Couple: p

Themomentproducedbytwoequal,opposite ,and dnoncollinear lli forces f i iscalled ll dacouple. l

Couple:
ConsiderthetwoequalandoppositeforcesF andF ,a distanced apart. apart Theirsumineverydirectioniszero andonlyeffectisatendencyofrotation. Thecombinedmomentofthetwoforcesaboutanaxis normaltotheirplanepassingthroughanypointO in theirplaneisthecoupleM. M Magnitudeofcouple; M=F(a+d) Fa =Fd Magnitudeofcoupleisindependentofthedistancea. Momentofacouplehasthesamevalueforallmoment centers.
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VectorAlgebraMethod
Thecombinedmomentabout pointO oftheforcesformingthe couple p is; ; M=rA xF+rB x(F)=(rA rB)x F WhererA andrB areposition vectorsand rA rB =r Therefore, M=rxF DirectionofMisnormaltothe planeofthecoupleandthesense ofM isdeterminedby ytheright g handrule.
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Equivalent q Couples p
ChangingthevaluesofF andd doesnotchange

agivencoupleaslongastheproductFd remainsthesame. Acouple l is i not taffected ff t difthe th forces f act tin i a differentbutparallelplane.

ForceCoupleSystem
Theeffectofaforceactingonabodyisthetendencyto pullorpushthebodyinthedirectionoftheforce, force and torotatethebodyaboutanyfixedaxiswhichdoesnot intersectthelineoftheforce. force Agivenforcecanbereplacedbyanequalparallelforce andacoupleandreferredtoasforcecouplesystem. system Inreverseprocess,acoupleandaforcecanbecombined toproduceasingle, single equivalentforce force.

Example1: Therigidstructuralmemberis subjected bj t dto t acouple l consisting i ti ofthetwo100N forces. forces Replace thecouple p by yanequivalent q coupleconsistingofthetwo forcesP andP,eachofwhich hasamagnitudeof400N. N Determinetheproperangle.
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Original Couple g p has magnitude; g ; M = Fd M = 100 N x 0.1 m M = 10 N.m Direction counterclockwise from above. above Couple p by y forces P and P, , in counterclockwise direction from above. M = Fd M = 400 cos x 0.04 = 400 cos x 0.04 0 04 cos = 0.625 = 51.3
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Example2:

p Replace thehorizontal 80lbforceacting gon theleverby yan equivalentsystem consistingofaforceat O andacouple. couple
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We apply and opposite 80 lb pp y two equal q pp forces at O and indentify the counterclockwise couple,

Magnitude of couple; M = Fd M = 80 x 9/12 sin 60 M = 80 x 0 0.75 75 x 0 0.866 866 = 51.96 lb-ft

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Resultants
Theresultantofa

systemofforcesisthe simplestforce combinationwhichcan replacetheoriginal forceswithoutaltering g externaleffectonthe rigidbodytowhichthe forcesareapplied.

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Resultants
Foranysystemof coplanarforceswe may ywrite; ;

R = F1 + F2 + F3 + ... = F Rx = Fx Ry = Fy R = ( Fx ) 2 + ( Fy ) 2 Ry F 1 y = tan = tan Rx Fx

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Equilibrium
Equilibriumofabodyisthe conditioninwhichtheresultant ofallforcesactingonthebodyis zero.

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PrincipleofMoments

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PrincipleofMoments
MomentoftheresultantforceR aboutanypointo equalsthesumofthemomentsoftheoriginalforces ofthesystemaboutthesamepoint.Thisprinciple extends t d Varignons V i theorem th to t the th caseof fnon concurrentforcesystem.

R = F M o = M = ( Fd ) Rd = M o

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