and final touch on the project!

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Conjunctions
A con%unction connects words or groups of words"

.oordinating .onjunctions connect 7ords or 'roups of 7ords of eCua importance in a sentence8


;,amples: -onia and her friends atched the ne music %ideo! The action started out at the beach, but the scene changed &uickly! and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet

Corre ative Conjunctions are ord pairs that ser%e to join ords or groups of ords! ;,amples: 4ou ill not on $ hear your fa%orite song but a so see the band! !ither the music or the %isual images ill grab your attention! both"and either"or neither"nor hether"or not only"but also

Subordinatin' Conjunctions introduce a subordinate clauseclauses that cannot stand aloneand join them to independent clauses! ;,amples: The band aited 7hi e the director checked the lighting" A thou'h music videos are short, they are e,pensi%e to produce! $fter $lthough $s as if as though because before e%en though if in order that pro%ided since so that than unless until hen here hereas hile

Conjunctive Adverbs are used to e,press relationships bet een independent clauses! ;,ample: The in%ention of the transistor radio contributed to the rise of rock and rollQ simi ar $, the introduction of cable tele%ision helped launch music %ideos! $ccordingly $lso 2esides .onse&uently 0inally hence ho e%er instead ne%ertheless other ise still therefore thus furthermore similarly

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.onjunction =orksheet
Under ine the coordinatin' conjunctions in the fo o7in' sentences8 7! Pulling on her boots and taking her alking stick, Krandma ent to get her mail! 9! Maddie ould not eat meat nor buy processed food containing preser%ati%es! :! Kari al ays uses bro n paper bags or the comics to rap presents! A! 1eeding to study but anting to play soccer, Maggie had to check her schedule carefully! C! Ee kept going in a southeasterly direction, for he remembered seeing a campsite there! D! $sserti%e yet sensiti%ethatJs a good combination of leadership &ualities! F! 2en ne%er learned ho to dri%e, so he took the bus e%ery here! Under ine the corre ative conjunctions8 7! I not only like oatmeal for breakfast, but I also like it for lunch! 9! 2oth my brother and my sister are graduating today! :! ;ither e celebrate your birthday today, or e celebrate it on the eekend! A! This table is neither stable nor le%el! C! Ee decided he ould enjoy the %acation hether he took it in the summer or he took it in the fall! Under ine the subordinatin' conjunctions8 7! -ince it as my birthday, my mother ga%e me guitar lessons for a gift! 9! $lthough I could take them any time I anted, I began my first lesson in the summer! :! I ent to the music store here my teacher sho ed me different kinds of guitars! A! $fter he sho ed me the si, different strings on the guitar, he e,plained the guitarJs other parts! C! -ince my first lesson ent ell, my mother took me to an ice-cream shop! D! 2ecause I ant to join a band, I practice an hour e%ery day! Under ine the conjunctive adverbs 7! =e ere at homeQ ne%ertheless, the package, arri%ed safely! 9! The dictionary is a %aluable toolQ ho e%er, not all dictionaries agree! :! =e must lea%e at onceQ other ise, e ill be late! A! The outfielders ear glassesQ conse&uently, the sun onJt find them! 7H

Conjunctions
5nderline all the conjunctions! Coordinatin' Conjunction: connects ord groups of e&ual importance! (A)#*+, Corre ative Conjunctions: pairs of conjunctions! #oth-and )either-nor

Subordinatin' Conjunctions: introduce subordinate clauses and john them to independent clauses! because Conjunctive Adverb: e,press relationship bet een independent clauses! however therefore --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5nderline the conjunctions in the follo ing sentences! 7! ;,ercise is a great ay to build endurance and increase your energy le%el! 9! 1ot only is e,ercise good for you but it also is fun! :! $lthough setting up an e,ercise schedule takes time, it is ell orth the effort! A! Many teenagers take up running, but their interest in that sport may fade! C! $s people age, they e,ercise less and less! D! $t least :I minutes of e,ercise three times a eek is recommendedQ ho e%er, not enough people follo these guidelines! F! It takes discipline to e,ercise e%ery dayQ besides, no one seems to ha%e time for it! G! 0e acti%ities are so important yet so easily ignored! H! <ecide today to begin an e,ercise regimen, and donJt let yourself off so easily! 7I! 4ou may choose to take up either rac&uetball or running if you like strenuous e,ercise! 77! 4ou might not ha%e access to state-of-the-art facilitiesQ still, you can be sure that there is a sport for you! 79! 4ou ill be impressed hen you see the difference e,ercise makes! 7:! =hether you are a confirmed couch potato or an acti%e person, e,ercise can help you! 7A! 2e sure to begin todayQ other ise, you may put it off fore%er!

