Renewable Energy 34 202208

(2009)

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Renewable Energy

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'!er"o(yna"ic analysis o) a b ty#e Stirling engine wit! a (is#lacer (riving "ec!anis" by "eans o) a lever
2 *alit +arab l t,- .ati! /0soy- Er0an 1 3t 2 r0

De#art"ent o) 4ec!anical 'ec!nology- .ac lty o) 'ec!nical E( cation- 5a3i 6niversity7esevler- 08900- /n0ara- ' r0ey article i n) o /rticle !istory$ Receive( :8 ; ly 200< /cce#te( :: 4arc! 2008 /vailable online 2 ; ly 2008 +eywor(s$ 7eta ty#e Stirling engine =o(al analysis Dis#lacer (rive wit! lever

a b s t r a c t >n t!is st (y a novel con? g ration o) b ty#e Stirling engine was (escribe( an( st (ie( )ro"

0ine"atic an( t!er"o(yna"ics #oints o) view% So"e as#ects o) t!e novel engine were co"#are( to t!e cran0 (riven an( R!o"bic@(rive engines% 7y "eans o) no(al analysis- t!e instantaneo s te"#erat re (istri@ b tion o) wor0ing ? i(t!ro g! t!e !eatingcooling #assage- con( cting t!e col( s#ace to !ot s#ace- was st (ie(% Aariation o) wor0 generation ( e to lea0 o) t!e wor0ing ? i( was eBa"ine( an( an esti@ "ation o) t!e clearance between #iston an( cylin(er was "a(e% 7y sing t!ree (i))erent #ractically #ossible val es o) convective !eat trans)er coe)?cientw!ic! were 200- 300 an( 400 C&"2 +res#ectively- variation o) wor0 generation wit! wor0ing ? i( "ass was eBa"ine(% .or t!e sa"e val es o) convective !eat trans)er coe)?cient- t!e variation o) engine #ower wit! engine s#ee( was eBa"ine(% / si"#le #rototy#e was b ilt an( teste( wit! no #ress ri3e( a"bient air% 7y a##lying 280 C te"#erat re to t!e !ot en( an( 20 C te"#erat re to t!e col( en( o) (is#lacer cylin(er :4%<2 Catts s!a)t #ower was "eas re(% Res lts o) t!eoretical st (y an( eB#eri"ental "eas re"ents were #resente( in (iagra"s% 2008 Elsevier Dt(% /ll rig!ts reserve(%

:% >ntro( ction .or t!e c rrent sit ation "ost o) t!e renewable energy in@ vestigations concentrates on solar energy% Des#ite t!at solar energy is investigate( )or a large n "ber o) # r#oses- s c! as electricity generation- water !eating or cooling- air con(itioning- (rying- (e@ salination etc%- t!e #ri"e objective is t!e electricity generation% Energy conversion )ro" t!e solar ra(iation to electricity is #er)or"e( by "eans o) #!otovoltaic solar cells an( !eat@ engines w!ic! wor0 wit! Stirling cycle% .or #!otovoltaic cells # to 24E e)?ciency F:-2G an( )or !eat@engines # to 30E e)?ciencies F3G were re#orte(% /s variety- too " c! Stirling engines were b ilt an( teste( )or solar energy conversion% '!e ?rst a##lication o) Stirling engine to solar energy is "a(e by Har0er an( 4ali0 in :982% >n t!eir conversion syste"- solar ra(iation was concentrate( an( re?ecte( on to t!e !eater

o) t!e engine by sing a .res!nel lens% '!e engine se( was a #iston@(is#lacer "ac!ine wit! R!o"bic@(rive "ec!a@ nis" F4G% 1ne o) t!e "ost novel a##lications o) t!e Stirling cycle is t!e )ree #iston con?g ration t!at initially was (esigne( by C% 7eale at 1!io 6niversity in t!e late :980s F9G% .ree #iston Stirling engines !ave no 0ine"atic "ec!anis" co #ling t!e reci#rocating ele"ents to eac! ot!er or to a co""on rotating s!a)t% .ree #iston Stirling engine is , Corres#on(ing a t!or% 'el%$ I90 3:2 2:28820J:9:4K )aB$ I90 3:2 2:20099% E@"ail a((ress$ !alit0Lga3i%e( %tr (*% +arab l t)%

a co"#letely close( syste" an( esca#e o) wor0ing ? i( )ro" its wor0ing s#ace is i"#ossible% Cor0 generation is #er)or"e( by "eans o) vibration o) its bo(y% '!ere are vario s ty#es o) )ree #iston Stirling engines% >n solar energy a##lications b ty#e "ac!ines were se( an( 33E conversion e)?ciency )ro" lig!t to electricity was obtaine( F9-8G% '!is "ac!ine s ally is connecte( wit! a linear al@ ternator to #ro( ce electricity% /)ter :990- in solar energy a##lications t!e low te"#erat re (i))erential (D'D) Stirling engines beco"e )as!ionable w!ic! was invente( by C!ite in :983% / D'D Stirling engine can be r n wit! s"all te"#erat re (i))erence between t!e !ot an( col( en(s o) t!e (is#lacer cylin(er F<G% >t is (i))erent )ro" ot!er ty#es o) Stirling cycle engines t!at !ave a greater te"#erat re (i))erence between t!e two en(s% D'D engines "ay be o) two (esigns% '!e ?rst 0980@:48:&N see )ront "atter 2008 Elsevier Dt(% /ll rig!ts reserve(% (oi$:0%:0:8&j%renene%2008%03%0::

