Pipe Flow Expert User Guide

User Guide
PipeFlow.co.uk
A trading name of Daxesoft Ltd. +44 (0) 1625 549206 From the USA: 01144 1625 549206 http://www.pipeflow.co.uk
Pipe Flow Expert User Guide
Copyright Notice Daxesoft Ltd.
2007 All Rights Reserved Distribution Limited to Authorized Persons Only. Trade Secret Notice The PipeFlow.co.uk and Daxesoft Ltd. name and logo and all related product and service names, design marks, logos, and slogans are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Daxesoft Ltd. All other product names and trademarks contained herein are the trademarks of their respective owners. Printed in the United Kingdom - October 2007 Information in this document is subject to change without notice. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be used only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement. It is against the law to copy the software on any medium except as specifically allowed in the license agreement. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or information recording and retrieval systems, for any purpose without the express written permission of Daxesoft Ltd. Version 2.0
Table of Contents
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 10 Welcome to Pipe Flow Expert................................................................................................................ 10 Pipe Flow Expert Overview.................................................................................................................... 10 Minimum Operating System Requirements ........................................................................................... 11 Registration and Licensing Information ................................................................................................. 12 Contacting PipeFlow.co.uk .................................................................................................................... 14 Additional PipeFlow.co.uk Products ...................................................................................................... 14 Interface and Menus ................................................................................................................................... 15 Menu Bar................................................................................................................................................ 15 File Menu .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Edit Menu.......................................................................................................................................... 17 Units Menu........................................................................................................................................ 17 Fluid Menu ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Drawing Menu................................................................................................................................... 18 Tools Menu ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Registration Menu............................................................................................................................. 19 Help Menu ........................................................................................................................................ 19 Tool Bar.................................................................................................................................................. 20 Tool Bar Buttons ............................................................................................................................... 20 Node Pane ............................................................................................................................................. 23 Node Types ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Tank Node Data................................................................................................................................ 24 End Pressure Data ........................................................................................................................... 25 Join Point Data ................................................................................................................................. 26 Set Flow Demands Dialog ................................................................................................................ 27 Pipe Pane .............................................................................................................................................. 27 Pipe Features ................................................................................................................................... 28 Pipe Material data Dialog.................................................................................................................. 29 Pipe Diameter Size Data Dialog ....................................................................................................... 31 Pipe fitting friction coefficients Dialog ............................................................................................... 32 Set Component Pressure Loss Dialog ............................................................................................. 33 Set Flow Control Dialog .................................................................................................................... 34 Pump Data Dialog............................................................................................................................. 35 Drawing Pane ................................................................................................................................... 37 Configuration Options Screen................................................................................................................ 38
Labeling Tab ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Units Tab .......................................................................................................................................... 40 Pipe Settings Tab ............................................................................................................................. 41 Node Updates Tab............................................................................................................................ 43 Results Colors Tab ........................................................................................................................... 44 Calculations Tab ............................................................................................................................... 45 Results Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 46 Viewing Individual Results ................................................................................................................ 47 File and Design Operations......................................................................................................................... 48 Creating a New Pipe System ................................................................................................................. 48 Designing a Pipe System....................................................................................................................... 48 Saving a System .................................................................................................................................... 49 Sending a System via E-mail ................................................................................................................. 50 Printing a System................................................................................................................................... 50 Saving a Screen Image.......................................................................................................................... 51 Emailing a Screen Image....................................................................................................................... 51 System Options ........................................................................................................................................... 52 Choosing Units (imperial/metric)............................................................................................................ 52 Choosing Item Labeling ......................................................................................................................... 53 Choosing the System Units.................................................................................................................... 54 Choosing Pipe Drawing Defaults ........................................................................................................... 55 Change attributes of more than one pipe .............................................................................................. 59 Node Updates ........................................................................................................................................ 60 Results Colors .................................................................................................................................. 61 Configuring the Calculation Parameters ................................................................................................ 62 Fluids........................................................................................................................................................... 64 Adding Fluids to the Fluid Database...................................................................................................... 65 Adding Gas Data to the Fluid Database ................................................................................................ 65 Tanks........................................................................................................................................................... 67 Add a Tank............................................................................................................................................. 67 Nodes (Join Points)..................................................................................................................................... 69 Adding a Node ....................................................................................................................................... 69 Pipes ........................................................................................................................................................... 71 Adding a Pipe......................................................................................................................................... 71 Adding a Pipe Material to the Database ................................................................................................ 74 Adding Pipe Size Data to the Database ................................................................................................ 74 Reversing the Pipe Flow ........................................................................................................................ 75 Shutting Off a Pipe in the System .......................................................................................................... 75 Using the Default Pipe feature while drawing ........................................................................................ 76
Fittings and Valves ...................................................................................................................................... 77 Adding a Fitting to a pipe ....................................................................................................................... 77 Adding a Fitting to the Database ........................................................................................................... 79 Components ................................................................................................................................................ 83 Adding a Component with a pressure loss ............................................................................................ 83 Flow Controls .............................................................................................................................................. 85 Adding a Flow Control............................................................................................................................ 85 Pumps ......................................................................................................................................................... 86 Adding a Pump ...................................................................................................................................... 87 Working with the Pump Curve Graph .................................................................................................... 89 Adding a Fixed Flow Rate Pump ........................................................................................................... 89 Note about fixed flow rate pumps .......................................................................................................... 90 Adding a Fixed Head / Pressure Rise Pump ......................................................................................... 90 Example Pumps (with Flow versus Head curve) ................................................................................... 91 Demand Flows ............................................................................................................................................ 93 Adding a Demand Flow at a join point ................................................................................................... 93 Demand Pressures ..................................................................................................................................... 94 Adding a Demand Pressure at an end node.......................................................................................... 94 Text Items.................................................................................................................................................... 96 Adding Text to the drawing .................................................................................................................... 96 Viewing, Modifying, and Deleting Items ...................................................................................................... 97 Zooming in or Out in the Drawing Pane................................................................................................. 97 Viewing the whole System in the Drawing Pane ................................................................................... 97 Panning a System in the Drawing Pane ................................................................................................ 97 Viewing and Modifying System Data ..................................................................................................... 98 Individual Item Viewing and Modifying................................................................................................... 99 Moving Components in a System .......................................................................................................... 99 Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Nodes and Pipes in a System............................................................. 100 Copying between drawings.................................................................................................................. 101 Using the Undo and Redo Functions................................................................................................... 102 Deleting Components in a System ...................................................................................................... 102 Deleting a Node or Pipe....................................................................................................................... 102 Deleting a Group of Components ........................................................................................................ 103 Deleting a Demand Flow...................................................................................................................... 103 Deleting Fittings ................................................................................................................................... 103 Deleting a Component Pressure Loss ................................................................................................. 104 Deleting a Flow Control........................................................................................................................ 104 Deleting a Pump .................................................................................................................................. 105 Calculations and Results........................................................................................................................... 105
Calculating and Solving a System ....................................................................................................... 106 Configuring the System Results .......................................................................................................... 108 Viewing the System Results ................................................................................................................ 109 Saving the System Results .................................................................................................................. 110 Exporting the System Results.............................................................................................................. 111 Redesigning the System ...................................................................................................................... 112 Example Systems ..................................................................................................................................... 113 Example 01: Three Reservoirs ............................................................................................................ 113 Example 02: Tank to Joint Outflow ...................................................................................................... 114 Example 03: Gravity Flow to Three Outlet Points................................................................................ 115 Example 04: Fixed Flow Pumping to Three Tanks.............................................................................. 116 Example 05: Fixed Head Pumping to Three Tanks............................................................................. 117 Example 06: Fixed Speed Pumping -Chemical Transfer System........................................................ 118 Example 07: Pressurized Pumping Stations........................................................................................ 119 Example 08: Water Circulation System ............................................................................................... 120 Example 09: Cooling 12 Air Handling Units...................................................................................... 121 Example 10: Compressed Air Distribution ........................................................................................... 122 Example 11: HVAC System ................................................................................................................. 123 Example 12: Reverse Pipe .................................................................................................................. 124 Example 13: Energy Recovery with Turbine System .......................................................................... 125 Example 14: Top-up Tanks Pressurized Recirculation System.................................................... 126
Example 15: Replacement Pipe Size .................................................................................................. 127 Example 16: Step-by-Step - Walkthrough Example ............................................................................ 128 Calculation Theory and Method of Solution .............................................................................................. 133 Fluid flow states ................................................................................................................................... 133 Fluid viscosity....................................................................................................................................... 133 Reynolds numbers ............................................................................................................................... 134 Friction factors ..................................................................................................................................... 134 Fluid head (resistance to flow) ............................................................................................................. 134 Calculation of fitting head loss ............................................................................................................. 135 Calculate total pressure loss................................................................................................................ 135 Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines ...................................................................................................... 136 Balanced flow state.............................................................................................................................. 136 Loops, Nodes and Pipes...................................................................................................................... 137 Solving the unknown values ................................................................................................................ 138 System Calculation Tolerances ........................................................................................................... 138 System Components............................................................................................................................ 139 Flow Control Valves ............................................................................................................................. 139 Pumps (with Flow versus Head Curve) ............................................................................................... 139
Fixed Flow Rate Pumps....................................................................................................................... 140 Fixed Head / Pressure Rise Pumps..................................................................................................... 140 Net Positive Suction Head available.................................................................................................... 140 Two Phase Flow .................................................................................................................................. 140 Slurries ................................................................................................................................................. 140 Working with compressible fluids .............................................................................................................. 142 Considerations when using compressible fluids .................................................................................. 142 Glossary .................................................................................................................................................... 144 Index.......................................................................................................................................................... 146
Table of Figures
Figure 1 Pipe Flow Expert License Registration ........................................................................................ 12 Figure 2 Pipe Flow Expert interface........................................................................................................... 15 Figure 3 Menu bar ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 4 File menu ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 5 Edit menu..................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 6 Units menu................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 7 Fluid menu ................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 8 Drawing menu.............................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 9 Tools menu .................................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 10 Registration menu...................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 11 Help menu.................................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 12 Node pane for tanks .................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 13 Node pane for demand pressures (End Pressure).................................................................... 25 Figure 14 Node pane for join points ........................................................................................................... 26 Figure 15 Set Flow Demands dialog.......................................................................................................... 27 Figure 16 Pipe pane................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 17 Pipe Material data dialog ........................................................................................................... 29 Figure 18 Pipe diameter data dialog for size ............................................................................................. 31 Figure 19 Pipe fitting friction coefficients ................................................................................................... 32 Figure 20 Set Component Pressure Loss dialog ....................................................................................... 33 Figure 21 Set Flow Control dialog.............................................................................................................. 34 Figure 22 Pipe Data dialog......................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 23 Drawing pane............................................................................................................................. 37 Figure 24 Configuration Options dialog Labeling tab.............................................................................. 39 Figure 25 Configuration Options dialog Units tab ................................................................................... 40 Figure 26 Configuration Options dialog Pipe Settings tab ...................................................................... 42
Figure 27 Configuration Options dialog Node Updates tab .................................................................... 43 Figure 28 Configuration Options dialog Results Colors tab.................................................................... 44 Figure 29 Configuration Options dialog Calculations tab........................................................................ 45 Figure 30 Results tables ............................................................................................................................ 46 Figure 31 View Individual Results .............................................................................................................. 47 Figure 32 Save As dialog ........................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 33 Printing Information dialog ......................................................................................................... 50 Figure 34 Configuration Options dialog Labeling tab.............................................................................. 53 Figure 35 Configuration Options dialog Units tab ................................................................................... 54 Figure 36 Configuration Options dialog Pipe Settings tab ...................................................................... 55 Figure 37 Pipe diameter data dialog with materials list ............................................................................. 56 Figure 38 Pipe diameter data dialog with materials size ........................................................................... 57 Figure 39 Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog......................................................................................... 58 Figure 40 Configuration Options dialog Pipe Settings tab ...................................................................... 59 Figure 41 Configuration Options dialog Node Updates tab .................................................................... 60 Figure 42 Configuration Options dialog Results Colors tab.................................................................... 61 Figure 43 Calculation settings.................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 44 Fluid data dialog......................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 45 Properties of Gases .................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 46 Node pane for tanks .................................................................................................................. 67 Figure 47 Node pane for join points .......................................................................................................... 69 Figure 48 Set Flow Demands dialog.......................................................................................................... 70 Figure 49 Pipe diameter data dialog with materials list ............................................................................. 72 Figure 50 Pipe diameter data dialog with materials size ........................................................................... 73 Figure 51 Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog......................................................................................... 78 Figure 52 Adding a fitting in the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog ...................................................... 80 Figure 53 Choose symbol dialog ................................................................................................................ 80 Figure 54 Sudden Contraction K value ....................................................................................................... 81 Figure 55 Set Component Pressure Loss dialog ....................................................................................... 84 Figure 56 Set Flow Control dialog.............................................................................................................. 86 Figure 57 Add Pipe Confirm dialog ............................................................................................................ 87 Figure 58 Pump Data dialog ...................................................................................................................... 88 Figure 59 Fixed Flow Rate Pump .............................................................................................................. 90 Figure 60 Fixed Head / Pressure Pump.................................................................................................... 91 Figure 61 Set Flow Demands dialog.......................................................................................................... 93 Figure 62 Node pane for end pressures .................................................................................................... 94 Figure 63 Add Free Text Label Dialog ....................................................................................................... 96 Figure 64 Network Data Grid view .......................................................................................................... 98 Figure 65 Result Log dialog ..................................................................................................................... 106
Figure 66 Results Tables ......................................................................................................................... 107 Figure 67 Pipe Flow Expert interface in Results mode............................................................................ 107 Figure 68 Configuration Options dialog Labeling tab............................................................................ 108 Figure 69 Configuration Options dialog Units tab ................................................................................. 109 Figure 70 Results Tables All Results tab .............................................................................................. 110 Figure 71 Save As dialog ......................................................................................................................... 111 Figure 72 pipe system results in Microsoft Excel..................................................................................... 112 Figure 73 Example 01 Three Reservoirs ............................................................................................... 113 Figure 74 Example 02 Tank to Joint Outflow ......................................................................................... 114 Figure 75 Example 03 Gravity Flow to 3 Outlet Points .......................................................................... 115 Figure 76 Example 04 Fixed Flow Pumping to 3 Tanks ........................................................................ 116 Figure 77 Example 05 Fixed Head Pumping to Three Tanks................................................................ 117 Figure 78 Example 06 Fixed Speed Pumping - Chemical Transfer System ........................................ 118 Figure 79 Example 07 Pressurized Pumping Stations .......................................................................... 119 Figure 80 Example 08 Water Circulation System .................................................................................. 120 Figure 81 Example 09 Cooling 12 Air Handling Units......................................................................... 121 Figure 82 Example 10 Compressed Air Distribution .............................................................................. 122 Figure 83 Example 11 HVAC System.................................................................................................... 123 Figure 84 Example 12 Reverse Pipe ..................................................................................................... 124 Figure 85 Example 13 Energy Recovery with Turbine .......................................................................... 125 Figure 86 Example 14 Top-up Tanks Pressurized Recirculation System .......................................... 126 Figure 87 Example 15 Replacement Pipe Size ..................................................................................... 127 Figure 88 Example 16 Step-by-Step...................................................................................................... 128 Figure 89 Hydraulic Grade Line ............................................................................................................... 136 Figure 90 Flow balance at a join point ..................................................................................................... 137 Figure 91 Pressure balance around a loop.............................................................................................. 137 Figure 92 Pseudo Loop............................................................................................................................ 138 Figure 93 Flow Control Valve replacement.............................................................................................. 139 Figure 94 Fixed Flow Rate Pump replacement........................................................................................ 140
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Introduction Welcome to Pipe Flow Expert

Pipe Flow Expert is designed to help todays engineers analyze and solve a wide range of problems where the flow and pressure losses throughout a pipe network must be determined. The Pipe Flow Expert program will allow you to draw a complex pipeline system and analyze the features of the system when flow is occurring. Pipe Flow Expert calculates the balanced steady flow and pressure conditions of the system. It will allow you to perform analysis of alternate systems under various operating conditions. The reported results include: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! flow rates for each pipe fluid velocities for each pipe reynolds numbers friction factors friction pressure losses fitting pressures losses component pressure losses pressures at each node HGL (hydraulic grade line) values pump operating points NPSHa at pump inlet
The input and display of system information on the Pipe Flow Expert drawing and in the results tables can be shown in metric or imperial units to suit your preference and specific units for each item (such as flow rate) can also be configured and set on an individual basis as required. Pipe Flow Expert has been designed for the professional engineer who needs a powerful tool that has a class leading, easy to use and robust interface that makes it simple to design and analyze pipe networks.
Pipe Flow Expert Overview

Pipeline systems range from very simple ones with a single pipe to very large and complex networks with hundreds of interconnecting pipes. They may be as simple as a single pipe carrying water from one reservoir to another reservoir, or they may be more complex with many pipelines interconnecting to distribute fluid over a large area, or they could fall somewhere in-between such as a system that transfers a chemical from a supply container to various process points.
The pipelines may vary in size and nature and will usually involve changes in elevation from one point to another. These pipeline systems may include reservoirs, pressurized tanks, pumps, valves, flow control devices, heat exchangers and other components that affect flow in the pipelines. The pipeline system is modeled by drawing the join points and the connecting pipes on a drawing pane. Horizontal, vertical or sloping lines can be used to connect one node to another node. The physical data describing the system is entered by the user and typically includes: The internal size, internal roughness and length of each connecting pipe. The elevation of each join point (node). The In-flow and the Out-flow at each join point (if applicable). The elevation, liquid level and surface pressure data for each tank. The performance data for each pump. Data input boxes are located at the left hand side of the drawing pane. These input boxes will display the data for the currently selected node or pipe and may be used to amend the current data. The data for a node, pipe, component, pump, etc. can be amended at any point during the design (drawing) process. Once the design has been completed, the system can be analyzed and the flow and pressure results can be calculated. Estimates for the out-flows are used to set an initial flow rate in each pipe, with the total in-flow to each join point matching the total out-flow from each join point. The pressure losses within the system are calculated using friction factors obtained from the Colebrook-White equation, and the friction pressure loss for each pipe is obtained from the Darcy-Weisbach equation. The initial flow estimates are unlikely to give a balanced pressure result over the whole system and must be further refined using an iterative approach to adjust the flow rates until a pressure balance is achieved. Pipe Flow Expert defines the elements of the pipeline system in a series of matrix equations and uses the Newton method to adjust the initial estimates for the flow rate in each pipe. Once an approximate solution has been obtained, the results are refined using a variation of the Newton method to ensure convergence until a balanced pressure result is obtained. The results of the flow rates for each pipe, the fluid velocities for each pipe, Reynolds numbers, friction factors, friction pressure losses for each pipe, fittings pressure losses, pressure at join points (nodes), HGL (hydraulic grade line), pump operating points and more can be viewed on the drawing and on the results grid.
Minimum Operating System Requirements

Pipe Flow Expert has been designed to work on Microsoft Windows Vista (all versions), Microsoft Windows XP Home and Professional, Windows 2000 (Service Pack 2), and Windows NT Workstations 4.0 (Service Pack 6) operating systems.

It is recommended that your computer system has at least the following minimum specification: ! ! ! Processor: 1.13 GHz Intel Pentium III (or similar). Memory: 256 MB of RAM. Display: Color Monitor with a resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels

Microsoft Excel will be required if the user wishes to export the results tables to a spreadsheet format.
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Registration and Licensing Information

Pipe Flow Expert is a software package that is provided for use on personal computer systems.
Installation When the program is installed it generates a unique product number that is shown on the registration screen when you run the program. A matching license code must be entered to fully enable and license the software.
Figure 1 Pipe Flow Expert License Registration
Purchasing a License Each installation of the software requires a license that must be purchased from www.PipeFlow.co.uk - current prices are shown on the web site. Once enabled, the software can be used forever on the machine to which it was installed. You do not require an internet connection when licensing and enabling the software.
Moving a License We have a method of allowing a user to move the license to another machine and this service is provided free of charge for those users who have an annual support and maintenance agreement . A fee is charged for generating a new license code for users who do not have an annual support package.
Network Licensing The software can be operated over a network and used by a number of concurrent users. Network installation is simple and only requires that the software is installed to a shared network drive. Each users then runs the program as normal from the shared drive. When licensing the program you will need to purchase a software license that supports the maximum number of concurrent users that you require. Please email info@pipeflow.co.uk with your network licensing requirements to obtain a competitive quote for your specific needs.
Software Distribution Note All of our software is provided via download from our web site at www.pipeflow.co.uk We do not provide the software on CD, since it would be exactly the same as the program that can be downloaded from our web site. This helps to reduce our costs, which allows us to offer lower prices for our customers and also guarantees that the user is always installing the latest version of the software. Users are free to make their own CD copy of the software, however every installation of the program will generate a new product code and a new license code will still be required.
New Customers Those of you who have previously purchased software from us will already be assured of our reputation and will not be concerned about receiving the software via download. However we understand that as a new customer you may be concerned that you do not get a CD with the software on. If we provided the software on CD it would be the exact same program that you can download from our web site (in fact the web site will always carry the very latest version of the software). Having a CD would not allow you to install and enable the software on multiple computers, since each installation would still generate a unique product number and would require a matching license code. When you purchase a program from our web site, you will automatically be emailed with a unique purchase token and an invoice/receipt that confirms your purchase. This is all you need for proof of purchase and we will always be able to confirm your purchase in our database. We have sold software via download for over 10 years. We are not one of those companies who you will not be able to contact or get a response from. As our existing customers know, our service and assistance with any issues you may have is worth far more than just having the software on CD.
Summary ! ! ! ! ! Pipe Flow Expert can be downloaded and installed for a free trial. A license code can be purchased from our web site that will fully enable the software. A user can be up and running with a licensed version of the software within a few minutes. 180 days of annual support and maintenance is provided with your purchase of Pipe Flow Expert. Ongoing annual support and maintenance can be purchased from our web site (this provides email support and guarantees that you will always be able to use the latest version of the software).
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Contacting PipeFlow.co.uk
E-mail: Internet: Telephone: Fax: info@pipeflow.co.uk http://www.pipeflow.co.uk +44 (0) 1625 549206 +44 (0) 1625 549208 from the USA dial: 01144 1625 549206
PipeFlow.co.uk is a trading name of Daxesoft Ltd (a U.K. Registered company)
Additional PipeFlow.co.uk Products

Pipe Flow Wizard - "What if?" Calculations for Liquids and Gases
Pipe Flow Wizard is able to perform four different calculations depending on the known information. It can calculate: ! Pressure Drops ! Flow Rates ! Size of Internal Diameters ! Pipe Lengths Pipe Flow Wizard will perform calculations for individual pipes. Pipe Flow Wizard will calculate results for LIQUIDS or COMPRESSED GASES A Fluid Database is included with viscosity and density of common fluids.
Flow Advisor - for Channels and Tanks

Flow Advisor may be used to estimate water flow rate from various shaped channels and tanks. It can calculate: ! Open Channel Flow ! Water Flow Rates ! Time taken to empty tanks ! Volume, Capacity, Weight and Expansion A Materials Database is included with density and coefficient of expansion of common materials.
All of our software can be downloaded for a free trial by visiting www.pipeflow.co.uk
Once you have installed a trial version of one of our software products it can be fully enabled and licensed by buying a purchase token / license from our web site. You can be up and running with a fully licensed program within just a couple of minutes.
Interface and Menus 15
Interface and Menus

