Proceedings of Acoustics 2012 Fremantle

21 23 November 2012, Fremantle, Australia

Assessment of masonry bell tower response to bell ringing using operational modal analysis and numerical modelling
Steve Brown (1), Joon Pil wang (1) and Andrew Par!er (1)
(1 Acoustics and !ibration, S"# $onsulting Australia Pty "td, Sydney, Australia

ABS"#A$"
%&e aut&ors carried out an investigation into t&e dynamic res'onse of a bell to(er) %&e main focus of t&is study (as to investigate t&e mec&anism be&ind t&e 'erceived &ig& vibration res'onse during bell ringing as (ell as to 'rovide an assessment of t&e severity of vibration res'onse (it& res'ect to ris* of damage to t&e structure) A combination of o'erational modal analysis tec&ni+ues (including a non contact measurement o'tion and finite element modelling (as used to analyse t&e dynamic res'onse of t&e structure) %&is 'a'er discusses t&e measurement and modelling tec&ni+ues im'lemented in order to assess t&e effect of bell ringing to t&e to(er structure as (ell as retrofit and moni toring strategies 'ro'osed in order to manage and monitor t&e motion of t&e to(er for im'roved safety) :'date and validate t&e F1 model to matc& t&e meas ured modal res'onse) :se t&e validated F1 model to assess t&e dynamic re s'onse during bell ringing) (i)e) t&e measured vibration res'onse (as a''lied to t&e model and t&e dynamic stress field 'lotted ) Assess t&e measured vibration res'onse due to bell ring ing in relation to relevant Australian and international standards) Follo(ing com'letion of t&e measurement and assess ment 'rocess, develo' a mitigation strategy for t&e 'er ceived e9cessive levels of vibration if (arranted)

%&"#'()$"%'&
St) Paul,s $at&edral, in -endigo !ictoria, (as constructed in 1./. (it& t&e bell to(er being com'leted in 1.03) %&e bell to(er, (&ic& stands 33 m tall, (as fitted (it& eig&t bells) -ell ringing (as &alted in 1..0 due to structural safety concerns, instead only being c&imed from t&at 'oint on) %&e bells (ere subse+uently re cast in 1ngland and recommissioned in 12/3) At t&is time t&e bell frame (as installed at a lo(er level and t&e to(er (as locally strengt&ened around t&is area) %&e re cast bells (ere lig&ter and (ere installed (it& s&a'ed &eadstoc*s to reduce t&e out of balance 'endulum forces, i)e) t&e centre of mass of t&e bells (ere moved closer to t&e cen tre of rotation) 4o(ever, subse+uent to t&ese modifications t&e to(er still &as &ad a &istory of 'erceived &ig& vibration levels during bell ringing) 5n 2002 t&e local council declared t&e building unsafe for bell ringing or c&iming until suc& time t&at relevant assessment and remedial (or*s (if deemed nec essary &ad been com'leted) %&e aut&ors (ere commissioned by t&e Anglican 6iocese of -endigo to carry out an investigation into t&e dynamic re s'onse of t&e bell to(er) %&e *ey focus of t&is study (as to investigate t&e 'rimary cause of t&e 'erceived &ig& vibration res'onse as (ell as to 'rovide an assessment of t&e vibration severity due to bell ringing (it& res'ect to t&e ris* of damage to t&e structure) %&e general 'rocedure ado'ted to ac&ieve t&ese aims (as7 6efine t&e fundamental natural modes of vibration of t&e bell to(er using o'erational modal analysis met&ods) 8easure t&e vibration res'onse of t&e bell to(er and bell frame during bell ringing events) 5dentify t&e bell ringing 'endulum fre+uencies) 6evelo' a finite element (F1 model of t&e bell to(er including t&e effects of significant e9isting defects) 8easure t&e global dis'lacement of t&e to(er during testing using t&e 56S 5-5S S non contact system for measurement validation 'ur'oses)

%&roug&out t&is 'a'er, bell ;ringing, refers to a met&od (&ic& involves rotation of t&e bells, as o''osed to ;c&iming,, (&ic& involves stri*ing t&e bell (it& minimal rotation of t&e bell mass)

*+AS)#+*+&" P#'$+()#+
%nstrumentation %nstallation %&e instrumentation used for t&is study is listed belo( (%able 1 Accelerometers (ere fi9ed at an array of locations (Figure 1 inside t&e bell to(er suc& t&at t&e fundamental s(ay modes of vibration could be c&aracterised in t&e longitudinal (< = Plane and transverse (> = Plane directions in accord ance (it& t&e co ordinate system ado'ted for t&e measure ment 'rogram (Figure 2 )

Figure 1. Accelerometer installation locations Australian Acoustical Society Paper Peer Reviewed 1

21 23 November 2012, Fremantle, Australia

Proceedings of Acoustics 2012 Fremantle

$est No. 1: 19

'ells in 4%eration No.2,3,;,< ,:,9,8 No.2,3,;,< ,:,9,8

"easurement )irection 32 32

7inging or &/iming &/iming &/iming

MODAL ANALYSIS R S!LTS

Modal "ara#eters $/e natural modes and modal %arameters 5$able 36 of t/e to0er 0ere defined on t/e basis of t/e ambient modal meas urement results. Analysis of t/e narro0band s%ectra for eac/ measurement %lane 5Figure 3 and Figure ;6 indicated t/e natural modes and allo0ed for modal %arameters suc/ as dam%ing to be deter mined. $/e fundamental natural s0ay modes of t/e to0er 0ere measured at a%%ro1imately 1.; => in t/e longitudinal direc tion and 1.: => in t/e transverse direction. Table 3. Summary of modal %arameters Fre*uency )am%ing )escri%tion of 5=>6 5?6 "ode S/a%e 1.;3 3.3 Fundamental s0ay , 2 %lane 1.<: 3.; Fundamental s0ay 3 2 %lane ;.1 2.( Second order s0ay , 2 %lane ;.: 2.8 Second order s0ay 3 2 %lane
Ambient Bell Tower Vibration Velocity (X Direction : NW - SE)
0.0016