ses single@cran0 o#eration w!ere only t!e #ower #iston is connecte( to t!e ?yw!eelcalle( t!e Ringbo" engine% '!is ty#e o) engine- t!at !as been a##earing "ore )reM ently- is base( on t!e Ringbo" #rinci#le% / s!ortlarge@(ia"eter (is#lacer ro( in a #recise@ "ac!ine( ?tte( g i(e !as been se( to re#lace t!e (is#lacer con@ necting ro(% '!e ot!er (esign is calle( a 0ine"atic engine- w!ere bot! t!e (is#lacer an( t!e #ower #iston are connecte( to t!e ? y@ w!eel% '!e 0ine"atic engine wit! a nor"al 90 (egree #!ase angle is a ga""a@ con?g ration engine% So"e c!aracteristics o) t!e D'D Stirling engine are$ (is#lacer to #ower #iston swe#t vol "e ratio is large(ia"eter o) (is#lacer cylin(er an( (is#lacer is large- (is#lacer is s!ort- e))ective !eat trans)er s r)aces on bot! en( #lates o) t!e (is#lacer cylin(er are large- at constant vol "e !eating an( cooling

*% +arab l t et al% & Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 202208

4 44
*% +arab l t et al% & Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 202208

=o"enclat re /i no(al val es o) !eat trans)er s r)ace ("2) C# s#eci? c !eat at constant #ress re (;&0g +) Cv s#eci?c !eat at constant vol "e (;&0g +) D #iston (ia"eter (") Ei ent!al#y ?ow in an( o t t!e no(al vol "es (;) ec lengt! o) col( vol "e (")
H

e!
2 * !(
i

(istance between #iston to# an( #iston #in (") (is#lacer lengt! (") no(al val es o) convective !eat trans)er coe)?cient

lengt! o) !ot vol "e (")

(C&"2 +) F( lengt! o) (is#lacer ro( (") F" (istance o) ?Bing #in an( cran0 #in (") FR ro( lengt! o) (is#lacer (") F# lengt! o) #iston ro( (") "t total "ass o) wor0ing ? i( (0g) "i no(al val es o) wor0ing ? i( "ass (0g) D" variation o) no(al "ass wit!in a ti"e ste# (0g)
i

#c! cran0 case #ress re (Ha) R gas constant (;&0g +) Rcr ra(i s o) cran0s!a)t (") SD lengt! o) lever ar" connecte( to (is#lacer ro( (") 'i no(al val es o) wor0ing ? i( te"#erat re (+) 'c col( en( te"#erat re o) (is#lacer cylin(er (+) '* !ot en( te"#erat re o) (is#lacer cylin(er (+) 'w-i no(al val es o) !eat trans)er s r)ace te"#erat re (+) t ti"e (sec) Dt #erio( o) ti"e ste#s (sec) 6c lengt! )ro" cylin(er to# to t!e ? Bing #in center (") Ai no(al val es o) vol "e ("3 ) # 4 conj nction angle o) lever ar"s (ra()
2 b b#

angle "a(e by #iston ro( wit! vertical (ra() angle "a(e by (is#lacer ro( wit! vertical (ra()

g( angle "a(e by slotte( ar" o) lever wit! vertical (ra() M total M antity o) cran0s!a)t rotation (ra() ( clearance between #iston an( cylin(er (") n 0ine"atic viscosity ("2&s)

#rocesses wor0ing ? i( i"#inges to t!e !ot an( col( s r)ace o) t!e (is#lacer cylin(er an( a large eno g! !eat trans)er coe)?cient oc@ c rs(is#lacer stro0e is s"all an( o#erating s#ee( is low% '!e #er)or"ance o) D'D engines b ilt an( teste( so )ar (i( not "eet t!e eB#ectations% 4ost o) t!e" #ro( ce a #ower less t!an :00 C F8-9G% .ro" a t!orOs #oint o) view t!e "ost a##ro#riate Stirling engine con?g ration )or solar energy a##lications is t!at in w!ic! t!e #ower cylin(er an( (is#lacer cylin(er are

concentrically sit ate(% So t!at- t!e (is#lacer cylin(er will be sit ate( at t!e "i( center o) a (is! ty#e solar collector% '!e s ns!ine will (irectly be concen@ trate( on to t!e !ot en( o) t!e (is#lacer cylin(er% '!is reM ire"ent is well "et by bty#e #iston(is#lacer "ac!ines% Cit! res#ect to t!e (riving "ec!anis" o) (is#lacer- t!e b ty#e engines "ay be classi?e( into t!ree gro #s as cran0@(riven "ec!anis"R!o"bic@(rive "ec!anis"(riving "ec!anis" by "eans o) levers% Cycles

*% +arab l t et al% & Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 202208