This section details the different features of the Pipe Flow Expert interface. For each feature, there is an explanation, a screen shot and a table providing descriptions for each element of the feature. The sections following this section provide instructions for using the Pipe Flow Expert application.
Figure 2 Pipe Flow Expert interface
Menu Bar
The menu bar has eight different menu selections to help you navigate and work in Pipe Flow Expert.
Figure 3 Menu bar
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File Menu
Figure 4 File menu
Menu Items New Open Save Save As Print
Description Opens a new drawing grid in the Drawing pane. Opens the Open dialog. Select a .pfe file and click the Open button to open a pipe system drawing in Pipe Flow Expert. Saves your changes to the pipe system drawing. Opens the Save As dialog. Browse to where you want to save the pipe system, name the .pfe file, and click Save. Opens the Printing Information dialog. Type the page title and click the Print button to print the image currently visible in the Drawing pane. Opens the Print Setup dialog. Define your printing preferences and click OK. Closes the application.
Page Setup Exit
Edit Menu
Figure 5 Edit menu
Menu Items Undo Redo Cut Copy Paste Delete
Description The last node or pipe action performed in the Drawing pane is undone. The last undo action is redone. Selected items are cut to the clipboard. Selected items are copied to the clipboard. Items on the clipboard are pasted in the Drawing pane. Selected item(s) are deleted.
Units Menu
Figure 6 Units menu
Menu Items Imperial Units Metric Units Specify Units
Description Converts all values to imperial units. Converts all values to metric units. Opens the Units tab of the Configurations Options dialog. Use the Units tab to define the units for each element of the pipe system drawing.
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Fluid Menu
Figure 7 Fluid menu
Menu Items Change Fluid
Description Opens the Fluid data dialog. Use the Fluid data dialog to define the fluid in the pipe system.
Drawing Menu
Figure 8 Drawing menu
Menu Items Alter Default Pipe Values
Description Opens the Default Values tab of the Configurations Options dialog. Use the Default Values tab to define default values for the pipe in the pipe system. Opens the Labeling tab of the Configurations Options dialog. Use the Labeling tab to define how the pipe system drawing is labeled. Opens a grid view of the data for pipes, tanks, end pressures and join points in the pipeline system. The current values in the grid may be amended to change the system data. The drawing will be updated immediately as the changes are made.
Configure Labeling Edit Pipe/Node Data in Grid
Tools Menu
Figure 9 Tools menu
Menu Items Options
Description Opens the Configuration Options dialog. Use the Configuration Options dialog to configure the pipe system.
Registration Menu
Figure 10 Registration menu
Menu Items License Status Move this License
Description Displays the current license status and registration information. Displays instructions that explain how to move the license from one computer to another.
Help Menu
Figure 11 Help menu
Menu Items Contents Index Description of Example Systems Load Example Systems Create a System Step by Step License Status Move This License Go to www.pipeflow.co.uk About Pipe Flow Expert
Description Displays the Help information starting at the contents page. Displays the Help information starting at the index page. Displays the Help information about the example systems. Lists the examples systems that can be loaded, viewed, and the results calculated. Displays the Help information starting at the page that describes how to create a system using a step by step walkthrough of each operation. Displays the current license status and registration information. Displays instructions that explain how to move the license from one computer to another. Launches an internet browser window to view the Pipe Flow web site. Displays a pop-up window that shows details about the software.
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Tool Bar
Most of the Pipe Flow Expert functions can be performed by using a button on the tool bar. The ReDesign and Show Log buttons are only available on the tool bar after you click the Calculate button on the tool bar. The tool bar also contains a field for determining whether the unit values displayed in Pipe Flow Expert and the pipe system are imperial or metric. The first step in creating a pipe system is to select the Imperial or Metric option. You can define whether imperial or metric values are used from the tool bar, the Units menu, or from the Units tab in the Configuration Options dialog. Inches, feet, and gallons are examples of imperial units. Centimeters, meters, and liters are examples of metric units.
Tool Bar Buttons

Button Name and Description New Grid Opens a new drawing grid. Open File Opens the Open dialog. Select a .pfe file and click the Open button to open an existing pipe system drawing in Pipe Flow Expert. Save File Saves your changes to the pipe system drawing. Email System Information Opens a new e-mail message with the pipe system .pfe file attached to the e-mail. Email Screen Image Opens a new e-mail message with a jpeg of the screen image attached to the e-mail. Print Opens the Printing Information dialog. Type the page title and click the Print button to print the image currently visible in the Drawing pane. Choose Labeling Opens the Labeling tab of the Configurations Options dialog. Use the Labeling tab to define how the pipe system is labeled in the Drawing pane. Choose Units Opens the Units tab of the Configurations Options dialog. Use the Units tab to define the units for each element of the pipe system. Set Pipe Default Drawing Values Opens the Pipe Settings tab of the Configurations Options dialog. Use the Pipe Settings tab to define the pipe default values for drawing or to copy some of the pipe attributes to selected pipes in the system. Adjust Colors on Results Screen Opens the Results Colors tab of the Configurations Options dialog. Use the Results Colors tab to display a range of colors for a chosen results category. Network Grid View Opens a grid to display details of pipes, tanks, end pressures and nodes. The data displayed in the grid may be edited to change the network data. Any changes are applied immediately to the drawing.
The Hint pane displays tips for using the button currently selected on the tool bar. The Hint pane displays tips for the following buttons:
, ,
In Results mode the Hint pane is used to display information about the flow rates in pipes, velocities in pipes, pressure drop in pipes, pressures at join points, HGL (hydraulic grade line), elevations of tanks and nodes, and fluid heads in the pipeline system. Items are highlighted by moving the cursor around the drawing pane. Data for the highlighted item is displayed in the hint pane. Fluid Opens the Fluid data dialog. Use the Fluid data dialog to define the fluid in the pipe flow system. Zoom Out Moves the focus of the pipe system out to see more of the drawing at a reduced size in the Drawing pane. Zoom In Moves the focus of the pipe system in to get a close-up view in the Drawing pane. Move to Centre of Grid Centers the pipe system on the drawing grid. Show Item Info Select the show information cursor. Click an item in the Drawing pane to display its details in the Node pane, Pipe pane, or dialog associated with the selected component. Pan the Drawing Select the move grid cursor. Click in the Drawing pane, and while holding down the left mouse button, move the mouse to pan the drawing. Drag and Move Items Highlights all items on the drawing. Select a highlighted object, and while holding down the left mouse button, drag the object to its new position. Add Join Point Select the join point (node) cursor. Click where you want to add a pipe join point in the Drawing pane. Add Pipes Select the draw pipes cursor. Click on a node in the Drawing pane where you want to add a pipe, and then click where you want the pipe to end. Right-click to turn off the rubber banding. Add Fittings Select the valve and fittings cursor. Click on the pipe on which you want to add valves or fittings. Use the Pipe fittings friction coefficients dialog to select the valves or fitting to be added. Add Component Pressure Loss Select the component cursor. Click on the pipe on which you want to add a component. Use the Component pressure loss dialog to enter the pressure loss characteristics of the component. Add Flow Control Select the flow control cursor. Click on the pipe on which you want to add a flow control. Use the Flow control dialog to set the flow rate required in the pipe. Add Pump Select the pump cursor. Click on the pipe on which you want to add a pump. Use the Pump data dialog to enter the pump performance characteristics. Add Tank Select the tank cursor. Click where you want to add a tank in the Drawing pane. Use the Node pane to enter the Elevation, Liquid level and Fluid surface pressure for the tank.
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Add Demand (Pressure) Select the end pressure cursor. Click where you want to add a fixed pressure demand in the Drawing pane. Use the Node pane to enter the pressure and elevation for this fixed pressure demand. Add Demand (Flow) Select the add demand flow cursor. Click on a node in the Drawing pane where you want to set a demand flow. Use the Flow demands dialog to set the Inflows or Out-flows at the selected node. Copy Default Pipe Values Select the copy default pipe values cursor. Click on a pipe to change the pipe size, the pipe material, the pipe length, the fittings and valves, components and pumps to match the default pipe settings. Toggle to Open/Close a Pipe Select the open/close pipe cursor. Click on a pipe in the Drawing pane where you want to close a pipe or to re-open a pipe that has been closed previously. Reverse Pipe Direction Select the reverse pipe direction cursor. Click on a pipe in the Drawing pane where you want to change the direction of flow for a pipe. Add Text Add Free text labels to the drawing. Selection Tool Select the selection rectangle cursor. Click in the Drawing pane, and while holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse to create a rectangle around the item(s) you want to select for cutting, copying, pasting, deleting or moving. You can select multiple items to cut, copy, paste, delete or move as a group. Click the right mouse button to exit from selection mode. Cut Selected items are cut to the clipboard. Copy Selected items are copied to the clipboard. Paste Items on the clipboard are pasted in the Drawing pane. Adjust Attributes of Selected Pipes Opens the Pipe Settings tab of the Configurations Options dialog. Use the Pipe Settings tab to copy various attributes of the default pipe to each of the pipes selected. The Selection Tool may be used to Select a group of pipes prior to opening the Pipe Settings tab. Individual pipes can be added or removed from the selected list by checking or un-checking the box adjacent to the pipe description. Adjust Attributes of Selected Nodes Opens the Node Updates tab of the Configurations Options dialog. Use the Node Updates tab to copy node elevation and images to each of the nodes selected. The Selection Tool may be used to Select a group of nodes prior to opening the Node Updates tab. Individual nodes can be added or removed from the selected list by checking or un-checking the box adjacent to the node description. Delete Selected item(s) are deleted. Undo last action The last add pipe or node action performed in the Drawing pane is undone. Redo last undo action The last undo action is redone. Calculate Calculates the flow and pressure at each node of the pipe system drawing. The calculation results are displayed on the Results window. Re Design Changes the view back to the design mode. The pipe system is displayed in drawing mode again. This button is only visible on the tool bar after clicking the Calculate button.
Results Opens the Results window. This button is only visible on the tool bar after clicking the Calculate button. Show Log Opens the Results Log dialog. The Results Log dialog indicates whether the pipe system was solved. This button is only visible on the tool bar after clicking the Calculate button.
Node Pane
The Node pane displays the properties of the node selected on the pipe system in the Drawing pane. The type of node selected in the Type field determines which features are available in the Node pane.
Node Types
A node can be a join point, tank, or demand pressurereferred to as End Pressure in the Node pane. The type of node selected is shown in the Type field. Nodes are located at the beginning and end of a pipe and at the junction of pipes in a pipe system. You can use the Scroll Up and Scroll Down buttons next to the Node field to scroll through each of the nodes in the pipe system. The Node pane is also used to enter and edit the specific details for the selected node. The units and some values displayed in the node pane are determined by whether imperial or metric units are being used for the pipe system, the units selected on the Units tab, and the default node values entered on the Default Values tab in the Configuration Options dialog.
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Tank Node Data
Figure 12 Node pane for tanks
Feature Node Node Scroll buttons Type (Tank)
Description The name of the node currently selected in the Drawing pane. Use the Node field to edit the node name. Use the Node Scroll Up and Scroll Down buttons to scroll through each of the nodes in the pipe system. The type of node currently selected in the Drawing pane. Use the Type field to modify the node type. There are three types of nodes join point, tank, or fixed pressure demand (End Pressure). Displays the image representing the selected tank in the Drawing pane. Use the Tank Scroll Up and Scroll Down buttons to select the tank image you want displayed on the pipe system drawing. The image you select does not affect any of the tanks properties or values.
Type (Tank) Scroll buttons
Surface Pressure (Tank) Liquid Level (Tank) Bottom Elevation (Tank) Notes
The surface pressure of the fluid in the tank expressed in the units displayed. The amount of fluid in the tank expressed in the units displayed. The elevation at the base of the tank expressed in the units displayed. Notes about the node currently selected in the Drawing pane. Notes can be up to 200 characters.
End Pressure Data
Figure 13 Node pane for demand pressures (End Pressure)
Feature Node Node Scroll buttons Type (End Pressure)
Description The name of the node currently selected in the Drawing pane. Use the Node field to edit the node name. Use the Node Scroll Up and Scroll Down buttons to scroll through each of the nodes in the pipe system. The type of node currently selected in the Drawing pane. Use the Type field to modify the node type. There are three types of nodes join point, tank, or demand pressure (End Pressure). Displays the image representing the selected demand pressure in the Drawing pane. Use the End Pressure Scroll Up and Scroll Down to select the demand pressure image you want displayed on the pipe system drawing. The image you select does not affect any of the demand pressures properties or values.
Type (End Pressure) Scroll buttons
Pressure (End Pressure) Elevation (End Pressure) Notes
The required pressure for the demand pressure expressed in the units displayed. The elevation of the demand pressure expressed in the units displayed. Notes about the node currently selected in the Drawing pane. Notes can be up to 200 characters.
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Join Point Data
Figure 14 Node pane for join points
Feature Node Node Scroll buttons Type (Join Point)
Description The name of the node currently selected in the Drawing pane. Use the Node field to edit the node name. Use the Node Scroll Up and Scroll Down buttons to scroll through each of the nodes in the pipe system. The type of node currently selected in the Drawing pane. Use the Type field to modify the node type. There are three types of nodes join point, tank, or demand pressure (End Pressure). The elevation of the join point expressed in the units displayed. View the In Flow to the system at this node. Click edit to change. View the Out Flow from the system at this node. Click edit to change. Opens the Set Flow Demands dialog. This dialog is used to set a demand flow on the join point. Notes about the node currently selected in the Drawing pane. Notes can be up to 200 characters.
Elevation of Join (Join Point) Demands In (Join Point) Demands Out (Join Point) Edit buttons (Join Point) Notes
Set Flow Demands Dialog

Flow demands can only be added at a node if the type selected is a Join Point.
Figure 15 Set Flow Demands dialog
Feature In Flow Out Flow OK Cancel
Description The flow rate entering the system at this node expressed in the units displayed. The flow rate leaving the system at this node expressed in the units displayed. Confirm any changes that have been made. Close the dialog without making any changes.
Pipe Pane
A pipe can have many features, such as name, length, internal diameter, roughness, nominal size, material, schedule or class reference, internal volume and surface area. The data for some of these features, such as name, length, internal diameter and roughness can be entered directly into the pipe pane input boxes (other features would be left unchanged and may have to be amended at a later time). To set all the features of a pipe use the Diameter and Material buttons to access the selection dialogs. Pipe Flow Expert allows fittings and valves, components, flow control valves and pumps to be added to a pipe. The selection dialogs to add or change the data for these items can be accessed by clicking on the appropriate button in the pipe pane.
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Pipe Features
Figure 16 Pipe pane
Feature Pipe Pipe Scroll buttons Name Length Internal Diameter
Description The pipe identification number. Use the Pipe Scroll Up and Scroll Down buttons to scroll through each of the pipes in the piping system. The name of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Use the Name field to edit the pipe name. The length of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Use the length field to change the length of the pipe. The internal diameter of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Use the internal diameter field to change the internal size of the pipe. Click the Diam? button to display the Pipe Diameter Data Dialog for Sizes. The internal roughness of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Use the roughness field to change the internal roughness of the pipe. Click the Material button to display the Pipe Data Dialog for Materials. Notes about the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Notes can be up to 200 characters. Set the color and line width of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Opens the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. Use the dialog to add and maintain fittings on a pipe. The number of fittings on the pipe is displayed next to the fitting image on the Add/Change Fitting button. Add a component to the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Change the Pressure Loss characteristics for the component. A number is displayed next to the Component image to indicate if the component is active.
Roughness
Notes Pipe Color and Line Width Add/Change Fittings button
Add/Change Component Pressure Loss button
Add/Change Flow Control button
Add a flow control to the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Change the maximum flow rate in this pipe expressed in the units displayed. A number is displayed next to the Flow Control image to indicate if the Flow Control is active. Add a pump to the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Enter the flow rate and head characteristics for various points on the pump performance curve. A number is displayed next to the Pump image to indicate if the Pump is active. Include/Exclude status for various items added to the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Display the Pipe Diameter Data Dialog for Sizes. Display the Pipe Data Dialog for Materials. Set the characteristics of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane as the default for the next pipe to be drawn. Open the configuration pane with the pipe defaults tab selected.
Add/Change Pump button
Include check boxes Diam? Material Set as Default Edit Defaults
Pipe Material data Dialog
Figure 17 Pipe Material data dialog
Feature Material Schedule/Class Internal Roughness
Description The material description of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The Schedule/Class description of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The internal roughness of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane.
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Nominal Size Internal Diam. Wall Thick Outside Diam Weight Internal Vol. Surface Area Save Data to Pipe button Cancel (pipe diameter pane) Choose new pipe material Select Cancel Add new material Remove material data
The Nominal Size description of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The internal diameter of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The wall thickness of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The outside diameter of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The weight per unit length of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The internal volume (ft/100 ft or m/100m) of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The external surface area (ft/100 ft or m/100m) of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. This button is not available during pipe material selection. This button is not available during pipe material selection. Listing of available pipe data. Show size data for selected material. Revert to previously selected size listing. Create a new material category to which new pipe sizes can be added. Remove a material category.
Pipe Diameter Size Data Dialog
Figure 18 Pipe diameter data dialog for size
Feature Material Schedule/Class Internal Roughness Nominal Size Internal Diam. Wall Thick Outside Diam Weight Internal Vol. Surface Area Save Data to Pipe button
Description The material description of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The Schedule/Class description of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The internal roughness of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The Nominal Size description of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The internal diameter of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The wall thickness of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The outside diameter of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The weight per unit length of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The internal volume (ft/100 ft or m/100m) of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. The external surface area (ft/100 ft or m/100m) of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Confirm the attributes of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane.
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Cancel Use selected size Size database Metric or Imperial Change Material Add new size Remove entry
Close the dialog without making any changes. Copy size data from data listing to entry boxes. Listing of pipe sizes. Display size data in metric or imperial units. Display data dialog for pipe material. Display input boxes for new pipe size data. Remove a pipe size.
Pipe fitting friction coefficients Dialog
Figure 19 Pipe fitting friction coefficients
Feature Symbol Type Metric Imperial Description K value Qty Save
Description Fitting type symbol. Fitting type short code. Nominal metric fitting size. Nominal imperial fitting size. Fitting description. Local loss coefficient of fitting. Quantity of fittings. Confirm the fitting selections for the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane.
Clear Cancel Fitting Database Add selection to pipe button Move to fitting size Calculate K value
Clear the fitting selections. Close the dialog without making any changes. Listing of friction coefficients. Copy fitting data from listing to the list on the currently selected pipe. Display fitting listing for selected metric or imperial size. Calculate local loss coefficient for: entrance rounded, gradual enlargement, gradual contraction, sudden enlargement, sudden contraction or long pipe bend. Create data for non standard fittings. Remove data from fittings database.
Create new fitting Remove entry
Set Component Pressure Loss Dialog
Figure 20 Set Component Pressure Loss dialog
Feature Component Name Pressure Loss Scroll buttons Fixed Loss Curve Loss Flow Pressure Loss Generate Curve OK
Description Name of the component. Choose symbol for the component. Pressure loss will be fixed. Pressure loss will be calculated from component flow / head data. Flow rate values for operating range of component. Pressure loss for each of the flow rate entries. Create a set of curve points from first three data points. Add the component to the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane.
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Cancel Clear Delete Save To File Load From File
Close the dialog without making any changes. Clear the pressure loss data. Remove the component from the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Save the component details to a file. Load the component details from a file.
Set Flow Control Dialog
Figure 21 Set Flow Control dialog
Feature Name Set Flow To OK Cancel Delete
Description Name of the flow control. Set control flow rate in the units displayed. Add the flow control to the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Close the dialog without making any changes. Remove the flow control from the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane.
Pump Data Dialog
Figure 22 Pipe Data dialog
Feature Name Distance Along Pipe at Elevation Pump Scroll buttons Fixed Flow Rate Set To Fixed Head / Pressure Rise Fixed Speed, running at (rpm) Flow Head Efficiency NPSHr From
Description Name of the pump. Location of the pump from start of the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Elevation of the pump. Choose symbol for the pump. Enter flow rate to model a pump with a fixed flow rate Enter a pressure to model the additional motive force from a pump Operating speed of a pump with a performance curve. Flow rate values for operating range of pump. Head generated for each of the flow rate entries. Efficiency of the pump at each of the operating data points. The Net Positive Static Head requirement at the inlet of the pump. Start of preferred operating region.
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To Save Clear Delete Exit/No Save Save To File Load File Print Page Draw Graph Graph Options Show Point For Flow Show Point For Head Calculate Pump Curve Graph Notes
End of preferred operating region. Add the pump to the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Clear the pump data. Remove the pump from the pipe currently selected in the Drawing pane. Close the dialog without making any changes. Save the pump details to a file. Load the pump details from a file. Print the pump details. Generate a graph of the pump performance from the Flow/Head data points. Choose the options to be displayed on the pump curve graph. Enter flow rate value and click the calculate button to display the operating point on the pump performance graph. Enter generated head value and click the calculate button to display the operating point on the pump performance graph. Calculate corresponding flow rate / head value from entered data. Pump curve graph based on the data points entered. Notes about the pump. Notes can be up to 200 characters.
Drawing Pane
Figure 23 Drawing pane
Feature Drawing Grid
Description The drawing grid shows details of the pipeline system. The information to be displayed, such as size, length, elevation, flow rate etc. can be selected from the configuration options labeling tab. The Hint pane, located above the tool bar, displays tips for using the button currently selected on the tool bar. If your mouse is suitable the drawing size can be zoomed larger or smaller using the mouse scroll wheel. The drawing size can be selected from the drop down listing between the Zoom Out and the Zoom In buttons. Click to make the drawing size smaller by one step. Click to make the drawing size larger by one step. Click to fit all of the drawing on the screen.
Hint Feature Zoom Feature Drawing Size Display Zoom Out Button Zoom In Button Zoom drawing to fit on screen
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Configuration Options Screen