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Interjections
A word or phrase used to express emotion" ;,amples of interjections: wow, gee, hey, ouch, aha, boy, and imagine" -ee chart belo ! $ strong interjection is follo ed by an e,clamation point! ;,ample: Di&es3 3ur paper is due tomorro !

$ mild interjection is set off by a comma! If the interjection is at the beginning of the sentence the comma comes after it! If it is in the middle of a sentence there ill be a comma on each side of the ork, and if it is at the end of the sentence, the comma ill come before it! ;,ample:
interjection meanin'
e,pressing realiBation ah e,pressing resignation e,pressing surprise alas dear e,pressing surprise er hello e,pressing surprise calling attention hey e,pressing surprise, joy etc hi hmm e,pressing greeting e,pressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement e,pressing surprise oh e,pressing pain ouch uh uh-huh um, umm e,pressing pain e,pressing hesitation e,pressing agreement e,pressing hesitation introducing a remark ?3h6 IT%e got a toothache!? ?3uch6 That hurts6? ?5h!!!I donTt kno the ans er to that!? ?-hall e goO? ?5h-huh!? ?GC di%ided by C is!!!um!!!7F!? ?=ell, hat did he sayO? ?Eey6 =hat a good idea6? ?Ei6 =hatTs ne O? ?Emm! ITm not so sure!? ?3h6 4ouTre here6? ?Eello6 My carTs gone6? ?Eey6 look at that6? e,pressing hesitation e,pressing greeting ?<ear me6 ThatTs a surprise6? ?)ima is the capital of!!!er!!!Peru!? ?Eello Lohn! Eo are you todayO? e,pressing grief or pity e,pressing pity

9e < here should e startO


e)amp e
?$h, no I understand!? ?$h ell, it canTt be helped!? ?$h6 IT%e on6? ?$las, sheTs dead no !? ?3h dear6 <oes it hurtO?

H Sometimes an e ipses @?A can be used as 7e 8

Circ e the interjections in the fo o7in' sentences8 7! =ell, hether e like it or not, the foods e eat make a difference in our health! 9! Eey6 I got an $ on my test6 :! 4es, a balanced diet includes fruits and %eggies! A! 4ou ill say *=o 6 I ish I started earlier6+ C! )etJs go, ehO D! 1o , arenJt you glad you ent to the partyO

Unit 1 "evie7 for test


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Noun Pronoun

Verb Preposition

Adjective Conjunction

Adverb Interjection

7! includes the articles a, an, the

......................

9! one ord e,clamations, like =3=6 88888888888888888888888888 :! 2ecause, =hile, and =hen are all e,amples of 88888888888888888888888888 A! ord that replaces or takes the place of a noun 8888888888888888888888888 C! ord that modifies nouns and pronouns 888888888888888888888888888888 D! a person, place, thing, or idea 888888888888888888888888888888 F! =ell, 1o, and 4es, are all e,amples of 88888888888888888888888888 G! ord that modifies a %erb, adjecti%e, or another ad%erb 888888888888888888888888 H! ord that connects and sho s a relationship bet een a noun or pronoun and the rest of the sentence it begins a prepositional phrase! ........................... 7I! e,presses an action, a condition, or a state of being 8888888888888888888888888 77! connecting ords like and, but, or, so, nor, for 888888888888888888888888888 79! $m, Is, $re, =as, and =ere are all e,amples of 888888888888888888888 7:-7A! $n adjecti%e ans ers the &uestions U pt! each 7C-7D! $n ad%erb ans ers the &uestions U pt! each 88888888888888888 88888888888888888 88888888888888888 88888888888888888 88888888888888888 88888888888888888 88888888888888888 88888888888888888

%abe each 7ord as the correct part of speech8 3h, my mother did not tell me you ere coming today! In the backyard our friends played tennis hile -am and I cleaned &uickly! 2oth the football team and %olleyball team ha%e playoff games this eekend! This is a good re%ie for you! -e%eral of the students sang se%eral songs at the choir concert!

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