9 #er)or"e( by all o) t!ese (riving "ec!a@ nis"s (i))er )ro" t!e i(eal Stirling cycle ( e to "ec!anical reasons% Cit! res#ect to t!e (egree o) (iversity- #er)or"ance #ara"eters o) #ractical cycle (ecreases% /"ong t!e #er)or"ance #ara"eters- t!e cyclic wor0 generation is too i"#ortant beca se it (eter"ines si3es o) t!e engine% >n cran0@(riven "ec!anis"- ( ring t!e eB#ansion #erio(- t!e (is#lacer is stationery abo t t!e botto" (ea( center o) its stro0e% '!e wor0ing ? i( eB#an(s into t!e col( s#ace between #iston an( (is#lacer% '!ere)ore- t!e eB#ansion is a #olytro#ic #rocess in s#ite o) t!e )act t!at it was a constant te"#erat re #rocess in i(eal Stirling cycle% >n r!o"bic@(rive "ec!anis" eB#ansion #rocess is #er)or"e( wit!in t!e !ot s#ace an( a better a##roBi"ation to constant te"#erat re #rocess is obtaine(% '!e !eating #rocess at constant vol "e is also )air eno g! in R!o"bic@(rive b t cooling is not as goo( as !eating% /"ong t!e b ty#e Stirling engines- r!o"bic@ (rive #resents t!e largest cyclic wor0 generation% .or a solar energy "o( le consisting o) a (is! concentrator an( a Stirling engine w!ose (is#lacer cylin(er is sit ate( at t!e )oc s o) (is!- t!e weig!t an( vol "e o) r!o"bic@ (rive is not a##ro#riate% '!is st (y is concerne( wit! t!e (esign o) a novel arrange"ent o) bty#e Stirling engine !aving a##ro#riate weig!t- vol "e- eB@ ternal s!a#e an( low r nning te"#erat re% Design #rocess will be con( cte( by sing t!e no(al analysis #resente( by +arab l t et al% F:0G% So"e o) t!e #er)or"ance #ara"eters o) t!e novel arrange@ "ent will be co"#are( to cran0@(riven an( r!o"bic@ (rive engines% / #rototy#e will be b ilt an( teste(% 2% 4ec!anical arrange"ent an( t!er"o(yna"ic #rocesses '!e "ec!anical arrange"ent o) novel con?g ration an( rele@ vant no"enclat re se( in t!e )ollowing teBt is ill strate( in .ig% :%

.ig% :% Sc!e"atic ill stration o) novel arrange"ent an( no"enclat re%

'!e #rinci#al (i))erence o) t!e #resent "ec!anis" )ro" t!e ot!er "ec!anis"s is t!at a lever governs t!e "otion o) t!e (is#lacer% 1n t!e cran0s!a)t o) t!e #resent "ec!anis" t!ere is only one #in )or t!e connection o) #iston ro(- (is#lacer ro( an( lever ar"% /s seen in .ig% :- t!e lever consists o) two ar"s wit! <0 (egree conj nction angle% 1ne o) t!e" !ol(s a slot bearing as t!e ot!er !ol(s a circ lar bearing% /t t!e corner o) lever- a t!ir( bearing eBists% '!e lever is "o nte( to t!e bo(y o) engine t!ro g! t!e bearing at t!e corner by "eans o) a #in% '!e slot bearing at one ar" o) t!e lever is connecte( to t!e cran0 #in% '!e circ lar bearing at t!e ot!er ar" o) lever is connecte( to t!e (is#lacer ro(% C!ile t!e cran0 #in t rns aro n( t!e cran0 center- it (rives t!e lever )ort an( bac0 aro n( t!e #in connecting t!e lever to t!e bo(y% '!e ot!er ar" connecte( to t!e (is#lacer ro( "oves t!e (is#lacer )ort an( bac0% Cit! res#ect to .ig% :- as cran0 #in "oves )ro" / to 7- t!e #iston re"ains abo t t!e to# (ea( center o) its stro0e% 7y "eans o) #er@ )or"ing a (ownwar( "otion- t!e (is#lacer eB#els t!e wor0ing ? i( )ro" col( s#ace to t!e !ot s#ace an( a !eating #rocess at constant vol "e is #er)or"e(% /s cran0 #in "oves )ro" 7 to C- #iston an( (is#lacer "oves si" ltaneo sly (ownwar( an( t!e wor0ing ? i( eB#an(s in !ot s#ace by #ro( cing wor0% D ring t!is #rocess t!e col( s#ace increases gra( ally an( so"e o) wor0ing ? i( ?lls in t!e col( s#ace w!ic! is n(esire(% C!ile t!e cran0 #in "oves )ro" C to D- #iston re"ains abo t t!e botto" (ea( center o) its stro0e an( (is#lacer #er)or"s a cooling #rocess at constant vol "e by "eans o) eB#elling t!e wor0ing ? i( )ro" !ot s#ace to t!e col( s#ace% C!en t!e cran0 #in ca"e to D- t!e (is#lacer arrives to its to# (ea( center% C!ile t!e cran0 #in "oves )ro" D to /- (is#lacer re"ains abo t t!e to# (ea( center o) its stro0e% Histon "oves #war(

between cran0s!a)t angle an( ti"e is M P t% '!e #ress re (i)@ )erence between no(al vol "es ( e to ?ow )riction is (isregar(e( an( #ress re is calc late( by
"t R

P # Pn Q' iP:

K i (<)

.or t!e calc lation o) te"#erat re variation wit!in a no(al vol "e

between two ste#s o) ti"e- t!e ?rst law o) t!er"o(yna"ics given )or o#en syste"s R D' P !i /i 'wKi 'i Dt "i Cv S (8) D"i Cv 'i I Ei #DAi

is se(% >n last eM ation Ei is t!e ent!al#y ? ow in or o t t!e no(al vol "e an( t!e a##roBi"ation

Ei P C#

D"j i ' iI: j P C# 2 iI:

' I

X n

iX
2

'i : I D"j K ' i : (9)

jP:

"ay be se(% >nstantaneo s val es o) "ass"i - are calc late( by sing t!e general state eM ation o) #er)ect gases% 7o n(ary te"@ #erat re o) ?ow #assage is ass "e( to be constant wit! ti"e an( varies linearly in ?ow (irection )ro" 'C to '* % S#eci?c !eats are ass "e( to be constant% .or t!e calc lation o) lea0 t!ro g! t!e clearance between #iston an( cylin(er-

( "t

#D(3 #

#c! S

(:0)

an( co"#resses t!e wor0ing ? i( wit!in t!e col( s#ace% 3% 4at!e"atical relations-

a##lication #roce( re an( ass "#tions '!e s#ace occ #ie( by wor0ing ? i( is (ivi(e( to a n "ber o) no(al vol "es% .irst o) no(al vol "es is t!e col( s#ace between #iston to# an( (is#lacer botto" an( its val e is calc late( by sing 0ine"atical relations% Dast o) t!e no(al vol "es is t!e !ot s#ace above t!e (is#lacer to# an( its val e is also calc late( by sing 0ine"atic relations% +ine"atic relations se( are-

(t P :2n* R
H

is se(% Dast eM ation is t!e sol tion o) "o"ent " eM ation )or ) lly (evelo#e( la"iner ?ow between two #arallel #lates% 4% Res lts an( (isc ssion '!e ?Bing location o) lever- lengt! o) lever ar"s an( conj nction angle o) ar"s were (eter"ine( by "eans o) o#ti"i3ing t!e iso@ t!er"al wor0 generation% Regar(ing t!e "an )act ring )acilities an( eBternal (i"ensions o) t!e engine- t!e cran0 ra(i s Rcr was c!osen as 30 ""% '!e vertical (istance between cran0 center an( lever ? Bing #in center was (eter"ine( as 3Rcr % '!e !ori3ontal
(istance between cran0 center an( ?Bing #in center was (e@ #? ?? ter"ine( asRcr Q 2 % 1#ti" " conj nction angle o) lever ar"s was

b P /rcsin Rcr
# #

F sin M

K (:)

(eter"ine( as <0 (egree% Dengt! o) leverOs !ori3ontal ar" (SD ) was (eter"ine( as :00 ""% Cit! res#ect to t!ese geo"etric #ara"e@ ters- t!e ratio o) #iston swe#t vol "e to (is#lacer swe#t vol "e is na"ic "o(el #rovi(e( t!e sa"e n "ber )or ga""a ty#e engines !aving 90 (egree #!ase angle% >n .ig% 2- 0ine"atic be!avior o) t!e novel "ec!anis" an( R!o"bic@(rive engine seen in .ig% 3 are co"#are(% 7ot! engines K (3) col( an( !ot vol "e o) novel engine are greater t!an t!at o) R!o"bic@(rive% '!ere)ore- co"#ression ratio o) novel con? g ration is lower t!an R!o"bic@(rive% 4aBi" " an( "ini" " val es o) col( an( !ot vol "es corres#on( to (i))erent val es o) cran0s!a)t angle M% >n R!o"bic@ (rive- t!e "ini" " val e o) col( vol "e a#@ #ears abo t 90 (egree o) cran0 angle an( it re"ains low eno g!
between 49 an( :39 (egrees% >n novel engine- !owever- t!e "ini@ !ave t!e sa"e #iston stro0e% 4aBi" " an( "ini" " val es o) 0%<8% /nalysis con( cte( by Sen)t F::G sing Sc!"i(t t!er"o(y@

gP /rctan

0$<0<: I

sin 2$ I cos KM (2) 9 M

b P /rcsin SD
(

F F

cosRg 4S ( (
sinK MS

Rcr 0$<0

<:

F" P

Rcr R0$<0<: I sin g

(4) *#

ec P F( cos b(

SD sinRg

4S I FR F" cos g

F# cos b# 2

(9) *( K

e! P 6 c (8)

F( cos b( I SD sinRg

4S FR

between (is#lacer an( cylin(er an( !ave constant "agnit (es% /ll o) t!e no(al vol "es are o#en syste"s t!ro g! w!ic! nstea(y ?ow occ rs% '!e relation

1t!er no(al vol "es are in t!e ?ow #assage

" " val e o) col( vol "e a##ears abo t 90 (egree o) cran0 angle an(- be)ore an( a)ter 90 (egree it #er)or"s signi?cant variations% '!is interval o) cran0 angle corres#on(s to eB#ansion #erio( o) wor0ing ? i( an( R!o"bic@(rive generates !ig!er wor0 by eB#an(ing t!e wor0ing ? i( in !ot s#ace%

'!e interval o) cran0s!a)t angle )ro" :39 (egree to 229 (egree corres#on(s to cooling #ro@ cess at constant vol "e% >n t!is #rocess t!e novel con?g ration #resents a better #er)or"ance by "eans o) "ini"i3ing t!e !ot

.ig% 2% Co"#arison o) 0ine"atic be!avior o) novel engine wit! R!o"bic@ Drive% vol "e an( "aBi"i3ing t!e col( vol "e wit!o t c!anging t!e total vol "e% /s cran0 angle varies )ro" 229 to 3:9 (egrees- t!e wor0ing ? i( eB#eriences a co"#ression #rocess% Ce eB#ect t!at t!e !ot vol "e will be low eno g! an( constant- as t!e col( vol "e is large an( (ecreasing% C!en co"#ression #rocess is starte( at 229 (egree- col( an( !ot s#aces o) R!o"bic@ (rive are eM ivalent an( !ot s#ace is (ecreasing% Since so"e o) wor0ing ? i( is co"#resse( wit!in t!e !ot vol "eR!o"bic@(rive (oes not "eet o r eB#ectation% 1n t!e ot!er !an(- at 229 (egree- t!e !ot vol "e o) t!e novel engine is low