Pipe Flow Expert can be configured to suit your requirements. The labeling to show on the drawing can be selected. The units in which to display lengths, diameters, head loss, velocity etc. can be chosen. The details of a default pipe can be chosen these details will be used to draw any new pipes. Various pipe attributes may be copied to a range of selected pipes. An elevation value and a node image may be copied to a range of selected nodes. The results screen drawing can be displayed using a color gradient, to indicate the range of flow rates, fluid velocities, friction loss, hydraulic gradient line and elevations etc. The calculation tolerances can be changed.
Labeling Tab
Figure 24 Configuration Options dialog Labeling tab
Feature Show Name (Pipes) Show Diam Show Length Show Pipe # Show Values Show Total K Value Show Bends Show Pump Name Show Distance on Pipe Show Elevation (Pump) Show Name (Node) Show Elevation (Node) Show Tank Info Show Node # Pipe Results Show Flow Rate
Description Show name of the pipe on the drawing. Show diameter of the pipe on the drawing. Show length of the pipe on the drawing. Show the pipe number on the drawing. Show valve symbol on the drawing, if valve is present on pipe. Show total K value on the drawing, for all fittings on the pipe. Show bend symbol on the drawing, if bend is present on pipe. Show pump name on the drawing. Show the pump position along pipe on the drawing. Show the pump elevation on the drawing. Show the name of node on the drawing. Show the node elevation on the drawing. Show the Tank Information on the drawing. Show the pipe number on the drawing.
Show the flow rate on drawing.
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Show Velocity Show Total Pressure Drop Fitting Results Do Not Show on drawing Show Pressure Loss through fittings Pump Results Do Not Show on drawing Show Pump Head Show NPSH available Show Pump Efficiency Node Results Do Not Show on drawing Show Pressure at Node
Show the fluid velocity on the drawing. Show the total pressure drop of the pipe, the fittings and the component on the drawing.
Do not show the total pressure drop of the fittings on the drawing. Show the pressure drop of the fittings on the drawing.
Do not show the pump results data on the drawing. Show the pump head on the drawing. Show the net positive static head available at the pump inlet on the drawing. Show the pump efficiency on the drawing.
Do not show the pressure at the nodes. Show the pressure at the nodes on the drawing.
OK Cancel
Confirm changes to configuration options. Close the dialog without making any changes.
Units Tab
Figure 25 Configuration Options dialog Units tab
Feature Length Diameter Roughness Flow Rate Velocity Pipe Losses Weight Volume Surface Area Surface Press. Liquid Level Elevation Atmosphere Pressure Ref. Pressure Temperature Imperial or Metric OK Cancel
Description Select the units for display of the pipe lengths. Select the units for display of the pipe internal diameters. Select the units for display of the pipe internal roughness. Select the units for display of the flow rates. Select the units for display of the fluid velocities. Select the units for display of the pipe friction losses. Select the units for display of the pipe weights. Select the units for display of the internal pipe volumes. Select the units for display of the surface areas of the pipes. Select the units for display of the fluid surface pressure. Select the units for display of the fluid liquid level. Select the units for display of the elevations of the nodes. Value of standard atmosphere in absolute pressure units. Select Gage or Absolute pressure units. Select the units for display of the pressures at join points (nodes). Select option for display of the fluid temperatures. Select general option for Imperial or Metric displays. Confirm changes to configuration options. Close the dialog without making any changes.
Pipe Settings Tab

If you will be using the same type of pipe throughout the pipe system, you can define the default pipe type using the Pipe Settings tab in the Configuration Options dialog. When the default pipe values are set, each time you add a pipe to the system, the pipe type and values are automatically defined for the pipe. You can customize the values for an individual pipe in the system by editing its values in the Pipe pane or in the Pipe diameter data dialog. The Pipe diameter data dialog contains a list of the pipe materials and sizes available in the pipe database and additional properties specific to a pipe in the system. NOTE: Be sure to enter the value for the pipes properties in the units displayed next to the field. For example, if you are using metric units, and m for meter is displayed next to the Length field, enter the pipe length value in meters. Various attributes of the default pipe may be copied to the list of selected pipes.
The Selection Tool may be used to Select a group of pipes prior to opening the Pipe Settings tab. Individual pipes can be added or removed from the selected list by checking or un-checking the box adjacent to the pipe description.
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Figure 26 Configuration Options dialog Pipe Settings tab
Feature Internal Diameter Diam? Roughness Material Length Add/Change Fittings Pipe Color Copy Internal Diameter Only Copy All Diameter Data Copy Roughness Only Copy All Material Data Copy Length Only Copy Fittings Only Copy Color and Style Copy All Pipe Data OK
Description Set the default internal diameter for the next pipe to be added to the drawing. Display the Pipe Diameter Data Dialog for Sizes. Set the default internal roughness for the next pipe to be added to the drawing. Display the Pipe Data Dialog for Materials. Set the default pipe length for the next pipe to be added to the drawing. Select the default fittings for the next pipe to be added to the drawing. Select the pipe color and line width for the default pipe. Copy the internal diameter data to the pipes selected in the listing. Copy the internal and outer diameter data to pipes selected in the listing. Copy the internal roughness to the pipes selected in the listing. Copy the pipe material, schedule/class and internal roughness to the pipes selected in the listing. Copy the default pipe length to the pipes selected in the listing. Copy the default pipe fittings to the pipes selected in the listing. Copy the line color and line width to the pipes selected in the listing. Copy the default pipe values, including fittings and valves, component and pumps to the pipes selected in the listing. Confirm changes to configuration options.
Node Updates Tab
Figure 27 Configuration Options dialog Node Updates tab
Feature Copy Node Elevation Copy Node Image Copy Image and Elevation OK
Description Copy the elevation to the nodes selected in the listing. Copy the node image to the nodes selected in the listing. Copy the node image and the elevation to the nodes selected in the listing. Close the configuration options dialog.
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Results Colors Tab
Figure 28 Configuration Options dialog Results Colors tab
Feature Use Design Colors / Use Color Gradient Determine Results Colors based on a Chosen Category. Sample Gradients Low Color / Middle Color / High Color OK
Description Select option to display results according to the chosen color gradient. Select a results category to be displayed using the chosen color gradient. Select a color gradient to be used on the results screen. Select customized colors to generate a user defined color gradient. Close the results colors dialog.
Calculations Tab
Figure 29 Configuration Options dialog Calculations tab
Feature Flow Balancing Tolerance Pressure Balancing Tolerance (Initial) Pressure Balancing Tolerance (Final) Max Iterations for Approximate Solution Max Iterations for Final Solution Final Iterations Delta Reduction Factor Min Velocity for Discharge Estimates Max Velocity for Discharge Estimates OK Cancel
Description Flow in and flow out difference allowed at join points. Pressure difference allowed at join points, for initial solution. Pressure difference allowed at join points, for final solution. Maximum loop count to find initial solution. Maximum loop count to find final solution. Rate of adjustment to final solution. Starting velocity estimate for unknown discharge estimation. Final velocity estimate for unknown discharge estimation. Confirm changes to system calculation options. Close the dialog without making any changes.
Note: We recommend that you do not change these values, unless it becomes necessary to solve a very finely balanced system.
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Results Tables
The results of a pipeline system analysis are displayed in the Results tables. Data for flow rates in pipes, velocities in pipes, pressures at join points, tank elevations and hydraulic grade line data, pump operating points etc. may all be viewed in the results tables. The results display units can altered by choosing the units required from the configuration options units tab. The results information about the elements of your system can be saved to an Excel spreadsheet file or exported to a new Excel spreadsheet.
Figure 30 Results tables
Feature File menu Units menu Save button Export to Excel button Choose Units Pipes tab Fittings tab Pumps tab Nodes tab Fluids tab
Description Select an option to save results in Excel format or to export the results to a new Excel spreadsheet. Select an option to display the results in Imperial, Metric or selected units. Save the results data in Excel format. Start Excel and display the results data in a new Excel spreadsheet. Select an option to display the results in Imperial, Metric or selected units. Display the information about the pipes in the system. Display the information about the valves and fittings in the system. Display the information about the pumps in the system. Display the information about the nodes in the system. Display the information about the fluid in the system.
Pipe Materials tab All Results tab
Display the information about the pipe materials in the system. Display the information about the elements in the system.
Viewing Individual Results

In Results mode the Hint pane is used to display information about the flow rates, velocities, pressure drops, pressures at join points, HGLs (hydraulic grade line), elevations of tanks and nodes, and fluid heads at specific points within the system. Items are highlighted by moving the cursor over an item on the drawing pane. Data for the highlighted item is displayed in the Hint pane.
Figure 31 View Individual Results
The Results drawing can be configured to display the pipes in various colors based on the value of a chosen category such as Flow Rate, Velocity, Friction Loss, Internal Diameter etc. The color gradient start and end point values may be adjusted to narrow the band over which the colors are displayed.
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File and Design Operations

Pipe Flow Expert works with a number of different file types, for example, pump files, component files, and the main system design file (a .pfe file). Once a system has been created it can then be saved to a system design file which stores all of the information about the system, including the node and pipe data, the fittings and valve information, the components information, and the pump data. Individual items in the system such as components and pumps can also be saved to their own file, so that they can be re-used and re-loaded as required (perhaps for use in future systems or to duplicate and copy these items within an existing system). The pump file extension is .pfpm and the component file extension is .pfco. Images of the drawing screen can be saved and/or attached to an email as a convenient way of sharing a quick snapshot of a system or set of results.
Creating a New Pipe System

To create a new pipe system: 1. Define whether imperial or metric units are used throughout the pipe system. 2. To define the imperial or metric setting, select the Imperial or Metric option on the toolbar or the Units tab in the Configuration Options dialog, or you can select the Imperial or Metric menu items from the Units menu. 3. You can customize the units and default values used for the individual items in the system at any time by using the Configuration Options dialog. 4. Click the New Grid button, , or select File | New to create a new drawing grid.
After creating a pipe system you should set the preferences of your choice. In Pipe Flow Expert you can configure whether imperial, metric or a specifically chosen units are used throughout the system. The labeling used on the pipe system drawing can be altered such that specific items can be selected to be shown or excluded as required. The configuration settings for a pipe system can be amended at any time as you are working in a pipe system, however defining your choices in advance will make it easier when you come to start the drawing process. All configuration options are saved with the system and will be set to their saved values when a system is loaded.
Designing a Pipe System

To design a pipe system: 1. Define the pipe systems fluid and the fluids properties. For more information about selecting a fluid, see: Defining the System Fluid 2. Add the applicable tanks to the system. For more information about adding tanks, see: Adding a Tank
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3. Add the applicable join points to the system. For more information about adding join points, see: Adding a Node (Join Point) 4. Add the applicable pipes to the system. For more information about adding pipes, see: Adding a Pipe 5. Add the applicable pumps to the system. For more information about adding pumps, see: Adding a Pump 6. Add the applicable fittings to the system. For more information about adding fittings, see: Adding Fittings and Valves 7. Add the applicable component pressure losses to the system. For more information about adding component pressure losses, see: Adding a Component 8. Add the applicable flow controls to the system. For more information about adding flow controls, see: Adding a Flow Control 9. Add the applicable demand flows to the system. For more information about adding demand flows, see: Adding a Demand Flow 10. Add the applicable demand pressures to the system. For more information about adding demand pressures, see: Adding a Demand Pressure 11. Calculate and solve the pipe systems flow and pressure. For more information about calculating and solving, see: Calculating and Solving the System
Saving a System
When you save a pipe system in Pipe Flow Expert, a .pfe file is generated that is used exclusively with Pipe Flow Expert. All the systems data is stored within the file. If you need to modify the system, or want to reuse the system for a future system, you can simply open the file in Pipe Flow Expert, make the necessary changes, and resave the file. To save a pipe system: 1. Click the Save File button, dialog. , on the toolbar or select File | Save to open the Save As
Figure 32 Save As dialog
2. Type a name for the file in the File Name field.
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3. Click Save to save the pipe system. Once a pipe system has been saved to a .pfe file, you can simply click the Save button, toolbar or select File | Save to save changes to the system. , on the
Sending a System via E-mail

You can share pipe systems with others via e-mail from within Pipe Flow Expert. To Email a pipe system: 1. Click the Email System Information button, , on the toolbar to open a new mail message in your default e-mail application with the systems .pfe file attached to the e-mail. 2. Compose and send the email.
Printing a System
When you print a pipe system in Pipe Flow Expert, only the visible part of image, what is currently displayed in the Drawing pane, is printed. If you wish to print the entire pipe system, click the Zoom Out button, pane. , on the toolbar to zoom out until the area you wish to print is visible in the Drawing
The printed image will be scaled to fit on one page by default, but you can customize the scaling using the Scale to fit fields. If you want to change the papers orientation to landscape or print to a printer other than your computers default printer, open the Page Setup dialog and make your selections before printing the pipe system. To access the Page Setup dialog, select Print Setup from the File menu. To print a pipe system: 1. Click the Print button, Information dialog. , on the toolbar or select File | Print to open the Printing
Figure 33 Printing Information dialog
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2. If you want to change the printing scale, type the number of pages wide by the number of pages high in the Scale to fit fields. Note: Printing over multiple pages require use of additional memory and problems may arise if your system (and printer) do not have enough memory available. The amount of memory required varies considerably depending on the size and number of items on the drawing that is to printed. 3. Type the title you want displayed at the top of the page. 4. Click the Print button to print the pipe system.
Saving a Screen Image

To save the current image displayed in the drawing pane:
1. Click on the File Menu and select Save Screen Image 2. A save file dialog window is opened. 3. Navigate the folder hierarchy as required 4. Enter the filename that the image should be saved as. 5. Click on Save to store a jpeg image of the drawing.
Emailing a Screen Image

To email the current image displayed in the drawing pane:
1. Click on the File Menu and select Email Screen Image 2. Your default email client will be opened with an attached jpeg image named PFEImg.jpg 3. Fill in the normal email details (i.e. the to address, etc) 4. Click to send your email as normal.
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System Options
Pipe Flow Expert can be configured and set-up to suit your working preferences. The labeling on the drawing can be configured so that specific items can be included or excluded as required. The units in which to display lengths, diameters, head loss, velocity etc. can be chosen. The details of a default pipe can be chosen and these details will be used to draw any new pipes. The calculation tolerances can be changed if necessary (however in most cases these values should be left unchanged).
Most configuration settings are defined in the Configuration Options dialog which is made up of a series of tabs, one for each page of configuration options. You can access the Configuration Options dialog by selecting the Specify Units menu selection from the Units menu, or clicking Choose Labeling , or Choose Units , on the tool bar. To select a Default Pipe size for drawing click the Edit Defaults, , button on the pipe pane. To set the Default Pipe attributes to match the currently selected pipe, click the Set as Default, button on the pipe pane.
Choosing Units (imperial/metric)

Pipe Flow Expert provides the flexibility to enter the units for the components of a pipe system in imperial (inches, feet, gallons), metric (millimeters, centimeters, liters) or a combination of the two units of measure. It is best practice to configure the systems universal imperial or metric unit setting before configuring individual units and default values. The universal unit setting converts all values to imperial or metric units in a pipe system. If you will be using a combination of imperial and metric units, you can change the type of units used for individual components on the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog once youve defined the universal setting. NOTE: When you change the universal unit setting, it converts all unit values to the unit type selected, and all values on the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog are converted to the fields default values. For example, if you are changing the universal setting from imperial to metric, all values, including any imperial units selected on the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog, are converted to metric. All field values on the Units tab are also reset to their default metric value. There are three places in Pipe Flow Expert that you can define the universal unit setting. To define the universal unit setting: 1. 2. To change the units from the toolbar, click the Imperial or Metric option on the tool bar. To change the units from the Units tab, click the Choose Units button on the tool bar or select Specify Units from the Units menu to open the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog. Click the Imperial or Metric option. To change the units from the Units menu, select the Imperial Units or Metric Units from the Configuration Options Units Tab screen.
3.
Click Yes when asked, Do you wish to proceed?
System Options
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Choosing Item Labeling

In Pipe Flow Expert, you can configure the labeling of a pipe system displayed in the Drawing pane. The labeling for the pipe system is configured on the Labeling tab of the Configuration Options dialog. The tab is organized by the system components. A series of check boxes are used to configure labeling in drawing/design mode and a series of radio buttons are used to select labeling options when in results mode. The result options determine which calculated results are displayed for a solved pipe system in the Drawing pane. Results are displayed for a calculated solved pipe system after clicking the Calculate button on the toolbar. For more information about pipe system results, see: Calculating the System Flow and Pressure To configure the pipe system labeling: 1. Click the Choose Labeling button, Configuration Options dialog. , on the tool bar to open the Labeling tab of the
2. Select the check boxes next to the labeling options you want to apply to the pipe system in the Pipes, Fittings, Pumps, and Nodes sections. 3. Click one of the labeling options in the Pipe Results, Fitting Results, Pump Results and Node Results sections to determine which of the pipe systems calculation results are displayed in the Drawing pane. 4. Click OK to save the labeling configurations and close the Configuration Options dialog, or click another tab in the dialog to continue configuring Pipe Flow Expert and the pipe system. 5. To remove a labeling option, clear the check box next to the applicable label in the Pipes, Fittings, Pumps, or Nodes section of the Labeling tab.
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Choosing the System Units

The universal unit setting for imperial or metric units determines which type of unit is used by default throughout Pipe Flow Expert for a specific item. You can also change the types of units used for individual components in the pipe system on the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog once youve defined the universal unit setting. The units selected on the Units tab determine which units are displayed for the corresponding fields in the Pipe Flow Expert Node and Pipe panes, the various dialogs and the units displayed in the Drawing pane. For example, if you select feet from the Length list in the Pipes section on the Units tab, feet will be displayed next to the Length field in the Pipe pane, and if the Show Length check box is selected in the Pipes section of the Labeling tab, each pipes length in the pipe system is displayed in feet in the Drawing pane. To define the units used in Pipe Flow Expert and the pipe system: 1. Click the Choose Units button, , on the tool bar, or select Specify Units from the Units menu to open the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog.
2. Select or enter the units for each component on the tab. 3. Do not click the Imperial or Metric option in the Change All Units section of the Units tab, unless you want to change the universal unit setting and reset all the values currently defined on the Units tab. NOTE: When you change the universal unit setting, it converts all unit values to the unit type selected, and all values on the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog are converted to the fields default values. For example, if you are changing the universal setting from imperial to metric, all values, including any imperial units selected on the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog, are converted to metric. All field values on the Units tab are also reset to their default metric value. Click OK to save the unit configurations and close the Configuration Options dialog, or click another tab in the dialog to continue configuring Pipe Flow Expert and the pipe system.
System Options
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Choosing Pipe Drawing Defaults

If you will be using the same type of pipe throughout a pipe system, you can set up default pipe values. When the pipe default values are defined, the values are automatically populated each time you add a section of pipe to a pipe system. You can set up default pipe values for pipe length, internal diameter and roughness, as well as fittings and the pipes material and size. Pipe default values are set up on the Default Values tab of the Configuration Options dialog. The default pipe values are used when adding pipes however you can customize the values for an individual pipe in the system at any time, by editing its values in the Pipe pane or in the Pipe diameter data dialog. NOTE: Be sure to enter the value for the pipes properties in the units displayed next to the field. For example, if you are using metric units, and m for meter is displayed next to the Length field, enter the pipe length value in meters.
To set up pipe default values for a pipe system: 1. Click the Set Default Pipe for drawing button, tab of the Configuration Options dialog. , on the tool bar to open the Default Values
To change the pipe material: 1. Click the Material button. This opens the Pipe diameter data dialog. A list of all the pipe materials available in the pipe database are displayed in the Choose new pipe material list.
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Figure 37 Pipe diameter data dialog with materials list
2. Select the pipes material from the Choose new pipe material list. 3. If the pipe material is not in the Choose new pipe material list, click the Add new material button to add the new material to the list. For more information about adding a pipe material, see: Adding a Pipe Material to the Database section in Section: Creating a Pipe System. 4. Click the Select button or double-click the row containing the material.
To change the pipe size: 1. The selected material is displayed in the Pipe data section of the Pipe diameter data dialog, and a list of all the different pipe sizes available for the selected pipe material is displayed in the Pipe diameter data dialog.
System Options
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Figure 38 Pipe diameter data dialog with materials size
2. Select the applicable pipe size from the list. 3. If the pipe size is not in the list, click the Add new size button to add the new size to the list. For more information about adding a pipe size, see: Adding Pipe Size Data to the Database section in Section: Creating a Pipe System. 4. Click the Use selected size button or double-click the row containing the size. The selected size is displayed below the pipe material in the Pipe data section of the Pipe diameter data dialog. 5. Edit the applicable pipe properties in the Pipe data section. The edits you make only affect the pipes properties for the system; they do not affect the database data. 6. Click Save Data to Pipe to add the pipes material and size, and to close the Pipe diameter data dialog. 7. The Pipe Default Tab is now populated with the choices that have been made. The pipes material is displayed under the Roughness field, the nominal size is displayed under the Diam button and the pipes internal diameter and roughness are displayed in the Internal Diameter and Roughness fields on the Default Values tab.
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To change the pipe length: 1. Type the default pipe length into the Length field.
To change the fittings on the pipe: 1. The default number of fittings currently on the selected pipe is displayed on the Add/Change Fittings button. 2. Click the Add/Change Fittings button, .
3. Clicking the Add/Change Fittings button opens the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. A list of all the fittings available in the fitting database are displayed in the Fitting Database list.
Figure 39 Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog
4. Select the fitting you want to add to the pipe from the Fitting Database list. 5. Use the Move to fitting size fields to locate a specific metric or imperial fitting size in the Fitting Database list. 6. If the fitting is not in the Fitting Database list, click the Create new fitting button to add the new fitting to the list. For more information about adding a fitting to the database, see: Adding a Fitting to the Database section in Section: Creating a Pipe System. 7. Click the Add selection to pipe button or double-click the row containing the fitting. 8. The selected fitting is displayed in the Fittings on section of the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog.
System Options 9. Select the quantity of the fitting you are adding to the pipe from the fittings Qty list in the Fittings on section. 10. To add additional fittings to the pipe, repeat Steps 4 9. 11. Click Save to add the fitting to the pipe, and to close the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. 12. Confirm the changes to the default pipe settings:
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13. Click OK to save the default pipe values and close the Configuration Options dialog, or click another tab in the dialog to continue configuring Pipe Flow Expert and the pipe system.
Change attributes of more than one pipe

Some or all of the Default pipe values may be copied to other pipes in the system. The Selection Tool may be used to select a range of pipes on the drawing prior to opening the Pipe Settings tab.
1. Optional: First select a group of pipes to update using the Selection Tool. 2. Click the Adjust Attributes of Selected Pipes button, Pipe Settings tab of the Configuration Options dialog. , on the tool bar, to open the
3. Individual pipes can be added or removed from the selected list by checking or un-checking the box adjacent to the pipe description.
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4. Click Copy All Pipe Data to copy all of the pipe attributes, including valves and fittings to the selected pipes. 5. Click Copy All Diameter Data to copy the default internal and external pipe diameter to the selected pipes. 6. Click Copy Internal Diameter Only to copy the default internal diameter to the selected pipes. 7. Click Copy All Material Data to copy the default material, schedule/class and internal roughness to the selected pipes. 8. Click Copy Internal Diameter Only to copy the default internal diameter to the selected pipes. 9. Click Copy Roughness Only to copy the default internal roughness to the selected pipes. 10. Click Copy Length Only to copy the default pipe length to the selected pipes. 11. Click Copy Fittings Only to copy the default pipe fittings to the selected pipes. 12. Click Copy Color and Style to copy the default pipe color and line width to the selected pipes.
Node Updates
The node elevation and the node image on the Node Updates Tab may be copied to other nodes in the system. The Selection Tool may be used to select a range of nodes on the drawing prior to opening the Node Updates tab.
Figure 41 Configuration Options dialog Node Updates tab
System Options
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1. Optional: First select a group of nodes to update using the Selection Tool. 2. Click the Adjust Attributes of Selected Nodes button, Node Updates tab of the Configuration Options dialog. 3. , on the tool bar, to open the
Individual nodes can be added or removed from the selected list by checking or un-checking the box adjacent to the node description.
4. Click Copy Image and Elevation to copy the node image and the node elevation to the selected nodes. 5. Click Copy Node Image to copy the node image to the selected nodes. 6. Click Copy Node Elevation to copy the node elevation to the selected nodes.
Results Colors
The results screen can display pipes and nodes from the solved network using a color gradient to highlight the pipes or nodes based on the result value for a chosen calculation category.
Figure 42 Configuration Options dialog Results Colors tab
1. Click the Adjust Colors on Results Screen button, , on the tool bar, to open the Results Colors tab of the Configuration Options dialog. 2. Select a calculation category to be display in color on the Results screen. 3. Choose a color gradient from the drop down of sample gradients, or use the Low, Middle and High color buttons to create your own color gradient.
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4. Click OK to update the drawing pane.
Configuring the Calculation Parameters

