Theorem of Pappus for Area of Revolution If a plane arc is revolved about a line in its plane that does not

t cut the arc, then the measure of the surface generated is equal to the product of the length of the arc and the distance traveled by the centroid of the arc

The centroid is the geometric center of the arc and can be found by proportion or by using the following equations: Where:

= centroid of the strip, drawn from the arc perpendicular to the axis of revolution = length of the arc

Take note that the distance traveled by the centroid is a circumference of a circle with radius d, which is the distance from the centroid to the axis of revolution. Hence the surface equation becomes,

Examples: 1. Derive the formula for the lateral area of a right circular cone of base radius r and height h. The lateral area of a right circular cone can be generated by revolving a slant line of length s about a vertical axis. The line s is the hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the base radius r and height h:
2 2

2 +

2 2 2

By proportion, the centroid of the line s is

hence the distance of the centroid from the axis of revolution is: 2 2 +
2 2

2
2

2 +

2. Derive the formula for the surface area of a sphere of radius r. The sphere is generated by revolving about the x-axis or y-axis a half circle of radius r and of 2 equation 2 + 2 . Here, we choose the half circle occupying the 1st and 4th quadrants, and revolve it about the y-axis to generate the surface of the sphere.

) )

-r

Steps:

-r

1. Choose the strip that will run across the region encompassed by the arc and the axis of revolution 2. Solve for the length of the arc (s) 3. Solve for the centroid of the arc 4. Solve for the area of revolution using 2 Steps 1 and 2: The chosen strip is horizontal running from y=r to y=-r. The equation for the length of the arc encompassed by the set horizontal strip is:
2

+ So the length of the half circle, + To solve this equation, we need equation
2

which is obtained by getting the derivative of the 2 +2

Solving for s, +
2

+
2

2 2

Use trigonometric substitution method to solve this integral. The integral is of the form
2 2

where

and and

, then:

The limits can also be changed from y to for easier evaluation. Given that

, if

and if

. Writing the equation

in terms of variable and solving for s,

2 2 2 2 2

2 2

2 2

|2
2

(Note that you can actually obtain the length of the arc of the half circle by dividing the equation for the circumference of the circle by 2: Step 3: The centroid of the half circle will lie along the x-axis or at the line y=0, hence the ycoordinate of the centroid of the half circle is: . We need to solve for the x-coordinate of the centroid using the following equation:
2 2 2 2

.)

Solving for the numerator of the equation, and noting that + to r,

2 2 2

and

(already derived previously) and the limits are r

2 2 2

+ )

Hence, the x-coordinate of the centroid of the half circle which is also the distance of the centroid from the axis of revolution is, 2
2

2 Step 4: The surface area of the generated sphere is, 2 2 2

Theorem of Pappus for Volume of Revolution If a plane region is revolved about a line in its plane that does not cut the region, then the measure of the volume of solid generated is equal to the product of the area of the region and the distance traveled by the centroid of the arc

The centroid is the geometric center of the arc and can be found using the following equations: Where:

= centroid of the chosen strip in getting the area of the region = area of the region

Take note that the distance traveled by the centroid is a circumference of a circle with radius d, which is the distance from the centroid to the axis of revolution

Examples: 1. Find the volume of the torus (donut) generated by revolving a circle of radius r about a line in its plane at a distance R from its center (R>r).

The region is the circle with area, of the centroid is R, hence the volume is
2

and the distance is

2. Determine the volume of the solid generated when the region bounded by 2is revolved about Steps:
2 1. Sketch the region 2 and the line 2. Set a rectangular strip and solve for the area of the region:

Vertical strip: Horizontal strip:

) ) 3. Solve for the centroid of the region using the equations:

4. Determine the distance of the centroid from the line using the distance formula for a point to a line: | + + |
2

Where:

A, B and C = coefficients of the equation of the line (axis of revolution) when written in standard form: Ax+By+C=0 = coordinates of the point (centroid of the region)

5. Solve for the volume using :

Step 1: Sketch the region and the line of revolution 2 2

)) 2 )

Step 2: Solve for the area of the region

2 2 2

Step 3: Solve for the centroid of the region Note that the centroid of the vertical strip
2 2

)
2

2 )2

or in standard form: . | 2 2

Step 4: Solve for the distance of the centroid from the line so A=1, B= -1 and C=-3. From step 2, | +
2 2

and 2 2

+ | +
2

|2
2

| + )2

Step 5: Solve for the volume 2 2 2 2 2 2 2