.ig% 3% Sc!e"atic ill stration o) R!o"bic@ Drive engine%

eno g! an( between 229 an( 3:9 (egrees its variation is in@ signi?cant% '!e col( vol "e is large eno g! an( (ecreasing% '!ere)ore- novel engine #rovi(es a better co"#ression #rocess by co"#ressing t!e wor0ing ? i( wit!in col( vol "e% '!ro g! t!e re"aining interval o) cran0s!a)t angle3:949 (egrees- bot! engines #er)or" a s ccess) l !eating #rocess% '!e #rinci#al s #eriority o) R!o"bic@(rive engine rises )ro" its !ig!er co"#ression ratio% 6nless a (e?ne( contrary sit ation- res lts (isc sse( t!ro g! t!e rest o) t!is section were obtaine( )or 390 + col( so rce te"@ #erat re- :000 + !ot so rce te"#erat re- 80 "" #iston stro0e<0 "" #iston (ia"eter:200 r#" s#ee( o) engine- :00 c"3 ?ow
2

#assage vol "e- :300 c" !eat trans)er s r)ace in ?ow #assage an(

0%38 gr air "ass as wor0ing ? i(% >n .ig% 4- #A (iagra"s o) cran0 (rivenR!o"bic@(rive an( novel engine obtaine( by isot!er"al analysis n(er t!e con(ition o) eM al wor0ing ? i( "ass are co"#are(% >n cran0 (riven engine t!e stro0e o) (is#lacer an( #iston are eM al to eac! ot!er an( t!e #!ase angle is 90 (egree% >n r!o"bic@ (rive engine- (riving "ec!anis" is a reel r!o"b s !aving 88 "" lateral lengt!% /"ong t!e"- R!o"bic@(rive engine #ro( ces t!e !ig!est wor0 as 28%3: ;% '!e novel engine an( cran0 (riven engine #ro( ce 2:%98 an( :<%88 ; wor0s% /s seenrig!t en( o) #A (iagra" o) cran0 (riven engine is less bl nt t!an t!at o) novel an( R!o"bic@(rive engine% '!is is ( e to t!e cooling #rocess o) cran0 (riven engine(is#lacer cannot eB#el all o) t!e wor0ing ? i( )ro" t!e !ot s#ace to t!e col( s#ace% '!e lowest (ea( vol "e is seen in R!o"bic@ (rive as t!e !ig!est is seen in novel engine% Des#ite t!at t!e novel engine !as t!e lowest co"#ression ratio- its wor0 generation is !ig!er t!an cran0 (riven engine% '!is is ( e to t!e better !eating an( cooling #rocesses at constant vol "e% '!e to# li"it o) novel

engineOs #A (iagra" is lower t!an ot!ers% /s long as t!e wor0 generation is reasonablet!e lower to# li"it #rovi(es an a(vantage by "eans o) re( cing t!e esca#e o) wor0ing ? i(% >n #ractice- t!e wor0ing ? i( is c!arge( to cran0 case% '!e wor0ing ? i( "ass in t!e wor0ing s#ace o) an engine is assigne( by t!e c!arge #ress re an( not constant% '!ere)ore- co"#arison o) engines )ro" t!e wor0 generation #oint o) view n(er t!e con(ition o) sa"e wor0ing ? i( "ass is not a #ractical eval ation% / co"#arison o) t!e wor0 generation n(er t!e con(ition o) sa"e c!arge #ress re is a better eBa"ination to (eter"ine t!e #ro#erties o) (i))erent ty#e engines% .ig% 9 ill strates a co"#arison o) #A (iagra"s o) cran0 (riven- R!o"bic@(rive an( novel engines n(er t!e con(ition o) sa"e c!arge #ress re% 7etween #iston an( cylin(er o) engines 0%03 "" clearance is ass "e(% Aariation o) wor0ing ? i( "ass in t!e wor0ing s#ace is calc late( by "eans o) EM% (<)% >) : bar c!arge #ress re is ass "e(- t!e novel engine #rovi(es :0%8< ; wor0% Cran0 (riven an( R!o"bic@(rive engines #rovi(e 8%48 an( 8%4< ; wor0sres#ectively% '!is co"#arison in(icates t!at in #ractice- t!e novel engine !as a(vantage% '!is a(vantage is ca se( by t!e ##er li"it o) ? i( #ress re is lower t!an t!e ot!er engines% *ence- lea0 o) wor0ing ? i( is less t!an t!at o) ot!er engines%

.ig% 4% Co"#arison o) #A (iagra"s o) cran0 (riven- R!o"bic@Driven an( novel engine%