The accuracy to which a pipeline system is balanced can be changed. The balance options for a pipe system are configured on the Calculations tab of the Configuration Options dialog. Most systems can be solved without any changes to the Calculation options, however these options are included for experimental use when a balanced solution cannot be found. Widening of these parameters may give results where the flow into the system and out of the system do not balance and/or the pressure results throughout the system will not agree with the sum of the pressure drops through the individual pipes. A balanced solution may not always be found if the system contains components which fight each other. If a pump is placed in a pipeline, the resultant effect of a change in flow rate will be the sum of the pipeline friction and the head added by the pump. In some circumstances where a system includes a number of pumps, the adjustment of the flow rate in one pipe/pump combination will allow a disproportionate change in the flow rate in another pipe/pump combination, which might have a counter acting effect to the previous flow rate adjustment. Thus the program would oscillate between two possible solutions, neither of which will give a normally expected degree of accuracy. It would normally be better to change the system design to overcome these sort of problems rather than proceed with a design where it is difficult to predict an accurate result. Note: We recommend that you do not change these values, unless it becomes necessary to solve a finally balanced system.
Figure 43 Calculation settings
System Options
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The following adjustments can be made (but the user is advised to leave these values unchanged):
Feature Pressure Balancing Tolerance (Final) Pressure Balancing Tolerance (Initial) Flow Balancing Tolerance Max Iterations for Approximate Solution Max Iterations for Final Solution Final Iterations Delta Reduction Factor Min Velocity for Discharge Estimates Max Velocity for Discharge Estimates High Velocity Warning for liquids High Velocity Warning for Gases Description Pressure difference allowed at join points, for final solution. Pressure difference allowed at join points, for initial solution. Flow in and flow out difference allowed at join points. Maximum calculation iterations allowed to find initial approximate solution. Maximum calculation iterations allowed to find final solution. Rate of delta adjustment to find final solution. Starting velocity estimate for unknown discharge estimation. Maximum velocity estimate allowed for unknown discharge estimation. A warning will be issued if the liquid velocity in any pipe exceeds this value. A warning will be issued if the gas velocity in any pipe exceeds this value.
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Fluids
Pipe Flow Expert includes a fluid database. The Fluid Properties Database list in the Fluid data dialog displays all fluids available in the fluid database. When you are adding a fluid to a pipe system you can select an existing fluid, or add a new fluid by adding the fluid to the fluid database. The Fluid Data can be defined and overwritten in the fluid properties section of the Fluid data dialog. New fluid data can be added to the existing database entries by using the Add New Fluid button.
Figure 44 Fluid data dialog
To define the pipe systems fluid and fluid properties: 1. Click the Fluid button, , on the tool bar to open the Fluid data dialog.
2. Select the fluid contained in the pipe system from the Fluid Properties Database list. 3. If the fluid is not in the Fluid Properties Database list, click the Add new fluid data button to add the new fluid data to the list. For more information about adding fluid data, see: Adding Fluids to the Fluid Database 4. Click the Use selected fluid button or double-click the row containing the fluid. 5. The selected fluid is displayed in the Fluid properties section of the Fluid data dialog. 6. Edit the applicable fluid properties in the Fluid properties section. 7. The edits you make only affect the fluid properties for the system; they do not affect the database data.
Fluids
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8. Click Save to save your edits and add the fluid to the system.
The name of the system fluid is displayed next to the Fluid button on the tool bar.
Adding Fluids to the Fluid Database

If the fluid you are using in the pipe system does not exist in the Pipe Flow Expert fluid database, you can quickly add the fluid to the database by clicking the Add new fluid data button on the Fluid data dialog. NOTE: Be sure to enter the value for the fluids properties in the units displayed on the column header. For example, if you are using imperial units, F for Fahrenheit is displayed under Temperature in the Temperature column. The temperature value should be entered in degrees Fahrenheit. To add new fluid data to the fluid database: 1. Click the Fluid button, , on the tool bar to open the Fluid data dialog.
2. Click the Add new fluid data button. 3. Clicking the Add new fluid data button opens the Add fluid data section in the Fluid data dialog. 4. Type the fluids name in the Name field. 5. Type the fluids formula in the Formula field. 6. Type the fluids temperature in the Temperature field. 7. Type the fluids density in the Density field. 8. Type the fluids viscosity centipoise in the Viscosity Centipoise field. 9. Type the fluids vapor pressure in the Vapour Press field. 10. If the fluids state is gas, select the Gas check box in the State field. 11. Leave the Gas check box blank if the fluids state is liquid. 12. Click Save to save the new fluid data to the database and the Fluid Properties Database list.
Adding Gas Data to the Fluid Database

If the fluid you are using in the pipe system is one of the most common gases, the viscosity and density of the gas at various temperatures and pressures can be calculated. To add new gas data to the fluid database: 1. Click the Fluid data button, , on the tool bar to open the Fluid Data dialog.
2. Choose the All Fluids or Gases option to display the Calculate Gas Data button.
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3. Click the Calculate Gas Data button to display the Properties of Gases dialog.
Figure 45 Properties of Gases
4. Choose a Gas from the drop down listing 5. Enter the temperature of the gas. 6. Enter the pressure of the gas. 7. The viscosity and density data for the gas are displayed. 8. Click Add new entry to add the data to the fluid data list.
Tanks
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Tanks
In Pipe Flow Expert, a tank can represent a reservoir or any type of fluid supply. It can also model a discharge or the point where a fluid exits a pipe system. A tank is a type of node in Pipe Flow Expert. There are three types of nodes used in a pipe system: tanks, demand pressures, and join points. Nodes are located at the beginning and end of a pipe. NOTE: Be sure to enter the values for the tanks properties in the units displayed next to the field. For example, if you are using imperial units, and ft for feet is displayed next to the Liquid Level field, enter the liquid level value in feet.
Add a Tank
To add a tank to the pipe system: 1. Click the Add Tank button, , on the tool bar.
2. When you click the Add Tank button, the tank symbol is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Click on the place on the Drawing pane where you want to add a tank. 4. The tank is added to the system, and is selected on the Drawing pane. Define the tanks properties in the Node pane.
Figure 46 Node pane for tanks
5. Type the tanks name in the Node field. 6. Tank is automatically selected in the Type list. 7. Click the Tank Scroll Up or Scroll Down button to select the tank image you want displayed on the pipe system drawing.
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8. The image you select does not affect any of the tanks properties or values. 9. Type the surface pressure of the fluid in the tank in the Surface Pressure field. 10. Type the amount of fluid in the tank in the Liquid Level field. 11. Type the elevation at the base of the tank in the Bottom Elevation field. 12. Type any applicable notes regarding the tank in the Notes field. 13. To add additional tanks to the system, repeat Steps 3 12.
Nodes
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Nodes (Join Points)

A join point is the place where two or more pipes meet in a pipe system. A green dot represents each join point in the Drawing pane. In Pipe Flow Expert, you can add join points as you add pipe, or you can add join points first and then connect the join points with pipe. If you add a join point to a pipe, and the location of the join point causes the pipe to be split, you will have to manually reset the pipe details for each section of pipe. Once join points are added, you can define the fitting(s) used at each join point and the other fittings along the pipes in the pipe system. NOTE: Be sure to enter the values for the join points properties in the units displayed next to the field. For example, if you are using imperial units, and ft for feet is displayed next to the Elevation of Join field, enter the elevation in feet.
Adding a Node
To add a join point node to the pipe system: 1. Click the Add Join Point button, , on the tool bar.
2. When you click the Add Join Point button, the join point symbol is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Click on the place on the Drawing pane where you want to add a join point. 4. The join point is added to the system, and is selected on the Drawing pane. Define the join points name, elevation, and volume demand in and/or demand out in the Node pane.
Figure 47 Node pane for join points
5. Type the join points name in the Node field. 6. Join Point is automatically selected in the Type list.
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7. Type the elevation of the join point in the Elevation of Join field.
8. If the join point has a required demand flow, click the Edit button to open the Set Flow Demands dialog. 9. You can enter the join points demand flow into and/or out of the join point in the Set Flow Demands dialog. Both Edit buttons in the Node pane open the Set Flow Demands dialog.
10. Type the required flow rate for the fluid flowing into the join point in the In Flow field. 11. Type the required flow rate for the fluid flowing out of the join point in the Out Flow field. 12. Click OK to add the join points demand flow. 13. Type any applicable notes regarding the join point in the Notes field. 14. To add additional join points to the system, repeat Steps 3 12.
Pipes
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Pipes
If you will be using the same type of pipe throughout the pipe system, you can define the default pipe type and values for the system using the Default Values tab in the Configuration Options dialog. When the default pipe values are set, each time you add a pipe to the system, the pipe type and values are automatically defined for the pipe. You can customize the values for an individual pipe in the system, by editing its values in the Pipe pane or in the Pipe diameter data dialog. The Pipe diameter data dialog contains a list of the pipe materials and sizes available in the pipe database and additional properties specific to a pipe in the system. For more information about using default pipe values, see: Setting Up the System Options NOTE: Be sure to enter the values for the pipes properties in the units displayed next to the field. For example, if you are using metric units, and m for meter is displayed next to the Length field, enter the pipe length value in meters.
Adding a Pipe
To add a pipe to the pipe system: 1. Click the Add Pipes button, , on the tool bar.
2. When you click the Add Pipes button, the pipe symbol is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Click on the place on the Drawing pane where you want the pipe to start. 4. Click on the place where you want the pipe to end. 5. The pipe is added to the system, and is selected on the Drawing pane. Define the pipes properties in the Pipe pane. 6. The rubber-banding functionality of the Add Pipes feature provides the ability to continue drawing additional connected sections of pipe after adding a section of pipe. 7. If you want to continue adding connected lengths of pipe to the system, move the mouse pointer to draw the pipe, and click where you want the pipes to end. To turn off the rubberbanding, press the right mouse button (right-click). 8. Type the pipes name in the Name field. 9. If the default pipe type and values for the system are defined on the Default Values tab in the Configuration Options dialog, you are done adding the pipe. 10. The pipe type, default length, internal diameter and roughness values are displayed in the Pipe pane. 11. If the default pipe values are not being used for the pipe, continue to Step 25. 12. Type the length of the pipe into the Length field. 13. Click the Material button.
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14. Clicking the Material button opens the Pipe diameter data dialog. A list of all the pipe materials available in the pipe database are displayed in the Choose new pipe material list.
Figure 49 Pipe diameter data dialog with materials list
15. Select the pipes material from the Choose new pipe material list. 16. If the pipe material is not in the Choose new pipe material list, click the Add new material button to add the new material to the list. For more information about adding a pipe material, see: Adding a Pipe Material to the Database 17. Click the Select button or double-click the row containing the material. 18. The selected material is displayed in the Pipe data section of the Pipe diameter data dialog, and a list of all the different pipe sizes available for the selected pipe material is displayed in the Pipe diameter data dialog.
Pipes
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Figure 50 Pipe diameter data dialog with materials size
19. Select the applicable pipe size from the list. 20. If the pipe size is not in the list, click the Add new size button to add the new size to the list. For more information about adding a pipe size, see: Adding Pipe Size Data to the Database 21. Click the Use selected size button or double-click the row containing the size. 22. The selected size is displayed below the pipe material in the Pipe data section of the Pipe diameter data dialog. 23. Edit the applicable pipe properties in the Pipe data section. 24. The edits you make only affect the current pipes properties; they do not affect the database data. 25. Click Save Data to Pipe to add the pipes material and size, and to close the Pipe diameter data dialog. The pipes material is displayed under the Roughness field, the nominal size is displayed under the Diam button, and the pipes length, internal diameter, and roughness are displayed in the Length, Internal Diameter, and Roughness fields in the Pipe pane.
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Adding a Pipe Material to the Database

If the pipe material you are using in the pipe system does not exist in the Pipe Flow Expert pipe database, you can quickly add the material to the database by clicking the Add new material button on the Pipe diameter data dialog. NOTE: Be sure to enter the values for the pipe materials properties in the units displayed next to the field. For example, if you are using metric units, and mm for millimeter is displayed next to the Internal Roughness field, enter the internal surface roughness in millimeters. To add new material to the pipe database: 1. Select a pipe in the pipe system and click the Material button in the Pipe pane, or click the Material button on the Default Values tab in the Configuration Options dialog to open the Pipe diameter data dialog with the material list displayed. 2. Click the Add new material button. 3. Clicking the Add new material button opens the Add pipe material section in the Pipe diameter data dialog. 4. Type the material name in the Name field. 5. Type the materials schedule or class in the Schedule/Class field. 6. Type the materials internal roughness, expressed in the units displayed in parenthesis, in the Internal Roughness field. 7. Click the Add new material entry button to save the new material data to the database and the materials list.
Adding Pipe Size Data to the Database

If the pipe size data you are using in the pipe system does not exist in the Pipe Flow Expert pipe database, you can quickly add the size data to the database by clicking the Add new size button on the Pipe diameter data dialog. NOTE: Be sure to enter the value for the pipes size data in the units displayed on the column header. For example, if you are using imperial units, and lbs/ft for pounds per foot is displayed under Weight in the Weight column, the weight value should be entered in pounds per foot. To add new size data to the pipe database: 1. Select a pipe in the pipe system and click the Diam? button in the Pipe pane, or click the Diam? button on the Default Values tab in the Configuration Options dialog to open the Pipe diameter data dialog with the size list displayed. 2. Click the Add new size button. 3. Clicking the Add new size button opens the Add pipe data section in the Pipe diameter data dialog. 4. Type the pipes nominal size in the Nominal Size field. 5. Type pipes internal diameter in the Internal Diam. field.
Pipes
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6. Type the wall thickness of the pipe in the Wall Thick. field. 7. Click the outside diameter of the pipe in the Outside Diam. field. 8. Type the pipe weight in the Weight field. 9. The values in the Internal Vol. and Surface Area fields are automatically calculated for you. 10. Click the Add new entry button to save the new size data to the database and the size list.
Reversing the Pipe Flow

When you add a pipe to a pipe system, the direction the fluid flows though the pipe always defaults to the direction in which the pipe is drawn. Each pipe in the Drawing pane shows an arrow to indicate the direction of fluid flow. Using the Reverse Pipe Direction button on the tool bar, you can reverse the direction of the pipe and fluid flow. To reverse the fluid flow through a pipe: 1. Click the Reverse Pipe Direction button, direction mode. , on the tool bar, to select reverse pipe
2. Click any pipe in the Drawing pane to reverse the fluid flow. 3. The direction of the arrow on the pipe in the Drawing pane is reversed. 4. Click the Show Item Info button, , to exit the reverse pipe direction mode.
Shutting Off a Pipe in the System

The Shut Off feature can be used to represent actual pipes in the system where the flow is shut off. In Pipe Flow Expert, you can stop the flow of fluid through any pipe in the system by selecting the Open/Close pipe mode and clicking on a pipe in the Drawing pane to close the pipe. With the Shut Off feature, you can evaluate different configuration scenarios within the system when calculating the results. To shut off a pipe in the pipe system: 1. Click the Open/Close Pipe button, , on the tool bar to select open/close pipe mode.
2. Click any pipe in the Drawing pane which you want to shut off, the pipe will be closed. 3. To re-open a pipe, click a closed pipe with the Open/Close cursor. 4. Click the Show Item Info button, , to exit the Open/Close pipe direction mode.
A Closed pipe will be displayed grayed out and dotted on the drawing to indicate that the pipe is no longer part on the functioning system. Note: care must be taken with this feature, as a non-functional system may result from this action and Pipe Flow Expert may not be able analyze the resulting network.
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Using the Default Pipe feature while drawing

In Pipe Flow Expert, you can set the default pipe options for the next pipe to be added to the system by copying the features of the currently selected pipe To set the default pipe options: 1. Select a pipe and click the Set as Default button, , on the pipe pane.
Draw the next pipe in the system. Change the pipe length if necessary. To draw a pipe with different attributes, select another pipe that has the attributes that you require and then set that pipes attributes as the default for pipe drawing, or use the, , button to open the Configuration Options Pipe Settings Tab.
Fittings and Valves
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Fittings and Valves

Fittings can be added at the ends of a pipe or anywhere along a pipe in the pipe system. After adding join points to the pipe system, you can define the specific fittings for the join points and pipes using the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. The Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog contains a list of the fittings available in the fitting database and additional properties specific to a fitting in the system. If a fitting added to a pipe causes a specific pressure loss, you should choose to add the pressure loss by adding a Component to the pipe and then specifying the pressure loss on the Set Component Pressure Loss dialog. If you are adding a fitting near a pump, be sure to consider the orientation of the fitting (whether the fitting is in front of or after the pump). The orientation of the fitting affects the NPSHa (Net Positive Suction Head available) value at the pump inlet. If the fitting is placed after the pump, the NPSHa value at the pump inlet will be higher. If you need to move a fitting, you can move the fitting in the Drawing pane by clicking the Drag and Move Items button on the tool bar and selecting and moving the fitting to a new location in the system. NOTE: Be sure to choose a fitting size that matches the size of the pipe or valve size that is equal or greater than the size of the pipe. For example, if you are using 4 nominal pipe size select either a 100 mm or a 4 inch fitting.
Adding a Fitting to a pipe

To add fittings to a pipe: 1. You can add a fitting using the Add Fittings button on the tool bar or the Add/Change Fittings button in the Pipe Pane. 2. To add a fitting using the Add Fittings tool bar button, click the Add Fittings button, .
3. When you click the Add Fittings button, the fittings symbol is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 4. Click on the pipe on the Drawing pane where you want to add a fitting. 5. Clicking on the pipe opens the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog with a list of all the fittings available in the fitting database displayed in the Fitting Database list. 6. To add a fitting using the Add/Change Fittings button in the Pipe pane, select the pipe to which you want to add a fitting in the Drawing pane. 7. The pipes information is displayed in the Pipe pane. 8. Click the Add/Change Fittings button, .
9. The number of fittings currently on the selected pipe is displayed on the Add/Change Fittings button. Clicking the Add/Change Fittings button opens the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog with a list of all the fittings available in the fitting database displayed in the Fitting Database list.
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Figure 51 Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog
10. Select the fitting you want to add to the pipe from the Fitting Database list. 11. Use the Move to fitting size fields to locate a specific metric or imperial fitting size in the Fitting Database list. 12. If the fitting is not in the Fitting Database list, click the Create new fitting button to add the new fitting to the list. For more information about adding a fitting to the database, see: Adding a Fitting to the Database 13. Click the Add selection to pipe button or double-click the row containing the fitting. 14. The selected fitting is displayed in the Fittings on section of the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. 15. Select the quantity of the fitting you are adding to the pipe from the fittings Qty list in the Fittings on section. 16. To add additional fittings to the pipe, repeat Steps 13 15. 17. Click Save to add the fitting to the pipe, and to close the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. When one or more fittings are added to a pipe, the Include check box is displayed and selected next to the Add/Change Fittings button, . When the Include check box is selected, Pipe Flow Expert includes the data from the fittings on the pipe in the calculations for solving the pipe system. To remove the fittings data from the calculations, clear the Include check box. Information about calculating and solving pipe systems is available in Section: Calculating the System Flow and Pressure.
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Adding a Fitting to the Database

If the fitting you are adding on a pipe does not exist in the fitting database, you can quickly add the fitting to the database and/or pipe by clicking the Create new fitting button or by clicking one of the Calculate K value buttons in the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. Adding a fitting involves selecting a fitting from the fitting database or selecting one of the buttons that represent the fitting from the Calculated K value section, customizing the data to match the new fitting and calculating the fittings K value. A K value represents a local loss coefficient. This value is supplied by the fitting manufacturer. Most fittings have a fixed K value, but some fittings have a K value that needs to be calculated. The Calculated K value section in the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog is used to add fittings with a calculated K value to a pipe system and the fitting database. When you click a fitting button in the Calculated K value section, a dialog opens that contains fields for adding the fitting measurements required to calculate the fittings K value. To add a fitting to the fitting database using the Create new fitting button: 1. Click the Show Item Info button, , on the tool bar.
2. Select a fitting in the Drawing pane to open the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog.
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1. Select the pipe for which you want to create a new fitting in the Drawing pane, and click the Add/Change Fittings button, coefficients dialog. Then 1. Click the Create new fitting button. 2. Clicking the Create new fitting button opens the Create new fitting section in the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. , in the Pipe pane to open the Pipe fitting friction
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Figure 52 Adding a fitting in the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog
3. To change the symbol representing the fitting, click the Change button to open the Choose symbol dialog.
Figure 53 Choose symbol dialog
4. Select the symbol you want to represent the fitting. 5. Click OK to add the symbol to the Symbol field and close the Choose symbol dialog. 6. Type the fitting type name in the Type field. 7. Select the fittings metric size from the Metric list or select the fittings imperial size from the Imperial list.
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8. You only have to enter the metric or imperial fitting size. Pipe Flow Expert automatically populates the other size for you. For example, if you select 32 mm from the Metric list, the imperial equivalent, 1-1/4, automatically appears in the Imperial field. 9. Type a description of the fitting in the Description field. 10. Click the Save this fitting data to list button to add the fitting to the fitting database and Fitting Database list. 11. If you want to add the fitting to the pipe, as well as the fitting database, click the Add this fitting to pipe button to add the new fitting to the pipe. 12. The new fitting is displayed in the Fittings on section of the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. 13. Select the quantity of the fitting you are adding to the pipe from the fittings Qty list in the Fittings on section. 14. Click Save to add the fitting to the pipe, and to close the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog.
To add a fitting to the fitting database using a Calculated K value button: 1. Click the Show Item Info button, , on the tool bar.
2. Select a fitting in the Drawing pane to open the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. 3. Or 4. Select the pipe for which you want to create a new fitting in the Drawing pane, and click the Add/Change Fittings button, coefficients dialog. , in the Pipe pane to open the Pipe fitting friction
5. Click the Calculated K value button that represents the fitting you are adding. Clicking one of the Calculated K value buttons opens the Create new fitting section in the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog, and the K value dialog for the selected button. For example, if you selected the sudden contraction button, the Sudden contraction K value dialog opens.
Figure 54 Sudden Contraction K value
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6. Enter the applicable values in the K value dialog. 7. Click the Calculate button to calculate the fittings K value. 8. The calculated K value is displayed in the K value dialog. 9. When you have the desired K value, click the Create new fitting button to close the K value dialog, and add the calculated K value to the K value field in the Create new fitting section in the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. 10. The Symbol field defaults to the symbol on the Calculated K value button you selected. 11. To change the symbol representing the fitting, click the Change button to open the Choose symbol dialog. 12. Select the symbol you want to represent the fitting. 13. Click OK to add the symbol to the Symbol field and close the Choose symbol dialog. 14. The Type field defaults to the type of fitting associated with the Calculated K value button you selected. 15. To edit the fitting type, type the fitting type name in the Type field. 16. The Metric and Imperial fields default to N/A for fittings with a calculated K value, because the applicable values are entered in the K value dialog. 17. Type a description of the fitting in the Description field. 18. Click the Save this fitting data to list button to add the fitting to the fitting database and Fitting Database list.
If you want to add the fitting to the pipe, instead of the fitting database: 1. Click the Add this fitting to pipe button to add the new fitting to the pipe. 2. The new fitting is displayed in the Fittings on section of the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. 3. Select the quantity of the fitting you are adding to the pipe from the fittings Qty list in the Fittings on section. 4. Click Save to add the fitting to the pipe, and to close the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog.
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Components
Certain components, such as strainers, boilers, heat exchanges, manifolds etc. cause a pressure loss in a system. In Pipe Flow Expert you can enter two types of pressure loss for components fixed pressure loss or pressure loss specified by a data curve. Pressure loss for components are entered and maintained on the Set Component Pressure Loss dialog. The pressure loss defined for a component can be saved to a .pfco file. This file provides a way to share the pressure loss data for a component, and quickly enter the pressure loss data when the same type of component is used again in the pipe system or a future pipe system. The .pfco file also provides a quick and easy way to evaluate different components with pressure loss in the pipe system to determine how each one affects the system. Currently in Pipe Flow Expert, you can only add one component pressure loss to each pipe. If there is more than one component on a pipe that causes a pressure loss, you can break up the applicable pipe into the number of pieces corresponding with the number of components causing a pressure loss. For example, if you have a pipe that is 100 feet long with two components causing a pressure loss, you can break the pipe into two pieces, each 50 feet long, and add one of the component pressure losses to each piece. How you divide a pipe does not matter, only the total length of the pieces added together matters so that if the pipe is supposed to be 100 feet long, then the lengths of the pieces need to add up to 100 feet. NOTE: Be sure to enter the value for the pressure loss properties in the units displayed next to the field. For example, if you are using imperial units, and psi.g for pounds per square inch is displayed next to the Fixed Loss field, enter the value in pounds per square inch.
Adding a Component with a pressure loss

To add a components pressure loss to a pipe: 1. You can add the pressure loss using the Add Component Pressure Loss button on the toolbar or the Add/Change Component Pressure Loss button in the Pipe Pane. 2. To add a pressure loss using the Add Component Pressure Loss tool bar button, click the Add Component Pressure Loss button, . 3. When you click the Add Component Pressure Loss button, the pressure loss symbol is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 4. Click on the pipe on the Drawing pane where you want to add a component pressure loss. 5. Clicking on the pipe opens the Set Component Pressure Loss dialog. 6. To add a pressure loss using the Add/Change Component Pressure Loss button in the Pipe pane, select the pipe to which you want to add a pressure loss in the Drawing pane. 7. The pipes information is displayed in the Pipe pane. 8. Click the Add/Change Component Pressure Loss button, .
9. The number of component pressure losses currently on the selected pipe is displayed on the Add/Change Component Pressure Loss button. Clicking the Add/Change Component Pressure Loss button opens the Set Component Pressure Loss dialog. 10. To add a components pressure loss data from an existing .pfco file, click the Load From File button, select the applicable .pfco file, click Open, edit the applicable fields, and then click the OK button.
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Figure 55 Set Component Pressure Loss dialog
11. Type the name of the component pressure loss in the Component Name field. 12. Select the Fixed Loss option, if the components pressure loss is a fixed pressure loss, and type the fixed pressure loss value. 13. Select the Curve Loss option, if the components pressure loss is based on a data curve. 14. Click the Pressure Loss Scroll Up or Scroll Down button to select the component pressure loss image you want displayed on the pipe system drawing. 15. The image you select does not affect any of the components pressure loss properties or values. 16. Select the applicable units for the component pressure loss curve from the Curve Loss flow and head lists. 17. The left Curve Loss column represents the fluids flow values, and the right Curve Loss column represents the fluid head or pressure loss values. 18. Determine which points in the components pressure loss data curve, provided by the component manufacturer, that you want to include in the components pressure loss curve, and type the flow and head values for each of these points in the Curve Loss table. 19. Add a minimum of three and maximum of eight points in the Curve Loss table. After adding three curve points to the table, you can have Pipe Flow Expert calculate the remaining points by clicking the Generate Curve button. 20. Click OK to save and add the component pressure loss data to the pipe. The pressure loss data you enter can be saved to a .pfco file by clicking the Save To File button. By saving the data to a .pfco file, you can reuse the components pressure loss data for other pipes in the pipe system or future pipe systems. When a component pressure loss is added to a pipe, the Include check box is displayed and selected next to the Add/Change Component Pressure Loss button, . When the Include
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check box is selected, Pipe Flow Expert includes the data from the component pressure loss on the pipe in the calculations for solving the pipe system. To remove the component pressure loss data from the calculations, clear the Include check box. Information about calculating and solving pipe systems is available in Section: Calculating the System Flow and Pressure.
Flow Controls
A flow control determines the required flow rate for the fluid in a pipe. NOTE: Be sure to enter the value in the Set Flow To field for the flow control in the units displayed next to the field. For example, if you are using imperial units, and ft3/sec for cubic feet per second is displayed next to the field, enter the value in cubic feet per second.
Adding a Flow Control

To add a flow control to a pipe: 1. You can add a flow control using the Add Flow Control button on the tool bar or the Add/Change Flow Control button in the Pipe Pane. 2. To add a flow control using the Add Flow Control tool bar button, click the Add Flow Control button, . 3. When you click the Add Flow Control button, the flow control symbol is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 4. Click on the pipe on the Drawing pane where you want to add a flow control. 5. Clicking on the pipe opens the Flow Control dialog. 6. To add a flow control using the Add/Change Flow Control button in the Pipe pane, select the pipe to which you want to add a flow control in the Drawing pane. 7. The pipes information is displayed in the Pipe pane. 8. Click the Add/Change Flow Control button, .
9. The number of flow controls currently on the selected pipe is displayed on the Add/Change Flow Control button. Clicking the Add/Change Flow Control button opens the Set Flow Control dialog.
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Figure 56 Set Flow Control dialog
10. Type the name of the flow control in the Name field. 11. Type the required flow rate for the fluid in the pipe in the Set Flow To field. 12. Click OK to add the flow control to the pipe. When a flow control is added to a pipe, the Include check box is displayed and selected next to the Add/Change Flow Control button, . When the Include check box is selected, Pipe Flow Expert includes the data from the flow controls on the pipe in the calculations for solving the pipe system. To remove the flow control data from the calculations, clear the Include check box. Information about calculating and solving pipe systems is available in Section: Calculating the System Flow and Pressure.
Pumps
A pump can be added to any pipe, except a pipe that contains a flow control component. Options are provided to choose how the pump should be modeled: ! ! ! A Fixed Flow Rate Pump A Fixed Head / Pressure Rise Pump A Fixed Speed Pump (with a flow versus head performance curve)
A pumps properties, including its pump curve, are defined and graphed in the Pump Data dialog. The Pump Curve Graph section of the Pump Data dialog provides an interactive graph that allows you to determine which elements of the graph are displayed, and to map and calculate pump values for different points in the graph, including the pumps NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head requirement) and efficiency percentage. You can also save the data associated with a Pump to a .pfpm file. This file provides a way to share the pump data, and quickly load the pump data when the same type of pump is used again in the pipe system or a future pipe system. Saving and loading pump data also provides a quick and easy way to evaluate different pumps at a specific point in the pipe system to determine how each one affects the system.
Pumps NOTE: Be sure to enter the value for the pumps properties in the units displayed next to the field. For example, if you are using metric units, and m for meter is displayed next to a field, enter the pump value in meters.
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Adding a Pump
To add a pump to a pipe: 1. You can add a pump using the Add Pump button on the tool bar or the Add/Change Pump button in the Pipe Pane. 2. To add a fitting using the Add Pump tool bar button, click the Add Pump button, .
3. When you click the Add Pump button, the pump symbol is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 4. Click on the pipe on the Drawing pane where you want to add a pump. 5. You can only add a pump to a pipe in the system. Clicking on the pipe opens a Confirm dialog.
Figure 57 Add Pipe Confirm dialog
6. Click Yes when asked, Do you want to enter the pump data now? 7. Clicking Yes adds the pump to the system, and opens the Pump Data dialog. Choose the Pump Type to be modeled. If the Fixed Speed pump option is selected then use the Pump Data dialog to define the pumps properties and pump curve. 8. To add a pump using the Add/Change Pump button in the Pipe pane, select the pipe to which you want to add a pump in the Drawing pane. 9. The pipes information is displayed in the Pipe pane. 10. Click the Add/Change Pump button, .
11. The number of pumps currently on the selected pipe is displayed on the Add/Change Pump button. Clicking the Add/Change Pump button opens the Pump Data dialog. Use the Pump Data dialog to define the pumps properties and pump curve.
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Figure 58 Pump Data dialog
12. Type the pumps name in the Name field.
13. To add a pumps data using an existing .pfpm file, click the Load File button, select the applicable .pfpm file, click Open, edit the applicable fields, and then click the Save button. 14. Type the pumps number of rotations per minute (rpm) in the Speed field. 15. The Distance Along Pipe and at Elevation fields are automatically populated. The value in the Distance Along Pipe field is determined by where you added the pump along the pipe (the distance from start of the pipe). The value in the at Elevation field is the pipes elevation at the start of the pipe. 16. Click the Pump Scroll Up or Scroll Down button to select the pump image you want displayed on the pipe system drawing. 17. The image you select does not affect any of the pumps properties or values. 18. Type the beginning percentage in the From field and the ending percentage in the To field for the pumps best efficiency point percentage range. 19. Select the applicable units for the pump curve from the Flow and Head lists. 20. Determine which points in the graph, provided by the pump manufacturer, that you want to include on the Pump Curve graph, and enter the head, efficiency and NPSHr values for each of these points in the Pump Curve section of the Pump Data dialog. 21. Add a minimum of four and maximum of 10 points to the Pump Curve section. 22. Click the Save button to save the pump curve data.
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The pump data you enter can be saved to a .pfpm file by clicking the Save to File button. By saving the data to a .pfpm file, you can reuse the pump data for other pumps in the pipe system or future pipe systems. When a pump is added to a pipe, the Include check box is displayed and selected next to the Add/Change Pump button, . When the Include check box is selected, Pipe Flow Expert includes the data from the pumps on the pipe in the calculations for solving the pipe system. To remove the pump data from the calculations, clear the Include check box. Information about calculating and solving pipe systems is available in Section: Calculating the System Flow and Pressure.
Working with the Pump Curve Graph

Once a pipes data is added, you can view an interactive graphical representation of the data using the Pump Curve Graph section of the Pump Data dialog. To create and view the Pump Curve Graph: 1. With the Pump Data dialog still open, click the Draw Graph button to generate and display the Pump Curve graph in the dialog. 2. Select the check boxes for the elements you want displayed on the graph in the Graph Options section. 3. Clear the check boxes for the elements that you do not want displayed on the graph. 4. When you select a check box, the element appears on the graph. When you clear a check box, the element is removed from the graph. 5. To view the pumps NPSHr, efficiency percentage or power horsepower for a specific flow rate, type the flow rate in the Flow field in the Show Point For section. 6. To view the pumps NPSHr efficiency percentage or power horsepower for a specific pump head value, type the head value in the Head field in the Show Point For section. 7. Click the Calculate button. 8. The calculated NPSHr, efficiency percentage, and power horsepower for the entered flow rate or head value are displayed in the Show Point For section, and the point is mapped on the Pump Curve graph. The point is represented by a green dot on the graph. 9. Type any notes relevant to the pump and/or Pump Curve graph in the Notes field. 10. To print a snapshot of the data and graph displayed in the Pump Data dialog, click the Print button.
Adding a Fixed Flow Rate Pump

If the performance curve for a pump is not available, the analysis of the pipeline system can be carried out using a fixed value for the pump flow rate. See the note about limitations of a fixed flow rate pump option. To model a fixed flow rate pump condition: 1. Add a pump to a pipe.
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Pipe Flow Expert User Guide 2. Select the Fixed Flow Rate Set to. option. 3. Enter the flow rate required and the flow rate units. 4. Click the Save button to save the pump flow rate data to the pipe.
Figure 59 Fixed Flow Rate Pump
The system can now be solved, using the fixed flow rate from the pump.
Note about fixed flow rate pumps

Since the flow rate of the pump is fixed, the addition of multiple fixed flow rate pumps may produce a system where the in flow and out flow of a particular node are not the same and this would result in an invalid system where a flow balance could never be achieved. The fixed flow rate pump cannot adjust to give a flow / pressure balance within the system so some other part of the system must be allowed to vary. If flow control valves are used, at least one flow path must have no control device fitted. If all flow paths are controlled, it will not be possible to solve the system, and in this case the system is termed over-controlled. If the flow rate along all paths are to be determined, at least one path must have no flow control valves fitted. The flow rate along this path will be set to the difference between the total flow in all other paths and the flow rate produced by the fixed flow rate pump. Flow control valves need to have a positive pressure at their inlet sufficient to meet the ongoing system pressure loss and the pressure head that the flow control valve needs to introduce to achieve a balance within the pipe system. If this positive pressure cannot be achieved, it will not be possible to solve the system.
Adding a Fixed Head / Pressure Rise Pump

If the performance curve for a pump is not available, the analysis of the pipeline system can be carried out using a fixed value for the pump head / pressure rise to be added by the pump. To model a fixed head / pressure rise pump condition: 1. Add a pump to a pipe. 2. Select the Fixed Head / Pressure Rise. option.
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3. Enter the head / pressure to be added and select the head / pressure units. 4. Click the Save button to save the pump head / pressure data to the pipe.
Figure 60 Fixed Head / Pressure Pump
The system can now be solved, using the fixed head / pressure added by the pump.
Example Pumps (with Flow versus Head curve)

When working with a variable speed pump the flow and head produced by the pump will differ as its operating speed is changed. The pump curve (flow versus head) for a specific operating speed can be modeled within Pipe Flow Expert as a single pump. In order to model all of the operating speeds of a particular pump the user is required to input the data for the pump curve related to each specific pump speed and this can then be saved as a separate set of pump data. Therefore in order to completely model a variable speed pump, the user will define a number of distinct pumps, each one representing the variable speed pump running at a specific speed. The user can then analyze their system with a pump running a particular speed by loading the chosen pump data and then calculating and solving the system. If the solution is not as required a new set of pump data can be loaded and the system can be re-solved. Similarly, a user may wish to analyze a system and see the operating results when different fixed speed pumps are used at various points in the pipe network. This can be modeled in the same manner by defining the pump operating curve for each fixed speed pump and then saving and loading the chosen pump data as required before calculating and solving the system. A set of sample pump files are included under the folder ExamplePumps which exists in the folder where the program is installed. These pumps can be loaded and used to experiment with the results that are produced by using different pump operating data. This data is provided solely as example data and is not related to any specific pump manufacturer. The sample file PFE_1000-175.pfpm has a best operating point of 1000 US gpm at a fluid head of 175 ft. The other sample pump files are named in a similar manner to outline the pump performance at the best operating point. Most pump manufacturers supply graphs that detail the operating performance of their pumps and these can easily be read off at various intervals so that the data can then be entered and stored as a pump within Pipe Flow Expert.
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Note: When including a pump in a pipe network it may be such that the operating parameters of the pump are outside of the required operating parameters that will produce a solution to the system. For example, the pipe network may need to overcome a particular resistance due to friction, fittings or elevation change, however the chosen pump may not be able to meet the pressure/head demands to do this. When this occurs the system cannot be solved and this will be reported by the program. Another situation that may result in an unsolvable system include a network where the out flow demands cannot be met by the current pump, i.e. the pump cannot produce enough flow for the current network design. Again the program will inform the user where this is the case, and it is in these scenarios that it may be useful to load different sample pump data to determine the impact of using a pump with different operating parameters.
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Demand Flows
A demand in-flow or demand out-flow can be set at any join point in the system, or at the end of a single pipe if flow is entering or leaving the system at that point. A demand can also be the pressure required at an end node, however a node cannot have both a demand flow and a demand pressure. A demand flow is the volume of fluid required to flow into and/or out of the system at a join point. Demand flows may also be used to specify the required flow rate at the end of a pipe where fluid is flowing out of the system, or to specify the flow rate at the end of a pipe where fluid is entering the system. A pipe can have a demand flow or a demand pressure at the end of a pipe but it cannot have both. Demand flows can be added to a join point from the Node pane or the Drawing pane. Demand flow values are set on the Set Flow Demands dialog. The demand flows are then shown at the appropriate node on the Drawing pane. NOTE: Be sure to enter the value for the required fluid flow rate in the units displayed next to the 3 field. For example, if you are using imperial units, and ft /sec for cubic feet per second is displayed next to the In Flow and Out Flow fields, enter the value in cubic feet per second.
Adding a Demand Flow at a join point

To add a demand flow to a join point in the pipe system: 1. Click the Add Demand (Flow) button, , on the tool bar.
2. When you click the Add Demand (Flow) button, the demand flow symbol is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Click on the join point on the Drawing pane where you want to add a demand flow. 4. The Set Flow Demands dialog opens. 5. To add a demand flow from the Node pane, select a join point in the Drawing pane to display the join points properties in the Node pane, and click one of the Edit buttons in the Node pane to open the Set Flow Demands dialog. Both Edit buttons in the Node pane open the Set Flow Demands dialog.
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6. Type the required flow rate for the fluid flowing into the join point in the In Flow field, if applicable. 7. Type the required flow rate for the fluid flowing out of the join point in the Out Flow field, if applicable. 8. Click OK to add the join points demand flow.
Demand Pressures
A demand pressure can only be set at exit points from the system, i.e. the boundaries or end nodes. A demand pressure, referred to as an end pressure in the Node pane, is the required pressure demand at the end of a pipe when the fluid is discharged. For example, in a fire sprinkler system, each sprinkler head has a required pressure. To show the fluid exiting the pipe system, a demand pressure is drawn and the required pressure set for each sprinkler head. Demand pressures can only be set at the end of a pipe that does not join into anything else. A pipe can have a demand flow or a demand pressure at the end of a pipe but it cannot have both.
Adding a Demand Pressure at an end node

To add a demand pressure to an end node: 1. Click the Add Demand (Pressure) button, , on the tool bar.
2. When you click the Add Demand (Pressure) button, the demand pressure symbol is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Click on the end of a pipe on the Drawing pane where you want to add a demand pressure. 4. Click Yes when asked Do you wish to change the type of node to an end demand pressure? 5. The demand pressure is added to the pipe system, and is selected on the Drawing pane. Define the demand pressures properties in the Node pane.
Figure 62 Node pane for end pressures
Demands 6. Type the demand pressures name in the Node field. 7. End Pressure is automatically selected in the Type list.
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8. Click the Demand Pressure Scroll Up or Scroll Down button to select the demand pressure image you want displayed on the pipe system drawing. 9. The image you select does not affect any of the demand pressures properties or values. 10. Type the required pressure for the end of the pipe in the Pressure field. 11. Type the elevation at the demand pressure in the Elevation field. 12. Type any applicable notes regarding the demand pressure in the Notes field. 13. To add additional demand pressures to the system, repeat Steps 3 12.
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Text Items
Text items allow you to add free text labels at any position on the pipe system drawing. These are useful for annotating a system during and after the design process and provide an easy and clear way to provide additional details about specific items on the drawing. Using the Add Text button, , on the tool bar, you can add text to the drawing and/or modify text that has been previously added.
Adding Text to the drawing

To add and/or modify text: 1. Click the Add Text button, , on the tool bar.
2. A circle will appear at the top left of any text that has been previously added. 3. To modify previously added text click this circle to display the Add Free Text Label dialog. 4. To add new text click in a clear space on the drawing pane to display the Add Free Text Label dialog.
Figure 63 Add Free Text Label Dialog
5. Enter or amend the text, choose the color, size, style and angle for the text. 6. Click OK to place the text on the drawing at the position that was clicked. 7. Click Delete to remove the text from the drawing. To move the individual text to a new position, use the Drag and Move menu button to highlight all items on the drawing. Select a highlighted item of text, and while holding down the left mouse button, drag the text to its new position on the drawing. The text may also be moved as part of a selected group. Use the selection tool to enclose the items to be moved, and include the top left area of any text to be moved.
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Viewing, Modifying, and Deleting Items

Pipe Flow Expert comes with a number of tools for viewing and modifying a pipe system from the drawing pane. The units and labeling options selected in the Configuration Options dialog determine which values are displayed on the pipe system in the Drawing pane. Additional details can be viewed for components by clicking the Show Item Info button, component in the Drawing pane. , on the tool bar and selecting a specific
The following sub-sections describe zooming, viewing, panning, modifying and moving items on the drawing.
Zooming in or Out in the Drawing Pane

The zoom function in Pipe Flow Expert provides the ability to view a pipe system up close or to see more of the pipe system at a reduced size. The zoom function can also be used as part of the printing process. When you print a pipe system in Pipe Flow Expert, only the visible part of image, what is currently displayed in the Drawing pane, is printed. The zoom function helps you define how much of a system is printed. If your mouse has a scroll button, you can also use the scroll button to zoom in and out in the Drawing pane. Scroll up to zoom out, and scroll down to zoom in. To zoom in or out in the Drawing pane: 1. Click the Zoom Out button, , on the tool bar to view the system farther out in the Drawing pane. For example, if you are viewing a large pipe system and you want to see the system in its entirety, you can click the Zoom Out button until you can see the whole system in the Drawing pane. 2. Click a zoom percentage from the Zoom list on the tool bar to zoom in or out in the Drawing pane. 3. Click the Zoom In button, , on the tool bar to magnify the system in the Drawing pane.
Viewing the whole System in the Drawing Pane

As you are working with a pipe system, you may need to view the whole of the system. To scale a pipe system to fit in the visible Drawing pane, click the Zoom drawing to fit on screen button, , on the tool bar.
Panning a System in the Drawing Pane

The pan function in Pipe Flow Expert provides the ability to move an entire pipe system in the Drawing pane, without making any changes to the pipe system components, or to pan a pipe system to quickly view different areas of the system in the Drawing pane.
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To move or pan a pipe system in the Drawing pane: 1. Click the Pan the drawing button, , on the tool bar.
2. When you click the Pan the drawing button, the hand symbol is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Click and hold down the left mouse button anywhere in the Drawing pane. 4. Drag the pipe system to where you want to move it. 5. Release the left mouse button when you are done moving or panning the pipe system.
Viewing and Modifying System Data

Using the Network Data - Grid View button, , on the tool bar, you can view and/or modify the specific details about any Pipe, Tank, End pressure or Join Point in the system. To view the Network Data and modify system data: 1. Click the Network Data Grid View button, , on the tool bar.
2. The information about the elements of your system will be displayed in a table.
Figure 64 Network Data Grid view
3. Click the tab for Pipes, Tanks, End Pressures or Join Points. 4. Select the cell that contains the data you want to edit. 5. Enter the new text or value. Note: The changes will be applied immediately and the drawing will be updated. An Undo option is not available for this feature to reverse the amendments; the original data must be re-entered. 6. The information about the elements of your system can be saved to an Excel spreadsheet file or exported directly to a new Excel spreadsheet.
Calculations and Results 7. Click OK Changes complete to return to drawing mode.
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Individual Item Viewing and Modifying