.ig% 9% Co"#arison o) #A (iagra"s o) cran0 (riven- R!o"bic@(rive an( novel engine in sa"e c!arge #ress re (: bar)% .ig% 8 ill strates te"#erat re variation o) t!e wor0ing ? i( wit!in t!e ?ow #assage in !eating an( cooling #rocesses% '!e te"#erat re variation o) soli( co"#onent o) t!e ?ow #assage is ass "e( to be linear an( ill strate( on t!e sa"e (iagra"% Data ill strate( in .ig% 8 are obtaine( )or : "2 !eat trans)er s r)ace an( 300 C&"2 + !eat trans)er coe)?cient in ?ow #assage% '!ro g!o t t!e ?ow )ro" !ot vol "e to t!e col( vol "e- as t!e ? i( te"@ #erat re was slig!tly !ig!er t!an soli( te"#erat re- it beco"es lower t!an soli( te"#erat re in reverse ?ow% 'owar(s t!e ? nis!ing en(s o) ?ow #assage- in bot! ?ows an oscillation in te"#erat re #ro?le occ rs% '!e oscillation is ca se( by t!e increase o) te"#er@ at re (i))erence between soli( an( ? i( in ?ow (irection% >n bot! ?ows o) ? i(- initially t!e te"#erat re (i))erence between ? i( an( soli( is 3ero% C!en ? i( a(vances in ?ow (irection- t!e te"@ #erat re (i))erence between soli( an( ? i( increases% /)ter a cer@ tain #oint in ?ow #assage- t!e ter" ta0ing into acco nt t!e !eat convection between ? i( an( soli( beco"es t!e (o"inant ter" an( t!e "o(e o) eM ation se( )or te"#erat re calc lation c!anges% 6# to t!e #oint "entione(- its sol tion is an or(inary asy"#totic c rve% /)ter t!is #oint- it beco"es an oscillating c rve% >) t!e !eat trans)er s r)ace is re( ce( "ore- t!e c!ange o) "o(e o) eM ation occ rs earlier% '!is oscillation o) ? i( te"#erat re is not t!e nat ral

sit ation% '!e real te"#erat re o) wor0ing ? i( at any cross section o) t!e #assage is t!e "ean o) a "aBi" " an( a "ini" " being t!ere% >ncrease o) no(e n "ber (oes not gener@ ate any (i))erence in oscillation be!avior o) t!e ? i( te"#erat re% '!is was con?r"e( by increasing no(e n "ber )ro" 90 to :00 as see in .ig% 8% /s long as t!e ot!er con(itions are t!e sa"e- wor0 an( ot!er t!er"o(yna"ic M antities (o not c!ange wit! no(e n "ber% .ig% < ill strates co"#arison o) #A (iagra"s o) novel engine obtaine( by isot!er"al an( no(al analysis con( cte( )or )o r (i)@ )erent val es o) convective !eat trans)er coe)?cient% /s t!e res lt-

.ig% 8% Aariation o) ? i( te"#erat re t!ro g! t!e ?ow #assage%

C!en t!e #ress re in t!e wor0ing s#ace o) t!e engine beca"e lower t!an t!e c!arge #ress re in t!e cran0 case- t!en- t!e lea0 occ rs )ro" cran0 cease to t!e wor0ing s#ace% >) t!e instantaneo s "ass o) ? i( in t!e wor0ing s#ace is #lotte( vers s t!e instantaneo s total vol "e occ #ie( by wor0ing ? i(-

.ig% <% Co"#arison o) #A (iagra"s obtaine( )or (i))erent convective !eat trans)er coe)?cient%

:3%28- :<%9<- :9%43 an( 20%09 ; wor0s are obtaine(- res#ectively- )or :00- 200- 300 an( 400 C&"2 + convective !eat trans)er coe)?cients% >sot!er"al analysis gives a 2:%98 ; wor0 w!ic! corres#on(s to an in?nite !eat trans)er coe)?cient or !eat trans)er s r)ace% '!e con@ vective !eat trans)er coe)?cients se( in t!is analysis are wit!in t!e #ractical li"its% .ig% 8 ill strates e))ect o) t!e esca#e o) wor0ing ? i( )ro" wor0ing s#ace o) t!e engine% 'o obtain (ata se( in .ig% 8- t!e c!arge #ress re se( was 2 bars% C!en t!e total "ass o) wor0ing ? i( in t!e wor0ing s#ace was allowe( to vary wit! res#ect to EM% (<)- t!e no(al analysis generates so"e te(io s (i)?c lties% '!ere@ )ore(ata ill strate( in .ig% 8 are obtaine( by sing an isot!er"al analysis "o(i?e( wit! EM% (<)% >n "o(i?e( )or" o) isot!er"al analysis t!e wor0ing ? i( "ass varies ( ring t!e cycle wit! res#ect to (i))erence o) #ress res in an( o t t!e wor0ing s#ace% 7etween #iston an( cylin(er no sealing- l brication an( ro g!ness were consi(ere(% '!e ##er two (iagra"s seen in .ig% 8 are "A as t!e lower two are #A% C!en t!e #ress re in wor0ing s#ace o) t!e engine beco"es greater t!an c!arge #ress re in t!e cran0 case- t!e lea0 occ rs )ro" wor0ing s#ace to t!e cran0 case%

.ig% 8% E))ect o) wor0ing ? i( "ass variation on t!e #A (iagra" ( ring t!e cycle%