Using the Show Item Info button, , on the tool bar, you can view and/or modify the specific details about any component in a pipe system. Depending on the type of component you select, clicking a component in the Drawing either displays the components information in the Node or Pipe pane, or opens up the dialog specific to the selected component. To view and modify an individual item: 1. Click the Show Item Info button, , on the tool bar.
2. When you click the Show Item Info button, SHOW is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Click the component you want to view and/or edit in the Drawing pane. 4. When you select a tank, join point, or demand pressure, its details are displayed, and can be edited in the Node pane. 5. When you select a demand flow, the Set Flow Demands dialog opens, and you can view and edit the demand flows values.
6. When you select a pipe, the pipes details are displayed, and can be edited in the Pipe pane. To view and edit a pipes material and/or size, click the Diam? or Material buttons in the Pipe pane to open the Pipe diameter data dialog. 7. When you select a fitting, , the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog opens. You can view and edit all fittings on the pipe containing the fitting you selected in the Drawing pane. You can also select a pipe in the Drawing pane, and then click the Add/Change Fittings button, coefficients dialog. , in the Pipe pane to open the Pipe fitting friction
8. When you select a component pressure loss, , the Set Component Pressure Loss dialog opens, and you can view and edit the components pressure loss values. You can also select a pipe in the Drawing pane, and then click the Add/Change Component Pressure Loss button, Component Pressure Loss dialog. , in the Pipe pane to open the Set
9. When you select a flow control, , the Set Flow Control dialog opens, and you can view and edit the flow controls values. You can also select a pipe in the Drawing pane, and then click the Add/Change Flow Control button, the Set Flow Control dialog. , in the Pipe pane to open
10. When you select a pump, , the Pump Data dialog opens, and you can view and edit the pumps properties. You can also select a pipe in the Drawing pane, and then click the Add/Change Pump button, , in the Pipe pane to open the Pump Data dialog.
Moving Components in a System

In Pipe Flow Expert, you can move sections of a pipe system by dragging a node or a group of components to another place in the drawing, and you can move individual components on a pipe to a different location along the same pipe. You can also cut, copy, and paste pipes and nodes to move pipes and nodes in the system.
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Using the Drag and Move Items button, , on the tool bar, you can move a node, and all the components connected to the node, or you can move individual components on a pipe in the Drawing pane. Using the Selection tool button, , on the tool bar, you can move nodes or groups of components in the Drawing pane. To move system components using the Drag and Move Items button: 1. Click the Drag and Move Items button, , on the tool bar. 2. When you click the Drag and Move Items button, each of the pipe systems components are highlighted in the Drawing pane. MOVE is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Click the component you want to move and hold down the left mouse button in the Drawing pane. 4. Drag the component where you want to move it. 5. Release the left mouse button when you are done moving the component. When you move components using the Drag and Move Items button, the values for the moved components do not change. If you want to change the value of a moved component, such as pipe length, the value needs to be manually updated in Pipe Flow Expert.
To move system components using the Selection tool: 1. Click the Selection tool button, , on the tool bar.
2. When you click the Selection tool button, the selection icon is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Draw a box around the node or group of components you want to move in the Drawing pane. 4. To draw a box, click where you want to start the box in the Drawing pane and hold down the left mouse button, then drag the mouse until you have drawn the box. 5. Release the left mouse button. 6. Click in the box and hold down the left mouse button, then drag the box to the new location in the Drawing pane. Moving the box automatically moves the node or group of components within the box. 7. Release the left mouse button, and right-click when you are done moving the component. When you move components using the Selection tool button, the values for the components that are moved do not change. If you want to change the value of a moved component, such as pipe length, the value needs to be manually updated in Pipe Flow Expert.
Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Nodes and Pipes in a System

Nodes (tanks, demand pressures, or join points) and the connecting pipes can be cut, copied or pasted in the Drawing pane. A pipe cannot exist unless it is connected between two nodes. When you cut a node from a pipe system in the Drawing pane, any pipes that have one end connected to a selected node but which are not linked at the other end to another selected node (i.e. the pipe is not fully contained within the selection rectangle), will be permanently removed from the system (and the components on those deleted pipes will also be removed from the system).
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When you paste a group of objects on to the Drawing pane, these items will initially appear slightly offset from the position of the original copy operation. The group of objects will be contained in a selection rectangle, to allow the objects to be moved to a new position. Once the selected items have been positioned, click the right mouse button to complete the paste operation. If you try to paste a node over the top of an existing node or an existing pipe, the paste action will be disallowed. NOTE: A cut, copy, or paste action in the Drawing pane cannot be undone. To cut, copy, and paste nodes and pipes in the Drawing pane: 1. Click the Selection tool button, , on the tool bar.
2. When you click the Selection tool button, the selection icon is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Draw a box around the pipes and nodes you want to cut or copy in the Drawing pane. To draw a box, click where you want to start the box in the Drawing pane and hold down the left mouse button, then drag the mouse until you have drawn the box and then release the left mouse button. 4. To cut the nodes and pipes, click the Cut button, , on the tool bar or select Edit | Cut Any pipes which have one end connected to a selected node but are not linked at the other end to another selected node, will be permanently removed from the system. 5. After clicking the Cut button or selecting Edit | Cut, a message asking if you are sure you wish to cut the nodes and all pipes that connect to these nodes will be displayed. 6. Click Yes. 7. You may wish to copy rather than cut a set of selected items. To copy the nodes and pipes, click the Copy button, , on the toolbar or select Edit | Copy. 8. Click the Paste button, , on the tool bar or select Edit | Paste to paste the cut or copied nodes and pipes to the Drawing pane. 9. When you paste nodes and pipes to the Drawing pane, these items will be pasted slightly offset from the position of the original copy operation. The group of new objects will be contained in a selection rectangle. 10. Click in the box and hold down the left mouse button, then drag the objects to their new location in the Drawing pane. 11. Release the left mouse button, to allow the objects to locate on the drawing grid. 12. Click the right mouse button to complete the paste operation.
Copying between drawings

The Selection tool button, , allows a group of nodes and pipes to be copied, as described in the previous section. It is possible to use the group copy and the paste feature to transfer a group of nodes and pipes from one drawing to another drawing. Nodes and pipes on the current drawing are selected and copied. A new grid is chosen or different drawing is opened. The Paste button, , can be used to place the copied nodes and pipes on to the new drawing.
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Using the Undo and Redo Functions

When you add a single pipe or a single node in the Drawing pane, you can undo the add pipe or node action to remove the pipe or node from the Drawing pane. If you change your mind about an undo action, you can redo the pipe or node in the Drawing pane. To undo an add pipe or node action in the Drawing pane, click the Undo button, or select Edit | Undo. To redo an undo action in the Drawing pane, click the Redo button, | Redo. , on the tool bar
, on the tool bar or select Edit
NOTE: If you added new components, such as fittings or flow demands, to a pipe or node, and you then click the Undo button or select Edit | Undo, and then click the Redo button or select Edit | Redo, then the pipe or node will be re-added to the Drawing pane without the components. When you use the undo action for a pipe or node with components, any components that were not drawn as part of the default pipe are permanently removed from the pipe.
Deleting Components in a System

Individual components or groups of components can be deleted from a pipe system in the Drawing pane. When you delete a node from a pipe system in the Drawing pane, all the pipes connected to the node, and the components on those pipes, are deleted from the system. When you delete an individual pipe, all the components on the pipe are also deleted. Nodes (tanks, demand pressures, or join points), individual pipes, and groups of components are deleted from a pipe system using the Delete button, , on the tool bar. Other pipe system components are deleted on the dialog associated with that component. For example, fittings on a pipe are deleted from the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. NOTE: Deletions in the Drawing pane cannot be undone.
Deleting a Node or Pipe

To delete a node or pipe from a pipe system: 1. Click the Show Item Info button, , on the tool bar.
2. Click the node or pipe you want to delete in the Drawing pane. 3. You can also select a node or pipe for deletion by using the Selection tool button, on the tool bar. 4. Click the Delete button, , on the tool bar or select Edit | Delete. ,
5. If you are deleting a node, the message, Are you sure you wish to delete the current highlighted node and all pipes that connect to the highlighted node?, is displayed after clicking the Delete button or selecting Edit | Delete. 6. If you are deleting a pipe, the message, Are you sure you wish to delete the current highlighted pipe?, is displayed after clicking the Delete button or selecting Edit | Delete. 7. Click Yes. 8. The selected node or pipe is deleted. When you delete a node, all pipes and components connected to the node are deleted. When you delete a pipe, all components on the pipe are deleted with the pipe.
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Deleting a Group of Components

To delete a group of components from a pipe system: 1. Click the Selection tool button, , on the tool bar.
2. When you click the Selection tool button, the selection icon is displayed next to your mouse pointer when the pointer is in the Drawing pane. 3. Draw a box around the group of components that you want to delete in the Drawing pane. 4. To draw a box, click where you want to start the box in the Drawing pane and hold down the left mouse button, then drag the mouse until you have drawn the box. 5. Release the left mouse button. 6. Click the Delete button, , on the tool bar or select Edit | Delete.
7. The message, Are you sure you wish to delete the selected nodes and all pipes that connect to these nodes?, is displayed after clicking the Delete button or selecting Edit | Delete. 8. Click Yes. 9. The selected nodes and all the pipes and their components that are connected to the nodes are deleted.
Deleting a Demand Flow

To delete a demand flow from a pipe system: 1. Click the Show Item Info button, , on the tool bar.
2. Click the node containing the demand flow that you want to delete in the Drawing pane. 3. Click one of the Edit buttons in the Node pane to open the Set Demand Flow dialog. 4. If the In Flow field contains a value other than 0.000, type 0. 5. If the Out Flow field contains a value other than 0.000, type 0. 6. Click OK to save your changes and close the Set Demand Flow dialog. 7. The demand flow icon and value are removed from the selected node in the Drawing pane.
Deleting Fittings
To delete a fitting from a pipe system: 1. Click the Show Item Info button, 2. Click the fitting symbol, the Drawing pane. , on the tool bar.
, on the pipe containing the fitting that you want to delete in
3. Clicking the fitting symbol opens the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog with all the fittings on the pipe listed in the Fittings on section.
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4. You can also select the pipe containing the fitting that you want to delete in the Drawing pane, and then click the Add/Change Fittings button, the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. , in the Pipe pane to open
5. Select the row containing the fitting that you want to delete in the Fittings on section. 6. Click the Delete button, pipe. , next to the row to delete the fitting(s) from the selected
7. Click the Save button in the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog to save your changes and close the Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog. 8. If you deleted all the fittings on the pipe, the fittings symbol on the selected pipe is deleted in the Drawing pane.
Deleting a Component Pressure Loss

To delete a components pressure loss from a pipe system: 1. Click the Show Item Info button, , on the tool bar.
2. Click the component pressure loss symbol, , on the pipe containing the component pressure loss that you want to delete in the Drawing pane. 3. Clicking the component pressure loss symbol opens the Set Component Pressure Loss dialog. 4. You can also select the pipe containing the component pressure loss that you want to delete in the Drawing pane, and then click the Add/Change Component Pressure Loss button, dialog. , in the Pipe pane to open the Set Component Pressure Loss
5. If you want to save and reuse the component pressure loss data for other pipes in the pipe system or future pipe systems, be sure to click the Save To File button and save the pressure loss data to a .pfco file before deleting the component pressure loss from the selected pipe. 6. Click the Delete button. 7. The message, Are you sure you wish to delete the component and its data from this pipe?, is displayed after clicking the Delete button. 8. Click Yes. 9. The component pressure loss icon and values are removed from the pipe in the Drawing pane.
Deleting a Flow Control

To delete a flow control from a pipe system: 1. Click the Show Item Info button, 2. Click the flow control symbol, to delete in the Drawing pane. , on the tool bar.
, on the pipe containing the flow control that you want
3. Clicking the flow control symbol opens the Set Fixed Pressure Loss dialog.
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4. You can also select the pipe containing the flow control that you want to delete in the Drawing pane, and then click the Add/Change Flow Control button, pane to open the Set Flow Control dialog. 5. Click the Delete button. 6. The flow control icon and value are removed from the pipe in the Drawing pane. , in the Pipe
Deleting a Pump
To delete a pump from a pipe system: 1. Click the Show Item Info button, 2. Click the pump symbol, the Drawing pane. , on the tool bar.
, on the pipe containing the pump that you want to delete in
3. Clicking the pump symbol opens the Pump Data dialog. 4. You can also select the pipe containing the pump that you want to delete in the Drawing pane, and then click the Add/Change Pump button, Pump Data dialog. , in the Pipe pane to open the
5. If you want to save and reuse the pump data for other pumps in the pipe system or future pipe systems, be sure to click the Save To File button and save the pump data to a .pfpm file before deleting the pump from the selected pipe. 6. Click the Delete button. 7. The message, Are you sure you wish to delete the pump and all pump data from this pipe?, is displayed after clicking the Delete button. 8. Click Yes. 9. The pump icon and value are removed from the pipe in the Drawing pane.

Once you have finished constructing a pipe system, you can calculate or solve the system to determine whether the system is valid. If the system is valid, the calculated values for the systems flow and pressure are displayed in the Drawing pane and the Result tables. The calculated values displayed in the Drawing pane are determined by the options selected on the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog. The Result tables contain all the calculated values for the pipe system. When you calculate a pipe system, a log is generated and displayed on the Results Log dialog. If a pipe system cannot be solved, the log offers some suggestions as to why the system cannot be solved. To calculate the balanced results for a pipe system in the Drawing pane, click the Calculate button. The Include check boxes in the Pipe pane allow you to include or exclude the fittings, fixed pressure losses, flow controls, and pumps when solving the system. The check boxes allow you to view and re-run the system calculations without having to delete and re-add the components to the system. Select an Include check box to include a components values in a systems calculations. Clear an Include check box to exclude a components values from a systems calculations.
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Calculating and Solving a System

To calculate and solve a system: 1. Open the .pfe file for the pipe system you want to calculate in Pipe Flow Expert. 2. The pipe system is displayed in the Drawing pane. In order to calculate a systems values, the pipe system must be open in the Drawing pane. 3. Click the Calculate button on the tool bar. 4. The system results are calculated and the Results Log dialog is shown.
Figure 65 Result Log dialog
If the pipe system is solved, the message, The network was solved successfully., is displayed in the Results Log dialog. If the pipe system is not solved, the log offers some suggestions as to why the system could not be solved, and the message The network was not solved. See log details above. is displayed in the Results Log dialog. When this happens, review the log and click OK to return to the Drawing pane in design mode. Make the necessary changes to the system to resolve the errors in the system, and click the Calculate button on the tool bar to recalculate the revised system. To view the detailed Results Table: 1. Click Yes in the Results Log dialog to open the Results Tables.
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Figure 66 Results Tables
Or To view the results on the drawing: 1. Click No to close the Results Log dialog. The pipe system is displayed in the Drawing pane with some of the calculated values.
Figure 67 Pipe Flow Expert interface in Results mode
Move the cursor over an item on the drawing to view the items details in the Hint pane.
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To open the Results Tables dialog, click the Results button on the tool bar. To reopen the Results Log dialog, click the Show Log button on the tool bar. To change the system design, click the Redesign button on the tool bar.
Configuring the System Results

Once a pipe system is calculated and solved, the calculated results are displayed with the pipe system in the Drawing pane. The options selected on the Labeling tab of the Configuration Options dialog determine which result values are displayed in the Drawing pane. By default, the calculated flow and pressure values are displayed for each pipe in the system. You can also reconfigure the units for the pipe system results on the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog. You can access the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog by selecting Specify Units from the Units menu, or clicking the Choose Units button, clicking the Choose Units button in the Results dialog. To configure the pipe system labeling for results: 1. Click the Choose Labeling button, Configuration Options dialog. , on the tool bar to open the Labeling tab of the , on the toolbar, or
2. Click one of the labeling options in the Pipe Results, Fitting Results, Pump Results and Node Results sections to determine which of the pipe systems calculation results are displayed in the Drawing pane. 3. Click OK to close the Configuration Options dialog and apply your changes to the results displayed in the Drawing pane.
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To reconfigure the units used in a pipe system and its results: 1. Click the Choose Units button, Specify Units , in the Results dialog or on the tool bar, or select
2. from the Units menu to open the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog.
3. Select or edit the applicable component units on the tab. Do not click the Imperial or Metric option in the Change All Units section of the Units tab, unless you want to change the universal unit setting and reset all the values currently defined on the Units tab. NOTE: When you change the universal unit setting, it converts all unit values to the unit type selected, and all values on the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog are converted to the fields default values. For example, if you are changing the universal setting from imperial to metric, all values, including any imperial units selected on the Units tab of the Configuration Options dialog, are converted to metric. All field values on the Units tab are also reset to their default metric value. Click OK to close the Configuration Options dialog and apply the unit configurations to the pipe system and its results.
Viewing the System Results

After a pipe system is solved, you have the option of opening the Results Tables to view all the calculated results, or viewing the solved pipe system in the Drawing pane with specific results displayed with the pipe system. To view the solved system in the Drawing pane, click No in the
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Results Form dialog after the system is calculated and solved. To view the Results Tables, click the Results button on the tool bar. To view the log in the Results Log dialog, click the Show Log button. The Results Tables contain a series of tabs that display the calculated results for each component of the pipe system in a table. The tabs are organized by component type, except for the All Results tab. The All Results tab displays all of the calculated results by component type. All values displayed in the Results Tables are read-only. To view a pipe systems calculated results in the Results Tables: 1. After a pipe system has been calculated and solved, click the Results button on the tool bar or click Yes on the Results Log dialog to open the Results Tables.
Figure 70 Results Tables All Results tab
2. Click the tab(s) containing the data you want to view. 3. Click the Close button, pane. , to close the Results Tables and return to the Drawing
Saving the System Results

The values displayed in the Results Tables can be saved to a Microsoft Excel .xls file. When you are saving from the Results Tables, only the values displayed on the currently selected tab are saved to the .xls file. To save all the result values, click the All Results tab before saving. To save a pipe systems results to an .xls file: 1. After a pipe system has been calculated and solved, click the Results button on the tool bar or click Yes on the Results Log dialog to open the Results Tables.

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2. Click the tab containing the values you want to save. 3. Click the Save button, , or select File | Save to Excel to open the Save As dialog.
Figure 71 Save As dialog
4. Type a name for the file in the File Name field. 5. Select Pipe Flow Network (*xls) from the Save as type list. 6. Click Save to save the pipe system results from the selected tab.
Exporting the System Results

The values displayed in the Results Tables can be exported directly into Microsoft Excel. When you are exporting to Microsoft Excel from the Results Tables, only the values displayed on the currently selected tab are exported. To export all the result values, click the All Results tab before exporting. To export a pipe systems results into a .xls file: 1. After a pipe system has been calculated and solved, click the Results button on the tool bar or click Yes on the Results Log dialog to open the Results Tables. 2. Click the tab containing the values you want to export. 3. Click the Export to Excel button, , or select File | Export to Excel.
4. Clicking the Export to Excel button or menu selection opens the pipe system results from the selected tab in a worksheet in Microsoft Excel.
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Figure 72 pipe system results in Microsoft Excel
Redesigning the System

After a pipe system is solved, the pipe system is read-only in the Drawing pane. If you decide that you want to modify a solved pipe system, you can return to the Drawing pane in design mode by clicking the Re Design button on the toolbar. If you want to retain the original solved pipe system and the calculated values for the system before you redesign the pipe system, be sure to save the pipe system and results before clicking the Re Design button. When a pipe system cannot be solved, a log with some suggestions as to why the system could not be solved, and the message, The network was not solved. See log details above., are displayed in the Results Log dialog. Clicking OK on the Results Log automatically returns you to the Drawing pane in design mode.
Calculation Theory and Method of Solution
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Example Systems
A number of example systems are supplied with Pipe Flow Expert to explain and demonstrate the capabilities of the software. By opening these example systems in turn, users will become familiar with the principle of flow and pressure balance in finding a steady flow condition within a pipeline network. Each example is intended to introduce the user to a new feature of Pipe Flow Expert. All of the example systems can be loaded and solved using the trial version of Pipe Flow Expert. The following sub-sections describe each example system in detail.
Example 01: Three Reservoirs
Figure 73 Example 01 Three Reservoirs
This is a classic problem found in most text books on fluid mechanics and hydraulics. Three reservoirs are each located at different elevations and are joined at a common point by three pipes. Water will flow from the highest reservoir towards the join point. It is also likely that water will flow from the second highest reservoir towards the join point (This would not always be the case if the elevations and pipe sizes were changed). The flow into the join point must be equal to the flow out of the join point. (Balanced flow) The pressure at the join point can be calculated as follows: Add (or subtract, if applicable) the fluid head difference, between the reservoir fluid surface and the join point elevation. Subtract (or add if applicable) the fluid head losses due to friction in the pipe.
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Convert the fluid head result to pressure (using the fluid density). Add any pressure at the reservoir fluid surface. The pressure at the join point can be calculated by using the path from any one of the reservoirs. The pressure at the join point must be the same, irrespective of the path used in the calculation of the pressure (Balanced pressure). Pipe Flow Expert uses the two principles of Balanced flow and Balanced pressure, to calculate the flow rates that will give a steady flow condition in the system. If these two characteristics are within the chosen calculation tolerances the system is considered solved. The Hydraulic Grade Line is the obtained as follows: Convert the pressure at a node to fluid head (using the fluid density). Add the elevation of the node. Pipe Flow Expert calculates the Hydraulic Grade Line at each node in the system. This value can be measured directly by a piezometer tube inserted flush to the inside of a pipe, when analysis of the system is being carried out.
Example 02: Tank to Joint Outflow
Figure 74 Example 02 Tank to Joint Outflow
On occasion the characteristics of the flow in an individual pipe may be required. To model this situation Pipe Flow Expert will require a valid system design to be able to solve the flow balance and pressure balance. In this example, a tank is used as the source of the fluid entering the pipe. At the other end of the pipe a known flow rate is set by using a demand out-flow from the node. The system can now be solved and fluid velocity, Reynolds number, friction factor and pressure drop can be calculated.
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Pipe Flow Expert calculates the pressure at each node in a system. If the calculation results in an absolute pressure below 0.0 bar or 0.0 psi, the system will not be solved. Demand In-flows and Demand Out-flows can be set at a join point in a pipeline system. Demand Inflow and Demand Out-flow settings provide a useful way in which to represent the flow that may come from, or go to, parts of a system which is not part of the analysis. Demand flow settings cannot be applied to points in the system where a pressure setting is also applied, such as a tank (which could have a fluid head) or an end pressure requirement.
Example 03: Gravity Flow to Three Outlet Points
Figure 75 Example 03 Gravity Flow to 3 Outlet Points
A tank placed higher than the outlet point of a system may provide the fluid head pressure to move the fluid through a system. The outlet points of the system could discharge to atmosphere, and therefore the end pressure requirement would be 0.0 bar g or 0.0 psi g. In this example the discharge is to 3 outlet spray positions. Each spray nozzle requires a 2.3 psig pressure to produce the correct spray pattern. The pressure at each outlet point is set by changing the node type to End Pressure so that the pressure requirement can be entered. The elevation of the tank has been set at 8 ft, the elevation of spray outlets has been set at 3.5 ft and the elevation of all other join points has been set at 0.0 ft. Some of the pipes have been designed to include fittings and valves. The pressure drop through these fittings and valves will be modeled by Pipe Flow Expert while calculating a flow and pressure balance solution. Pipe Flow Expert will calculate the flow rate that will reach each spray outlet position.
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The fittings and valves on a pipe can be included or excluded from the calculations when solving the system by un-checking the appropriate check box on the Pipe Pane. To include the fittings and valves re-check the appropriate check box.
Example 04: Fixed Flow Pumping to Three Tanks
Figure 76 Example 04 Fixed Flow Pumping to 3 Tanks
Fluid is to be transferred from a tank at low level to 3 tanks located at a higher level. A pump is needed as the motive force to provide the energy to move the fluid. The system design includes a positive displacement pump which has a transfer rate 250 l/min. To model this arrangement a Fixed Flow Rate Pump has been included in the pipe network. The flow path leading to the center tank includes a Closed Pipe so that no flow will reach the center tank. A Flow Control Valve has been installed on pipe P6, to control the flow to the top tank at 80 l/min. The balance of the flow, 170 l/min is forced along the path to the bottom tank. NOTE: When a fixed flow rate pump is used there must always be at least one path through the system where the flow rate is not controlled. If a Flow Control Valve was fitted to the pipe P15 feeding the bottom tank, the total outlet flow would not equal the total pumped flow rate and hence it would not be possible to find a balanced solution for the system. When this situation occurs the system is Over Controlled (there would be no part of the system which could vary), and the system can not be solved. The labeling options have been set to display symbols for fittings (bends, tees, etc.) and valves. A small bend symbol and a small valve symbol are drawn on the pipe. Pipe Flow Expert will calculate the flow rate that will reach each of the tanks. The pressure at the inlet to the pump, the Fluid Head added by the pump and the NPSHa will be calculated.
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Note 2: If a Flow Control Valve flow rate setting is higher than the flow rate that would occur naturally in the pipe, the flow control valve will be unable to operate (a flow control valve cannot add fluid head to increase the flow rate). A warning will be issued in the Results Log: >>> System not solved. Flow control settings not met. Either remove the flow control valve or reduce the specified flow rate of the control.
Example 05: Fixed Head Pumping to Three Tanks
Figure 77 Example 05 Fixed Head Pumping to Three Tanks
This example demonstrates a common situation encountered in fluid transfer situations where the required pump head has to determined. Fluid is to be transferred from a tank at low level to 3 tanks located at a higher level. The flow rate to each tank is controlled by a FCV set at 34.00, 45.00 and 8.00 gpm US. The flow rate along all paths has been specified. The problem is to determine the pump head needed to deliver the total flow. A fixed head pump is used to add pressure to the model. An initial added pressure of 20 ft head of water has been chosen as a possible solution. If the added pump head has been set too low it will not be possible to solve the system. When the system has been solved it is possible to see the additional pressure added by the Flow Control Valves to regulate the flow to each tank. The FCV on P15, set to a flow of 8.00 gpm US has introduced the least head loss of any flow control at 4.53 ft head. Therefore a pump is required that can deliver a flow of 87 gpm US and add a minimum of 15.5 ft head (20.0 - 4.53).
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Example 06: Fixed Speed Pumping -Chemical Transfer System
Figure 78 Example 06 Fixed Speed Pumping - Chemical Transfer System
This system design includes a stainless steel pump used to transfer a chemical to two tanks at a set flow rate to each tank. The pump runs at a fixed speed producing a flow rate and pressure which will intersect with the system curve. The flow to each tank is regulated by a flow control valve set to limit the flow rate. The system includes a special filter which has been modeled by adding a Component to pipe P3. Component pressure losses can be a Fixed Loss (independent of flow rate), or can be modeled as a Component Curve Loss when the pressure loss will vary as the flow rate is changed. All the flow rates in the system have been determined by the flow control valve setting. To find a Balanced Pressure for the solution the fluid head provided by the pump (this will be constant for a specified flow rate) must be counter-acted by an additional resistance provided by the flow control valves. Note: If a Flow Control Valve flow rate setting is higher than the flow rate that would occur naturally in the pipe, the flow control valve will be unable to operate (a flow control valve cannot add fluid head to increase the flow rate). A warning would be issued in the Results Log: >>> System not solved. Flow control settings not met. Either remove the flow control valve or reduce the specified flow rate of the control. Generally it is not recommended that flow rate in all paths are controlled, although this is often done for expediency. A design based on limiting the flow in all paths is not an efficient design. The pump must be over-sized in order for the system to work. If the developed pump head is not sufficiently great then Pipe Flow Expert will be unable to calculate a solution.
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Example 07: Pressurized Pumping Stations
Figure 79 Example 07 Pressurized Pumping Stations
This example demonstrates the power and flexibility of the Pipe Flow Expert software. Some pipes and pumps have been temporarily removed from the system, leaving isolated legs where flow will not occur. Pipe Flow Expert is able to identify this situation and find a solution for the remainder of the pipe network. Water is to be transferred from 3 small reservoirs to a main reservoir. All the reservoirs are located at different elevations. The motive force is normally provided by 6 pumps, but two of the pumps have been taken out of service while major maintenance is carried out. A Balanced Flow and a Balanced Pressure solution has to be found that coincides with a point on the performance curve of each pump that is in operation. The pump performance is specified by entering the flow rate, fluid head, efficiency and NPSHr for a number of operating points. The Pump Data dialog allows this data to be entered and the Pump Performance Curve to be drawn. Where a pump has been taken out of service a pipe has been closed to prevent recirculation of the flow, and the pump has been disabled by un-checking the pump check box on the Pipe Pane. In results mode the Operating Point of a pump can be plotted on the pump performance graph. Limits may be set to define the Preferred Operating Range of a pump. If the operating point of the pump falls outside the preferred operating range, a warning will be shown in the results table.
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Example 08: Water Circulation System
Figure 80 Example 08 Water Circulation System
This system demonstrates a recirculation design where some of the fluid is returned to the start point to be circulated again and some of the fluid is removed. The fluid to be removed is specified by setting a Demand Out-flow from the system at various nodes. This type of water circulation system is found in pharmaceutical plants for distribution of high quality water. The water is constantly circulated. Each take-off point can be used as required to draw water from the system. To model the 50% normal usage factor some of the pipes have been closed using the Shut Off option on the Pipe Pane. The isolated nodes are ignored to allow the system to be solved. To reinstate the shut off pipes use the Re Open option on the pipe pane. By changing the shut-off / re-open status for each pipe, it is possible to create a series of snap-shots for the system under varying demand out flow conditions.
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Example 09: Cooling 12 Air Handling Units
Figure 81 Example 09 Cooling 12 Air Handling Units
This system provides cooling water to the cooling coils of 12 AHUs located on 3 floors of a building. The cooling tower is located at the roof level. The flow rate to each AHU is regulated by a Flow control Valve. Two pumps are included in the system design: One pump is the duty pump and the other pump is a standby pump. To even out the usage of the pumps, the duty and standby pumps are switched over every week. Where the standby pump has been taken out of service, a pipe has been closed to prevent recirculation of the flow, and the pump has been disabled by un-checking the pump check box on the Pipe Pane. The size of the pipework has been selected on a commercial basis for the design flow rates. When a solution has been calculated, the Results Tables will display a listing of the pipe, node, component, valve and pump data for the operating conditions. From this information it would be possible to judge if the velocities and pressure drops are within the anticipated limits. The pressure losses introduced by the Flow Control Valves vary from around 80 ft head down to around 43 ft head. The pump adds around 143 ft head to the system. So it could be possible to reduce the operating speed of the pump by about 10% and still obtain the same total flow rate with a fluid head of about 100 ft added by the pump. The flow control valves would need to be reset to rebalance the flows, but the more efficient system would save around 27% of the energy previously used.
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Example 10: Compressed Air Distribution
Figure 82 Example 10 Compressed Air Distribution
Compressed air is normally distributed around a 'ring main loop' system to maximize distribution efficiency when some demands are not in use. Pipe Flow Expert uses a constant fluid density to solve compressed gas systems. The effects of temperature and pressure changes of the compressed gas are not modeled. All In-flow rates and Out-flow rates need to be entered as actual flow values for the compressed air condition. The system design needs to have a matched total in-flow rate and total out-flow rate so that the mass flow continuity can be maintained to allow Pipe Flow Expert to solve the system correctly. In this example a tank has been used as an Air Receiver. This device acts as a buffer between the incoming supply and the remainder of the system. The fluid surface pressure in the Air Receiver has been set at 90.3 psig to represent the compressed fluid pressure. The fluid density and viscosity has been set by using the Fluid Data Dialog to obtain these values for the fluid temperature and fluid pressure conditions. See section: Working with compressible fluids for advice on how to interpret the results obtained. Note: End Pressure demands, Flow Control Valves and Pumps should not be used in a system where compressed gas analysis is required, as these devices allow changes in fluid pressure which would conflict with the assumption of constant fluid density.
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Example 11: HVAC System
Figure 83 Example 11 HVAC System
The heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system to three floors is provided via ceiling mounted fan coil units. The cooling circuit contains a separate pump to supply each floor. The chilled water distribution to each fan coil is regulated by flow control valves. The fan coil units have been modeled as a Component Curve Loss when the pressure loss will vary as the flow rate is changed. A water chiller unit is part of the common circuit of the system. This item has been modeled as a Component Curve Loss. A header tank has been provided at N1, to increase the pressure at the pump inlets. The pump manufacturer recommends that the pumps should be used with a Flooded Suction inlet condition. If a section of the system was to be isolated from the system, to carry out some other analysis (perhaps the top floor is unoccupied), it would be necessary to ensure that all the unused pipes are closed before a solution is calculated. With this type of layout it would be easy to leave an un-solvable loop, if just the feed and return pipes from the top floor are closed. The unsolvable loop would contain Flow control valves which are modeled as Demand In-Flows and Demand Out-Flows (see section: Calculation Theory). This would mean that Pipe Flow Expert would include these Demand In-Flows and Demand Out-Flows in the calculation. When a balanced solution cannot be found, Pipe Flow Expert will look for pipes where a solution can be found with a negative flow in a pipe. The user will be asked to confirm permission to reverse the direction of flow in a pipe. This process will continue until the flow in all possible pipes has been reversed. A valid solution will still not be found.
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Example 12: Reverse Pipe
Figure 84 Example 12 Reverse Pipe
A water distribution system has been designed to deliver a different set flow rate to each of 4 take-off points. During the drawing of the system, Pipe 2 has been added assuming the flow direction is from N2 to N3. Pipe Flow Expert is searching for a calculated solution with all positive flow rates. lf a valid solution cannot be found, the calculation process is restarted, but this time negative flow rates are accepted. Pipe Flow Expert uses the negative flow rates to identify pipes where a reversed direction of flow might give a calculated solution with all positive flow rates. The calculations are complex and must be repeated over multiple iterations to find an acceptable solution. If you are prompted to reverse the flow direction of Pipe 2, accept this action to solve the system. Note: If you are prompted to reverse the direction of flow in more than one or two pipes it would be prudent to stop the calculation and reexamine the system layout to check the drawing of the system is correct.
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Example 13: Energy Recovery with Turbine System
Figure 85 Example 13 Energy Recovery with Turbine
This water distribution system incorporates two pumps to raise water to higher elevations. A turbine has been designed into the system to recover some of the energy used in the water distribution. The turbine has been modeled by using a component and a component curve loss to define the flow rate and fluid head removal characteristics of the turbine. The operation of a turbine is similar to a pump in reverse. Fluid head is removed from the system by the turbine (a pump adds fluid head to the system). Note: A pump cannot be modeled with negative entries for flow or fluid head. This design has been adopted to try and reduce errors when pump performance data is being entered. Therefore it is not possible to use a pump component to model a turbine. Even though the water distribution system has 3 take-off points, before the water flow enters the turbine it is still possible to recover a significant amount of energy from the turbine. The flow rate through the turbine is 10.64 m/min and the fluid head removed is 31.36 m. The energy removed from the fluid is approximately 54 kWh. Assuming a 75% efficiency for the turbine the useful energy recovered would be approximately 40 kWh.
Note: Assuming 100 % efficiency KW = mass flow (kg/s) x energy gain (m hd) x g 1000 g = acceleration due to gravity HP = mass flow (lbs/min) x energy gain (ft hd) 33000 1 HP = 33000 ft lbs/min
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Example 14: Top-up Tanks Pressurized Recirculation System
Figure 86 Example 14 Top-up Tanks Pressurized Recirculation System
Three similar views of a domestic heating system are shown. All layouts are fully recirculating with no flow outlets from the system. A top up tank is incorporated into the designs to make up any leakage from the system. The head of water from the top up tank(s) will also provide a start point for pressure calculations. The flow from each top up tank should be zero, however computers cannot easily represent an exact zero value. The calculated flow in the make up pipe will be a value CLOSE to zero, such as +0.0000000000001 or -0.0000000000001. This means that a SOLUTION WITHIN THE CALCULATION TOLERANCES may be found for flow in the make-up pipe in either an UPWARDS or DOWNWARDS direction. Hot Water Heating-1: can be solved with make-up flow in a DOWNWARDS direction. Hot Water Heating-2: can be solved with make-up flow in an UPWARDS direction. Hot Water Heating-3: the header tank and the make-up pipe have been replaced with a single tank having an equivalent head of fluid. This eliminates the make-up flow direction issue. The triple layout of the three systems shows a balanced flow/pressure result for each system. If the user should encounter a situation where the flow direction in the make-up pipe has to be reversed this option should be accepted.
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Example 15: Replacement Pipe Size
Figure 87 Example 15 Replacement Pipe Size
Water is being transferred from an upper reservoir to a reservoir at a lower level using the difference in head between the surface elevations as the motive force. The Existing system comprises of 12", 10" and 8" steel pipes. The 10" and 8" steel pipes carry the water flow in parallel to each other. It is proposed to replace the leaking system with new PVC (AWWA) pipe. The friction in PVC pipe is much lower than the friction in steel pipe so the 10" and 8" pipes can be replaced with a single 12" PVC pipe in the new proposed system. The new PVC pipe system will have an increase in carrying capacity of approx 12%.
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Example 16: Step-by-Step - Walkthrough Example

This section provides a step-by-step walkthrough example that shows how to create and solve a system which contains 5 pipes, 3 tanks and one pump. It will show how to design the system, calculate the solution and view the results. Note: When Pipe Flow Expert is operating in trial mode, a maximum of pipes is allowed. And you cannot save a system. A licensed version of Pipe Flow Expert will allow up to 1000 pipes in a system.
Create a System using the following Step-by-Step Instructions
Figure 88 Example 16 Step-by-Step
1. Select new grid Click new grid tool button 2. Click yes at prompt to create a new grid. 3. Click the Imperial radio button to change the units to the imperial defaults. 4. Click yes to accept the Imperial default units. Adding the tanks 5. Click the Tank button on the tool bar, symbol, . , the drawing cursor will change to a pointer and a tank
6. Click on the grid, in the left hand quarter of the grid and about half way down the screen. 7. A tank will be drawn on the grid and the node pane will show the tank details. 8. Leave the tank surface pressure as 0.000 psig (the tank is open to atmosphere).
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9. Edit the liquid level value, enter 2.000 (the liquid level in the tank is set to 2.000 ft). 10. Edit the bottom elevation value, enter 1.000 (the tank is located at 1.000 ft above your datum). 11. Move the cursor to a position about 12 grid intervals to the right and 2 grid intervals above the original tank position and click on the grid. 12. A second tank will be drawn on the grid and the node pane will show the tank details. 13. Leave the tank surface pressure as 0.000 psig (the tank is open to atmosphere). 14. Edit the liquid level value, enter 2.000 (the liquid level in the tank is set to 2.000 ft). 15. Edit the bottom elevation value, enter 10.000 (the tank is located at 10.000 ft above your datum). 16. Move the cursor to a position about 4 grid intervals to the left and 2 grid intervals above the second tank position and click on the grid. 17. A third tank will be drawn on the grid and the node pane will show the tank details. 18. Leave the tank surface pressure as 0.000 psig (the tank is open to atmosphere). 19. Edit the liquid level value, enter 2.000 (the liquid level in the tank is set to 2.000 ft). 20. Edit the bottom elevation value, enter 10.000 (the tank is located at 10.000 ft above your datum). Adding the first pipe 21. Click the Add pipes button on the toolbar, node/pipe link symbol, . , the drawing cursor will change to a pointer with a
22. Click the tank on the left of the drawing, to indicate that a pipe will be drawn from this node. 23. Move the cursor and the Rubber banding line will appear to show where a pipe will be drawn. 24. Click at a grid intersection about 4 squares to the right of the tank. 25. A first pipe reminder message will appear, click yes to change the defaults. Select the default pipe size 26. The Configuration Options Pipe Defaults Tab is shown. 27. Click the Material button, , to display the list of pipe material types. 28. Scroll to choose Steel (ANSI) Sch. 40, highlight this line, click the Select button (or double click on the Steel (ANSI) Sch. 40 line). 29. A list of pipe sizes will be displayed. 30. Scroll to choose 4 Nominal Size, highlight this line, click the Use selected size button (or double click on the 4 Nominal Size line). 31. The chosen size is now displayed in the top pane of the Pipe diameter data window. 32. Click the Save Data to Pipe button to set the default pipe values. 33. Edit the length value, enter 50 (the length of the default pipe is set to 50 ft) 34. Click the OK button to confirm the changes. 35. The details of Pipe 1 have now changed to match the default pipe details.
Add further pipes 36. Move the rubber band to a position about 2 grid intervals above the previous node and click on the grid to draw a vertical line in an upward direction. 37. Pipe 2 has been added, the details of Pipe 2 match the default pipe details.
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38. Move the rubber band to a position about 4 grid intervals to the right of the previous node and click to draw a horizontal line. 39. Pipe 3 has been added, the details of Pipe 3 match the default pipe details. 40. Move the rubber band to draw a further horizontal line, click the grid when the cursor is on the tank at the right hand side of the grid. 41. Pipe 4 has been added, the details of Pipe 4 match the default pipe details. Add a pipe at a new position 42. Right click the mouse to switch off the rubber banding and the pipe drawing. 43. Click the pipe node directly below the tank at the top of the grid (this should be N6). 44. The node will be highlighted and the rubber banding will re-appear. 45. Move the rubber band to draw to draw a vertical line, click on the tank at the top of the grid. 46. Pipe 5 has been added, the details of Pipe 5 match the default pipe details. 47. Right click the mouse to switch off the rubber banding and the pipe drawing. Note: If Pipe Flow Expert is operating in trial mode the maximum number of pipes allowed has been reached. Setting the Node Elevations As pipes are added, the elevations of the node at the end of each pipe, will have been set to match the elevation of the node at the start of the pipe. The elevations of node N5 and node N6 need to be changed. 48. Click the Show item button on the tool bar, .
49. Select Node 5, click node 5 on the drawing to choose this node. A highlight circle will be shown around the node. The node details will be displayed in the node pane. 50. Edit the Elevation of join value, enter 10.000 (the elevation is set to 10.000 ft). 51. Select Node 6, click node 6 on the drawing to choose this node. A highlight circle will be shown around the node. The node details will be displayed in the node pane. 52. Edit the Elevation of join value, enter 10.000 (the elevation is set to 10.000 ft).
Moving the Tanks and Nodes 53. To re-position items on the grid click the Drag and Move button on the tool bar, 54. All nodes, tanks, and text labels will be highlighted with a yellow circle. 55. Click on a yellow circle and drag the item to a new position. 56. Right click the mouse to turn off the Drag and Move feature. 57. Note: Text labels associated with a node or a pipe can only be moved within in the area around a node. Pipe labels can only be moved within the pipes length. 58. To move more than one Tank or Node and the attached pipes click the Selection tool button on the tool bar, . 59. Click on the grid, holding the mouse down drag the section rectangle to enclose the nodes to be moved, release the mouse. Click in the selection rectangle, holding the mouse down move the selected nodes to a new position. 60. Right click the mouse to turn off the Selection feature. .
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Add a pump 61. Click the Show item button on the tool bar, .
62. Select Pipe 1, click pipe 1 on the drawing to choose this pipe. A highlight bar will be shown around the pipe. 63. Click the pump symbol, , in the pipe pane to open the pump dialog.
64. Enter the performance data for the pump:
65. Click the Draw Graph button to view the pump performance graph.
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66. Click the Save to Pipe button to close the Pump dialog. The Pump symbol is now shown on Pipe 1.
Solving the system 67. Click the Calculate button on the tool bar to find a balance flow and a balanced pressure state for the system. 68. The Results Log should appear and confirm that the network was solved successfully. 69. Click the Yes button to view the Results tables.
70. The results can also be viewed on the drawing. 71. Close the results tables and hover over a pipe, node or tank on the drawing to display the results in the hint pane.
72. Click the pump symbol on Pipe 1 to view the pump operating point. Re Design the system 73. To make amendments to the system design, click the Re-Design button. 74. Click the Show item button on the tool bar, .
75. Select the tank at the right hand of the drawing (Node 2), click on the drawing to choose this tank. A highlight circle will be shown around the tank. The tank details will be displayed in the node pane. 76. Edit the Bottom Elevation of tank, enter 9.000 (the elevation is set to 9.000 ft), the pipe P4 will now be assumed to fall 1.000 ft over its length (from 10 ft elevation to 9 ft elevation). This will allow more water to flow along this pipe. 77. Click the Calculate button on the tool bar to find a balance flow and a balanced pressure state for the new system design.
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The Pipe Flow Expert program will allow you to draw a complex pipeline system and analyze the features of the system when flow is occurring. Pipe Flow Expert calculates the balanced steady flow and pressure conditions of the system. The reported results include the flow rates for each pipe, the fluid velocities for each pipe, Reynolds numbers, friction factors, friction pressure loss for each pipe, fittings, pressures losses, pressure at join points (nodes), HGL (Hydraulic grade line), pump operating points and more. The pipeline system is modeled by drawing the join points and the connecting pipes on a drawing pane. Horizontal, vertical or sloping lines can be used to connect one node to another node. 1. The physical data about the system is then entered, and typically this includes: 2. The internal size, internal roughness and length of each connecting pipe. 3. The elevation of each join point (node). 4. The In-flow and the Out-flow at each join point (if applicable). 5. The elevation, liquid level and surface pressure data for each tank. 6. The performance data for each pump.
Fluid flow states