.ig% 9% Aariation o) wor0 wit! clearance )or several #iston lengt!s% a close( "A c rve is obtaine( as seen in .ig% 8% >ncrease o) clear@ ance between #iston an( cylin(er ca ses t!e "A (iagra" to en@ large% '!e lowest li"it o) "A (iagra" is a straig!t line !aving 3ero inclination% /s seen in .ig% 8- increase o) clearance )ro" 0%03 to 0%09 ca ses a##roBi"ately 30E (ecrease in wor0% '!ere)ore- t!e a#@ #ro#riate val e o) clearance is abo t 0%03 ""% >n .ig% 9- variation o) wor0 wit! clearance is ill strate( )or sev@ eral val es o) #iston lengt! w!ere wor0 was calc late( by iso@ t!er"al analysis sing 2 bars c!arge #ress re% / larger #iston lengt! ca ses a lesser lea0 an( conseM ently !ig!er wor0 is obtaine(% .or a ringless #iston t!e a##ro#riate val e o) clearance is abo t 0%03 ""% EB#eri"ental investigations con( cte( by TUnar an( +arab l t F:2G j sti?es t!is a##roac!% .ig% :0 ill strates variation o) wor0 wit! wor0ing ? i( "ass at 200- 300 an( 400 C&"2 +!eat trans)er coe)? cients% .or an engine wor0ing wit! air- # an( (own li"its o) !eat trans)er coe)?cient are
2

an( (own li"its o) t!e wor0ing ? i( te"#erat re a##roac! to eac! ot!er% .ig% :: s!ows variation o) engine #ower wit! s#ee(% Data se( in .ig% :: are obtaine( )or 200- 300 an( 400 C&"2 + !eat trans)er coe)?cients% .or 200- 300 an( 400 C&"2 + !eat trans)er co@ e)?cients- :%:9- :%< an( 2%3 gr wor0ing ? i( "asses are se(- re@ s#ectively% 4aBi" " #owers are obtaine( abo t :200 r#"- w!ic! is a (esign con(ition% .or 200- 300 an( 400 C&"2 + !eat trans)er coe)?cients "aBi" " #owers obtaine( are 9<8- 883 an( ::92 C- res#ectively% 7elow :200 r#" t!e engine #rovi(es lower #ower ( e to lower revol tion n "ber #er secon(% /bove :200 r#"- wor0 #ro( ce( by t!e engine #er cycle is lower t!an :200 r#" an( ( e to t!at- t!e (i))erence between # an( (own li"its o) wor0ing ? i(

esti"ate( as 200 an( 400 2 C&" +- res#ectively% Corres#on(ing to 200- 300 an( 400 C&" +!eat trans)er coe)?cients 28%8- 43%2 an(

9<%8 ; "aBi" " wor0s are obtaine( at :%:9:%< an( 2%3 gr ? i( "ass- res#ectively% >n t!is eBa"ination again :300 c"2 !eat trans)er area an( :200 r#" engine s#ee(s are se(% /t !ig!er val es o) wor0ing ? i( "ass- wor0 generation beco"es lower% '!is is ca se( by t!e te"#erat re li"its o) t!e cycle w!ere #

enginet!e (i))erence between eB#eri"ental an( t!eoretical val es o) cyclic wor0 is very s"all an( con?r"s vali(ity o) t!is analysis% /t !ig! s#ee(s o) t!e enginet!e (i))erence be@ co"es large% /s t!e s#ee( o) t!e engine increases- in!erently- t!e cyclic wor0 (ecreases% '!is is ca se( by several )actors s c! as increase o) "ec!anical )riction an( visco s ?ow losses- (ecrease o) !eat trans)er between wor0ing ? i( an( soli( #arts o) t!e engine.ig% ::% Aariation o) engine #ower wit! s#ee(% .ig% :2 s!ows eB#eri"ental res lts obtaine( )ro" #rototy#e% Cor0ing ? i( !as no #ress ri3e( a"bient air% '!e !ot en( o) t!e (is#lacer cylin(er was !eate( by a DH5 ? a"e% 'o cool t!e col( en( o) t!e (is#lacer cylin(er t!e ta# water was circ late( in water jac0et o) t!e engine% '!e en( te"#erat res o) t!e (is#lacer cylin(er were "eas re( by an in)rare( t!er"o"eter% C!en t!e engine starte( to r n- t!e te"#erat re o) !ot an( col( en(s were "eas re as 98 an( 20 C- res#ectively% >ncrease o) t!e !ot en( te"#erat re contin e( # to 280 C an( t!en beco"e ? Be(% 7y "eas ring t!e s#ee( an( "o"ent o) t!e engine- (ata se( in .ig% :2 were obtaine(% '!e "aBi" " s!a)t #ower was "eas re( at 209 r#" as :4%<2 C% '!is s!a)t #ower corres#on(s to 23: cc #iston swe#t vol "e an( 304 cc (is#lacer swe#t vol "e% 6n(er si"ilar wor0ing con(itions- D'D engines b ilt by +ongtragool an( Congwises F:3G #rovi(e( a s!a)t #ower less t!an :0 C% '!e swe#t vol "e o) #iston an( (is#lacer o) D'D engine b ilt by +ongtragool an( Congwises were 894 cc an( 8394 cc- res#ectively% >n .ig% :3- t!e t!eoretical res lts were co"#are( to eB#eri"ental res lts% 7y "eans o) i"#osing t!e test con(itions to t!e analysis #rogra"- t!eoretical (ata se( in .ig% :3 were obtaine(% /t low s#ee(s o) t!e

te"#erat re beco"es lower%

.ig% :0% Aariation o) wor0 wit! wor0ing ? i( "ass )or !eat trans)er coe)?cients 200300 an( 400 C&" +%
2

0 0 50 150 250 350

100 200 300 400 Engi ne spee d (rpm)

.ig% :2% EB#eri"enta l res lts obtaine( wit! no #ress ri3e( air testing%

8 7 Work per cycle (J) 6 5 4 3

2 Theoretical, h=200 Theoretical, h=300

Co"#arison o) novel engine wit! cran0 (riven an( R!o"bic@ (rive engines in(icates t!at t!e co"#ression ratio o) novel engine is lowest a"ong t!e t!ree engines% Co"#arison o) novel engine wit! cran0 (riven an( r!o"bic@(rive engines wit! res#ect to eM al

1 0 80 280

Theoretical, h=400 Theoretical, isothermal Experimental 120 320 160 200 360 400 Engine speed (rpm) 240

.ig% :3% Co"#arison o) t!eoretical an( eB#eri"ental res lts obtaine( wit! no #res@ s ri3e( air testing% increase o) (issi#ative energy ( e to vibration o) t!e engine- c!ange o) t!e circ lation rate o) wor0ing ? i( between col( an( !ot vol@ "es etc% '!e "at!e"atical "o(el se( in t!is analysis (oes not ta0e t!ese )actors into acco nt eBce#t t!e !eat trans)er between t!e wor0ing ? i( an( soli( #arts o) t!e engine% '!ere)ore- as t!e s#ee( o) t!e engine increases- t!e eB#eri"ental wor0 (ecreases stee#er t!an t!e t!eoretical wor0 as seen in .ig% :3% /t low s#ee(s o) t!e engine- t!e s"allness o) eB#eri"ental an( t!eoretical wor0Os (i)@ )erence is an in(ication o) goo( sealing between #iston an( cylin@ (erw!ere- a #iston ring is se( t!at is "a(e o) brass% /((ition o) #iston ring to t!e engine increases t!e eB#eri"ental wor0 )ro" :3 C to :4%<2 C% 9% Concl sio ns

a"o nt o) wor0ing ? i( "ass in(icates t!at t!e R!o"bic@(rive engine !as a(vantage% >) co"#arison is "a(e wit! res#ect to t!e sa"e a"o nt o) c!arge #ress re- novel engine beco"es a(vanta@ geo s% Clearance between #iston an( cylin(er was esti"ate( as 0%03 "" )or ringless #istons ranging )ro" :00 "" to :80 "" lengt!% 'e"#erat re (istrib tion calc late( by t!e ?rst law o) t!er"o(yna"ic gives an oscillating te"#erat re (istrib tion along t!e connecting 2 #assage% .or an engine !aving :300 c" !eat trans)er s r)ace- :200 r#" engine s#ee(- <0 "" #iston (ia"eter an( 80 "" #iston stro0e- 28%8- 43%2 an( 9<%8 ; wor0s were calc @ late( corres#on(ing to 200- 300 an( 400 C&"2 + !eat trans)er coe)?cients% 4aBi" " #owers corres#on(ing to 200- 300 an( 400 C&"2 + !eat trans)er coe)?cients were calc late( as 9<8883 an( ::92 Cres#ectively% '!e Hrototy#e o) t!e engine #rovi(e( :4%<2 C s!a)t #ower at 280 C !ot en( an( 20 C col( en( te"@ #erat res at no #ress ri3e( a"bient air testing% EB#eri"ental (ata obtaine( at low s#ee(s o) t!e engine con?r" vali(ity o) t!e t!eo@ retical analysis% Re)ere nces F:G 5reen 4/% Recent (evelo#"ents in #!otovoltaics% Sol Energy 2004K<8$38% F2G Cal(es DC% Co"#etitive solar !eat engines% Renew Energ 2004K29(::)$ :82942% F3G 'so tsos '- 5e0as A- 4ar0eta0i A% 'ec!nical an( econo"ical eval ation o) solar t!er"al #ower generation% Renew Energ 2003K28(8)$8<388% F4G Cal0er 5% Stirling engines% 1B)or($ Claren(on HressK :980% F9G Rog(a0is ED% / t!er"o(yna"ic st (y )or t!e o#ti"i3ation o) stable o#eration o) )ree #iston Stirling engines% Energ

Convers 4anage 2004K49$9<993% F8G 7ejan ;R- Diver R7% '!e CH5 9@0Ce (is!@Stirling (evelo#"ent #rogra"% >n$ Hrocee(ings o) t!e >ECEC% San Diego$:992% Ha#er =o% 929:8:% F<G +ongtragool 7% / review o) solar@ #owere( Stirling engines an( low te"#era@ t re (i))erential Stirling engines% Renew S stain Energ Rev 2003K<$:3:94% F8G +ongtragool 7% '!er"o(yna"ic analysis o) a Stirling engine incl (ing (ea( vol "es o) !ot s#ace- col( s#ace an( regenerator% Renew Energ 2008K3:$ 34999% F9G /b( lla! S% Design consi(eration o) low te"#erat re (i))erential (o ble acting Stirling engine )or solar a##lication% Renew Energ 2009K30$:9234:% F:0G +arab l t *- V 2 ces *S- Tinar C% =o(al analysis o) a Stirling engine wit! concentric #iston an( (is#lacer% Renew Energ 2008K3:$2:889<% F::G Sen)t ;R% 1#ti" " Stirling engine geo"etry% >nt ; Energ Res 2002K28(:2)$ :08<:0:% F:2G TUnar C- +arab l t *% 4an )act ring an( testing o) a ga""a ty#e Stirling engine% Renew Energ 2009K30(:)$9<88% F:3G +ongtragool 7Congwises S% Her)or"ance o) low@te"#erat re (i))erential Stirling engines% Renew Energ 200<K32$94<88%