Fluids in motion are subjected to various resistance forces, which are due to friction. Friction may occur between the fluid and the pipe work, but friction also occurs within the fluid as sliding between adjacent layers of fluid takes place. The friction within the fluid is due to the fluid's viscosity. When fluids have a high viscosity, the speed of flow tends to be low, and resistance to flow becomes almost totally dependant on the viscosity of the fluid. This condition is known as 'Laminar flow'. Fluids which have a low viscosity are usually moved at higher velocities. The flow characteristics change, small eddy currents occur within the flow stream, and the friction between the pipe work and the fluid becomes a factor to be considered. This type of flow is known as 'Turbulent flow'.
Fluid viscosity
A fluid viscosity can be described by its Dynamic viscosity (sometimes called Absolute viscosity), or its Kinematic viscosity. These two expressions of viscosity are not the same, but are linked via the fluid density. Kinematic viscosity = Dynamic viscosity / fluid density Dynamic Viscosity -3 Water @ 20C has a viscosity of 1.00 x 10 Pa s or 1.00 Centipoise -5 Water @ 70F has a viscosity of 2.04 x 10 lb s/ft Kinematic Viscosity -6 Water @ 20C has a viscosity of 1.004 x 10 m /s or 1.004000 Centistokes -6 Water @ 70F has a viscosity of 10.5900 x 10 ft /s Pipe Flow Expert has a database of viscosities and densities for common fluids.
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Reynolds numbers
Reynolds numbers (Re) describe the relationship between a fluid's velocity, the Internal pipe diameter and the fluid's Kinematic viscosity. Reynolds number = Fluid velocity x Internal pipe diameter / Kinematic viscosity Note : Kinematic viscosity (not Dynamic viscosity) must be used to calculate Reynolds numbers. It is generally accepted that the 'changeover' point between laminar flow and turbulent flow, in a circular pipe, occurs when the Reynolds number (Re) is approximately 2100. i.e. Laminar flow occurs when the Re is less than 2100. Turbulent flow occurs when the Re is greater than 2100.
Friction factors
Many formulas have been developed to model the flow of fluids. The Hazen-Williams formula has been a popular method of estimating the head loss in piping systems for a number of years. However, this empirical formula will only give reasonable accuracy if the fluid is water at 60F or similar. The Hazen-Williams formula is therefore not useful in analyzing a complex pipe system. The Colebrook-White formula may be used with confidence to calculate an accurate friction factor applicable to the turbulent flow of fluids. The Colebrook-White formula is applicable over a whole range of fluid densities and viscosities, provided that the fluid flow is turbulent. The Colebrook-White formula: 1/sqrt(f) = 1.14 2 log10 [e/D + 9.35/(Re x sqrt(f))] f = friction factor e = internal roughness of pipe D = internal diameter of pipe Re = Reynolds number Friction factors for turbulent flow calculated by Pipe Flow Expert are based on the Colebrook-White formula. The friction factor for Laminar flow is calculated from f = 64/Re
Fluid head (resistance to flow)

The resistance to fluid flow is usually expressed in fluid head. This is the height of a column of fluid which would exert enough pressure on the fluid at the bottom of the column to make the fluid flow within the system. If the level of fluid (fluid head) is increased in a supply container, the volume of fluid entering the system from the supply container will increase due to the increase in pressure (force). Fluid head resistance can be calculated by using the Darcy-Weisbach formula. h fluid = f (L/D) x (v /2g) f = friction factor L = length of pipe work
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D = inner diameter of pipe work v = velocity of fluid g = acceleration due to gravity Fluid head loss calculated by Pipe Flow Expert is based on the Darcy-Weisbach formula.
Calculation of fitting head loss

The fluid head resistance through various pipe work fittings can be calculated if the 'K' factor of the fitting is known. Many manufacturers of pipe work fittings and valves publish 'K' factors for their products. Fluid head loss of these fitting can be calculated from:
h fluid = 'K' x v / 2g
'K' = manufacturers published 'K' factor for the fitting v = velocity of fluid g = acceleration due to gravity In many systems where pipe lengths are relatively long, the effect of the fitting losses may be considered to be minor losses, and could be ignored during initial assessment. If a partially open valve is part of the design, the effect of the valve should always be considered as the valve loss may be large. Pipe Flow Expert has a database of valve and fittings K factors and calculation wizards for: gradual enlargements gradual contractions sudden enlargements sudden contractions rounded entrances long pipe bends For further information on this subject please refer to Flow of Fluids through valves, fittings and pipe - Crane Technical Paper No. 410
Calculate total pressure loss

The fluid head resistance can also be expressed a pressure. Metric units: bar = h fluid x p x g / 100000 h = head loss (m) p = fluid density (kg/m) g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s ) Imperial units: psi = h fluid x SG x 2.311
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h = head loss (ft) SG = specific gravity of the fluid
Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines

The Energy Grade Line is a plot of the sum of the three terms of the Work-Energy equation or Bernoulli theorem: Fluid Head = The Kinetic energy + The Flow energy + The Potential energy. EGL = v/2g + P/y + elevation v = velocity g = acceleration due to gravity P = pressure y = fluid density The Hydraulic Grade Line is a plot of the sum of two of the terms of the Bernoulli theorem: Fluid Head = The Flow energy + The Potential energy. HGL = P/y + elevation P = pressure y = fluid density
Figure 89 Hydraulic Grade Line
Balanced flow state

Network analysis is based on two major principles: 1. Mass flow into a joint in the network must be equal to mass flow out of the joint. Assuming that the fluid density does not change, the total flow rate entering the node must equal the total flow rate leaving the node.
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Figure 90 Flow balance at a join point
2. The pressure drop in the pipes around a loop must be equal to zero. In a recirculation loop the pressure loss in each pipe must be the total of the fluid head energy being provided by the driving force (normally a pump). In a loop where the flows are in opposite directions, the total pressure loss in each pipe with a clockwise flow must equal the total pressure loss in each pipe with an anticlockwise flow.
Figure 91 Pressure balance around a loop
Loops, Nodes and Pipes

To solve the unknowns in any pipeline network, a system of nonlinear equations must be developed to mathematically describe the pipeline network in terms of the flows and pressures that must balance at specific points within the system. These equations must be solved simultaneously in order to find a balanced solution. Loops within a pipeline network consist of a series of connected pipes that return to the start point (the node where the loop started), however pseudo loops can exist between a supply or discharge source, between two supply sources or between two discharge sources.
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Figure 92 Pseudo Loop
A series of pressure equations describing the pressure loss in each loop must be generated. The same pipe may be included in many different loops. A series of flow continuity equations must be generated for the flow rate balance at each node in the pipeline system. Pipe Flow Expert will automatically analyze a system, identify all loops and pseudo-loops, generate the pressure equations throughout the network and remove redundant loop equations (those which are already fully described by combining other equations). It will also generate the flow balance equations for each node in a pipeline system.
Solving the unknown values

Pipe Flow Expert generates initial estimates for the flow rate at each outlet point in the pipeline system. The Out-flows are used to estimate the flow rate in each pipe. The pressure losses within the system are calculated using friction factors obtained from the Colebrook-White equation, and the friction pressure loss for each pipe is obtained from the Darcy-Weisbach equation. The initial estimates are unlikely to give a balanced pressure result over the whole system and must be adjusted using a variation on the Newton method to converge to a final result where all of the flow rates and pressures within the system are balanced. Pipe Flow Expert defines the elements of the pipeline system in a series of non-linear matrix equations. Once an approximate solution has been obtained, the results are refined using a variation on the Newton method algorithm to ensure the results converge to a balanced flow and pressure result.
System Calculation Tolerances

Pipe Flow Expert uses an initial minimum velocity to estimate the unknown out-flows at the boundary points. This leads to estimates of the flow rate for each pipe in the system. If a balanced solution is not found, the initial out-flow estimate is increased progressively up to a maximum pipe velocity value. These values can be adjusted within the Configuration Options screen however we recommend that these values are left unchanged for most systems. A flow balance tolerance and an approximate pressure balance tolerance are used to allow Pipe Flow Expert to find an approximate solution quickly. This approximate solution is then refined until the system is solved within the final pressure balance tolerance. The flow and pressure balance tolerances and the maximum number of iterations allowed, have been carefully chosen to provide the best overall performance in finding a solution. It is
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recommended that these values are not changed, as most systems will solve without adjustment to these parameters.
System Components
The user is able to enter the flow rate and head loss information about a component which is to be included in the pipeline system. Pipe Flow Expert generates a performance curve for the component to allow the effect of the component to be modeled.
Flow Control Valves

Flow Control Valves allow the user to set a flow rate in a particular pipe. Pipe Flow Expert removes the pipe from the system and sets an Out-flow demand at the From node and an equal In-flow demand at the To node. Thus the pipe is replaced by these flow demands while the system is being solved.
Figure 93 Flow Control Valve replacement
The pressure difference between the From node and the To node must equal the pressure loss introduced by the flow control valve plus the pressure loss that the flow in the pipe will produce, plus the pressure loss that nay other component on the pipe produces. The system balance will be maintained when the pipe is reinstated along with the pressure loss introduced by the flow control valve. If the pressure difference between the From node and the To node is not great enough then the pressure loss in the pipe and the flow control valve pressure loss cannot be set. A warning will be displayed that the pressure in the pipe is not sufficient to deliver the set flow.
Pumps (with Flow versus Head Curve)

The user is able to enter flow rate and head loss information about a pump which is to be used in the pipeline system. Pipe Flow Expert generates a performance curve for the pump to allow the pump performance to be modeled as part of the pipeline system.
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Fixed Flow Rate Pumps

The user is able to elect to enter a fixed flow rate for a pump. This situation may occur when the natural flow distribution to different parts of the network has to be determined, or when the system has a variable speed pump that has been set to produce a set flow rate. The Fixed Flow Rate Pump is modeled in a similar manner to the Flow Control Valve described above. Pipe Flow Expert removes the pipe on which the pump is mounted and sets an Out-flow demand at the From node and an equal In-flow demand at the To node. The pipe and the pump are replaced by these flow demands while the system is being solved.
Figure 94 Fixed Flow Rate Pump replacement
Since the head pressure provided by the pump is unknown, the system balance cannot be tuned by iterating along the pump performance curve. For this reason it is not possible to include pressure control devices such as flow control valves on all outlet paths through the system when a fixed flow rate pump has been selected (this would result in an over-controlled system).
Fixed Head / Pressure Rise Pumps

The user is able to elect to enter a fixed head or pressure rise for a pump. This situation may be useful when trying to estimate the pump head required to produce the flow distribution to different parts of the network, where a pump flow versus head curve has not be established. The flow rates would be set by flow control valves on the outlet legs. The minimum pump head would be determined by subtracting the smallest pressure introduced by the flow control valves from the fixed head supplied by the pump.
Net Positive Suction Head available

Pipe Flow Expert is able to calculate the pressure available at a pump inlet. This pressure will change if the mounting position of the pump along a pipe is changed. The vapor pressure of the fluid being pumped is subtracted from the pump inlet pressure to obtain the Net Positive Suction Head available. The NPSHa must be higher than the pump manufacturers NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head requirement for the flow rate) in order to prevent gas bubbles forming in the fluid.
Two Phase Flow

Pipe Flow Expert is not able to model two phase flow, such as gas /liquid mixtures. It is assumed that the fluid in the network has a constant density and a constant viscosity when a solution is being calculated.
Slurries
141
Slurries which have a constant density and a constant viscosity are able to be modeled, provided the minimum velocity to keep the solids in suspension is maintained throughout the pipeline system. The density and viscosity of the slurry mixture must be entered as the fluid data.
142
Working with compressible fluids

Pipe Flow Expert has been designed for the analysis of pipeline systems using the Darcy-Weisbach equation to calculate friction loss. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is normally applicable to incompressible Newtonian fluids, since the density of these fluids can be considered to be constant. The system calculations do not take account of any compression that may occur in the fluid and therefore the results obtained for compressible fluids may only be acceptable under certain conditions. It is however common practice for the Darcy-Weisbach equation to be used to calculate the friction losses for compressible fluids within a pipeline system, if certain constraints about the system being modeled are understood. It is up to the pipe systems engineer to be familiar with good engineering practice and to use their own judgment about the accuracy of results for a system that contains a compressible fluid.
Considerations when using compressible fluids

For systems that contain compressible fluids the following should be noted: 1. The density of the fluid in the system must reflect the density of the compressed fluid condition. 2. The volumetric In-Flow rates entering the system and the volumetric Out-Flow rates leaving the system must be entered as the actual flow rate of the system fluid that has been chosen, i.e. the flow rate of the fluid must be based on the density of the chosen fluid (and not on the uncompressed volumetric flow rate of the fluid). 3. The pressure at all In-Flow points must be the same to the degree that the pressure does not change the volume and density of the fluid significantly. 4. Devices which change the volume/density of the fluid should not be included as part of the system analysis. 5. Pipe Flow Expert uses a constant value for the compressible fluid density throughout the pipeline system. Therefore a constant mass flow rate is used to achieve a balance within the pipeline system. 6. The effects of pressure changes and temperature changes are not modeled. 7. If the calculated pressure drop in the system is less than 10% of the pressure at the compressible fluid entry points, then a reasonable accuracy of the results may be expected. 8. If the calculated pressure drop in the system is greater than 10% but less than 40% of the pressure at the compressible fluid entry points then the Darcy-Weisbach equation will give a reasonable accuracy provided that the calculations are repeated using the average density of the fluid in the pipeline system.
Note 1: The Fluid density at the compressed fluid condition can be calculated using the normal density of the compressible fluid and the fluid pressure.
Compressed fluid density = Normal fluid density x (Fluid pressure + Atmospheric. pressure) /Atmospheric pressure
Working with Compressible Fluids
143
Example: If a volume of 10 m of air at normal temperature and pressure is compressed to 6 bar g The Fluid density would be: 1.2047 x (6.000 + 1.01325) / 1.01325 = 8.3384 kgs/m Note 2: The Actual flow rate of the fluid at the compressed fluid condition can be calculated using the uncompressed volume of the fluid and the fluid pressure. Actual flow rate = Uncompressed fluid volume x Atmospheric pressure __________________________________________ (Fluid pressure + Atmospheric pressure) Example: If a flow of 10 m/s of air at normal temperature and pressure is compressed to 6 bar g the Actual flow rate would be: 10 x 1.01325 / (6.000 +1.01325) = 1.445 m/s
144
Glossary
Term Absolute pressure Atmosphere Centipoise Centistokes Description Pressure measured with respect to zero pressure. A standard atmospheric pressure of 1.01325 bar a or 14.696 psi a. Absolute viscosity of a fluid expressed in Pa s x 10 Kinematic viscosity of a fluid expressed in m/s x 10
-3 -6
Note: Pipe Flow Expert requires fluid viscosity to be entered in Centipoise. Colebrook-White equation Darcy-Weisbach equation Demand flow Demand pressure Discharge Dynamic viscosity Friction factor An equation used to calculate accurate friction factors from the internal diameter and internal roughness of a pipe and the Reynolds number for the flow conditions. An equation used to calculate the frictional head loss due to fluid flow from the friction factor, the length and diameter of the pipe, the velocity of the fluid and the gravitational constant. The In-Flow entering the system or the Out-Flow leaving the system. The pressure at a point of exit from the system. Out-Flow leaving the system. The absolute viscosity of a fluid. A factor to be used in the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Either calculated from the Colebrook-White equation or read from the Moody diagram. The height above sea level of a node or tank. The pressure at a point where fluid leaves the system. A static pressure loss which is independent of the flow rate. The resistance to flow expressed in height of fluid as a motive force. Pressure measured with respect to atmospheric pressure. The pressure at a point in the system expressed in height of fluid plus the elevation above sea level of the node or the tank. Height of a column of mercury in a barometer expressed in inches. Coefficient of frictional loss through valve or pipe fittings. The absolute viscosity of a fluid divided by the fluid density. A graphical representation of the relationship between Reynolds number, relative roughness and Friction factor. Height of a column of mercury in a barometer expressed in millimeters. Net Positive Such Head available. Net Positive Such Head requirement. The friction loss due to fluid flow expressed in fluid head or Gage pressure.
Elevation End pressure Fixed pressure Fluid head Gage pressure Hydraulic grade line in Hg K value Kinematic viscosity Moody diagram mm Hg NPSHa NPSHr Pressure loss
Glossary
145
Pump head Relative roughness Reynolds number Supply Vapor pressure Viscosity
The motive force developed by a pump expressed in height of fluid. (Pump performance graphs usually show pump head for water). A dimensionless number expressing the internal roughness of a pipe divided by the internal diameter of a pipe. A dimensionless number derived from the fluid velocity, the internal diameter of the pipe and the Kinematic viscosity of the fluid. In-Flow entering the system. The absolute pressure at which a liquid will start to evaporate. A measure of a fluids resistance to flow. See absolute viscosity and Kinematic viscosity.
146
Index
.pfco files .........................................................83 .pfpm files ........................................................86 imperial units ............................................... 52 metric units .................................................. 52 results................................................. 105, 108 units ............................................................. 54 Copying between drawing ............................. 101 creating pipe systems................................................. 48 Creating a system........................................... 128
A
Adding Text Items ...........................................96 Adding Text to the Drawing ............................96
B
balanced flow state.........................................136
D
Daxesoft Ltd. contacting..................................................... 14 demand flows adding .................................................... 70, 93 deleting ...................................................... 103 understanding............................................... 93 viewing and modifying................................ 99 demand pressures adding .......................................................... 94 deleting ...................................................... 102 understanding............................................... 94 viewing and modifying................................ 99 Drawing menu ................................................. 18 Drawing pane................................................... 37 cutting, copying, and pasting nodes........... 100 moving components..................................... 99 panning pipe system .................................... 97 undo and redo functions ............................ 102 view whole of the pipe system..................... 97 zoom in ........................................................ 97 zoom out ...................................................... 97
C
calculating a pipe system ...............................105 Calculating and Solving calculating..................................................106 Calculation ....113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127 calculation theory...................................113, 133 Change attributes of more than on node ..........60 Change attributes of more than one pipe .........59 choosing item labeling .....................................53 choosing pipe drawing defaults........................55 choosing system units ......................................54 Choosing units .................................................52 component pressure losses .pfco file .......................................................83 adding...........................................................77 based on a data curve ...................................83 deleting.......................................................104 fixed .............................................................83 more than one on a pipe ...............................83 saving data to a file ......................................83 viewing and modifying ................................99 components adding...........................................................83 pressure loss .................................................83 understanding...............................................83 Compressed fluid condition Actual flow rate..........................................143 fluid density ...............................................142 compressible fluids ........................................142 considerations ............................................142 computer minimum requirements ....................11 Configuration Options dialog Calculations tab............................................45 Default Values tab........................................41 Labelling tab ................................................39 Units tab.......................................................40 Configuration Options screen ..........................38 configuring calculation parameters .................................62
E
Edit menu......................................................... 17 end pressure ...... See demand flows, See demand flows End Pressure Data............................................ 25 Example Systems Example 01 ................................................ 113 Example 02 ................................................ 114 Example 03 ................................................ 115 Example 04 ................................................ 116 Example 05 ................................................ 117 Example 06 ................................................ 118 Example 07 ................................................ 119 Example 08 ................................................ 119 Example 09 ................................................ 121 Example 10 ................................................ 122 Example 11 ................................................ 123 Example 12 ................................................ 124
Index
147
Example 13 ................................................125 Example 14 ................................................126 Example 15 ................................................127 Example 16 ................................................128
viewing and modifying................................ 99
L
loops nodes pipes........................................... 137
F
File menu .........................................................16 fitting head loss ..............................................135 fittings adding...........................................................77 adding pressure loss .....................................77 adding to the database..................................79 calculated K value........................................79 deleting.......................................................103 viewing and modifying ................................99 Fixed flow rate pump Limited application ......................................90 flow control valves.........................................139 flow controls adding...........................................................85 deleting.......................................................104 understanding...............................................85 viewing and modifying ................................99 fluid adding to the database..................................65 defining for a pipe system............................64 viscosity .....................................................133 fluid flow states..............................................133 fluid head .......................................................134 Fluid menu .......................................................18 fluids compressible working with ..............................................142 friction factors................................................134
M
Menu bar.......................................................... 15 metric units ................................................ 52, 54 Microsoft Excel ............................................. 111 minimum computer requirements.................... 11
N
net positive suction head................................ 140 New pipe system creating ........................................................ 48 Node pane........................................................ 23 for demand pressures ................................... 25 for join points............................................... 26 for tanks ....................................................... 24 Node Types...................................................... 23 Node Updates Tab ........................................... 43 nodes adding .................................................... 67, 69 cutting, copying, and pasting ..................... 100 deleting ...................................................... 102 viewing and modifying................................ 99
P
Pipe diameter data dialog..................... 29, 41, 55 for material .................................................. 29 for size ......................................................... 31 Pipe features .................................................... 28 Pipe fitting friction coefficients dialog ............ 32 Pipe Flow Expert about ............................................................ 10 Pipe Pane ......................................................... 27 pipe system adding a Fixed Flow Rate pump.................. 89 adding a Fixed Head / Pressure Rise pump . 90 adding a pump ....................................... 86, 87 adding components ...................................... 83 adding demand flows............................. 70, 93 adding demand pressures............................. 94 adding fittings and valves ............................ 77 adding flow controls .................................... 85 adding join points ........................................ 69 adding pipes................................................. 71 adding tanks................................................. 67 calculating.................................................. 105 configuring results ..................................... 108 defining fluid ............................................... 64 deleting components .................................. 102 exporting results ........................................ 111
G
Gas data adding to the database..................................65
H
Help menu........................................................19 hydraulic grade line energy grade line........................................136
I
imperial units .............................................52, 54 Interface and Menus.........................................15
J
Join Point Data.................................................26 join points adding...........................................................69 adding demand flows ...................................70 deleting.......................................................102
148
modifying.....................................................97 moving components .....................................99 panning.........................................................97 printing...................................................50, 51 redesigning.................................................112 saving ...........................................................49 saving results..............................................110 sending via e-mail ........................................50 tanks .............................................................67 view whole of the pipe sytem ......................97 viewing.........................................................97 viewing results ...........................................109 Pipe System deleting a group of items............................103 pipe systems creating.........................................................48 PipeFlow.co.uk contacting.....................................................14 pipes adding...........................................................71 adding materials to the database ..................74 adding sizes to the database .........................74 defining material ..........................................72 defining size.................................................72 deleting.......................................................102 reversing pipe flow ......................................75 shutting off a pipe ........................................75 Use as default pipe feature..........................76 viewing and modifying ................................99 printing pipe systems ...........................................50, 51 pump data and graphs ..................................89 Pump Data dialog.............................................35 pumps.............................................................139 .pfpm file......................................................86 adding.....................................................86, 87 adding a pump curve....................................88 adding Fixed Flow Rate ...............................89 adding Fixed Head Pump.............................90 deleting.......................................................105 printing data and graphs...............................89 pump curve graph ........................................89 saving data to a file ......................................86 viewing and modifying ................................99 Pumps example pumps ............................................91 Fixed flow rate ...........................................140 Fixed Head / Pressure Rise Pumps ............140
results calculating.......................................... 105, 106 configuring................................................. 108 exporting.................................................... 111 saving......................................................... 110 viewing ...................................................... 109 Results Colors Selection.................................. 61 Results Colors Tab........................................... 44 Results dialog ................................................ 105 Results tables ................................................... 46 ResultsLogForm dialog ................................. 105 Reynolds number........................................... 134
S
Set Component Pressure Loss dialog .............. 33 Set Flow Control dialog................................... 34 Set Flow Demands dialog................................ 27 Setting System Options ................................... 52 slurries ........................................................... 140 solving a pipe system..................................... 106 Step ................................................................ 128 system calculation tolerances ................................ 138 components................................................ 139
T
Tank Node Data............................................... 24 tanks adding .......................................................... 67 deleting ...................................................... 102 info............................................................... 67 viewing and modifying................................ 99 theory calculation .................................. 113, 133 tool bar buttons ................................................ 20 Tools menu ...................................................... 18 total pressure loss........................................... 135 two phase flow............................................... 140
U
undo function................................................. 102 Units menu....................................................... 17 unknown values ............................................. 138
V
valves adding .......................................................... 77 Viewing and Modifying System Components. 99 Viewing and Modifying System Data ............. 98 Viewing Individual Results ............................. 47
R
redo function ..................................................102 Registration and Licensing Information ..........12 Registration menu ............................................19
W
Walkthrough .................................................. 128
Index
149
zoom function .................................................. 97

Pipe Flow Expert User Guide

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