Figure 2. Elevations showing co ordinate system Table 1. ist of !nstrumentation !nstrument "a#e $y%e Accelerometers P&' 3(3A03 )ata Ac*uisition "S Scadas )ata Analysis + "S $est.,%ress Processing $est. ab Finite -lement Ansys .ersion 13 "odelling Non &ontact !)S !'!S S )is%lacement Natural Modes of the Bell Tower !n order to define t/e natural modes of t/e to0er, measure ments of to0er vibration res%onses due to environmental e1citations 0ere recorded. !n ot/er 0ords, bac#ground vibra tion res%onse due to 0ind and+or ground borne traffic in duced vibration 0as measured. $/ese measurements 0ere t/en used to e1tract t/e modal %arameters of t/e first t0o natural modes of t/e to0er in t/e , 2 and 3 2 %lane, 0/ic/ are t/e fundamental and second order s0ay modes in t/e , and 3 direction res%ectively. Bell Ringing Induced Vibration

"ode No. 1 2 3 ;

0.0014 Mode 2 4.625 Hz 0.0012

Vibration Velocity (mm"#)

0.0010 Mode 1 1.4375 Hz 0.0008

4%erational vibratory res%onse measurements 5$able 26 0ere also carried out during a series of bell ringing trials. $/is 0as t/e first time t/e bells /ad been rung since 200(. $/e %ur%ose of t/ese measurements 0as to determine t/e level of vibra tion at various locations 0it/in t/e to0er for different bell ringing configurations. Table 2. Summary of o%erational vibration measurements $est 'ells in "easurement 7inging or No. 4%eration )irection &/iming 1 No.8 ,2 7inging 2 No.9 ,2 7inging 3 No.: ,2 7inging ; No.< ,2 7inging < No.; ,2 7inging : No.3 ,2 7inging 9 No.2 ,2 7inging 8 No.2,3,;,< ,2 7inging ,:,9,8 ( No.8 32 7inging 10 No.9 32 7inging 11 No.: 32 7inging 12 No.< 32 7inging 13 No.; 32 7inging 1; No.3 32 7inging 1< No.2 32 7inging 2

0.0006

0.0004

0.0002

0.0000 10.200 0.200 1.200 2.200 3.200 4.200 5.200 6.200 7.200 8.200 9.200

Frequency ( !)

Figure 3. Sam%le ambient vibration s%ectrum 5, 2 Plane6

Ambient Bell Tower Vibration Velocity$Y (X Direction : NE - SW)
0.0010

0.0008

Mode 1 1.5625 Hz

Vibration Velocity (mm"#)

0.0006

Mode 2 4.125 Hz

0.0004

0.0002

0.0000 10.200 0.200 1.200 2.200 3.200 4.200 5.200 6.200 7.200 8.200 9.200

Frequency ( !)

Figure 4. Sam%le ambient vibration s%ectrum 53 2 Plane6

Australian Acoustical Society

Proceedings of Acoustics 2012 Fremantle Mode Sha%es $/e natural mode s/a%es for eac/ measurement 0ere ma%%ed onto a line dra0ing of t/e bell to0er and t/e resulting mode s/a%es %lotted and animated for vie0ing 5Figure < and Figure :6 and for com%arison 0it/ t/e F- model results.

21 23 November 2012, Fremantle, Australia

1.5

1.0

Dis%lace#ent $##&

0.5

ch1 ch2 ch3 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 ch4 ch5 ch6

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5 Ti#e $s&

Figure !. "ode 2 51.< =>6 @ fundamental 3 2 s0ay mode $/e vibration measurement results 0ere analysed to %rovide t/e ma1imum vibration velocity and dis%lacement for eac/ test 5$able 36. Table 3. Summary of vibration levels and fre*uencies $est "a1imum "a1imum )ominant No. .ibration .ibration Fre*uency 5=>6 .elocity evel )is%lacement 5mm+s 7"S6 evel 5mm Pea#6 1 3.; 0.: 1.3 2 3.1 0.< 1.; 3 0.: 0.1 1.; ; 0.: 0.1 1.3 < 0.; 0.0: 1.; : 0.3 0.0< 1.3 9 0.3 0.0< 1.3 8 <.< 0.( 1.; ( 1.9 0.3 1.3 10 1.8 0.3 1.; 11 3.1 0.< 1.; 12 2.3 0.; 1.3 13 2.< 0.; 1.; 1; 1.9 0.3 1.3 1< 1.1 0.2 1.3 1: :.8 1.1 1.; 19 0.1 0.01 1.; !n all cases t/e ma1imum level 0as measured at t/e /ig/est location in t/e to0er. !t s/ould be noted t/at t/e ma1imum measured vibration dis%lacement 0as 1.1 mm 0/en all bells 0ere ringing 5due to reasons of mec/anical re%air t/e smallest bell, 'ell 1, could not be rung6. )ue to %oor access and ris#s to safety, it 0as not %ossible to mount accelerometers at t/e to% level of t/e to0er. $/erefore t/e measured fundamental mode s/a%es 0ere used to %redict 0/at t/e ma1imum dis%lacement 0ould be at t/e to% of t/e to0er 0it/ reference to t/e level measured at t/e /ig/est accelerometer installation locations. $/e ma1imum dis%lacement level at t/e to% of t/e to0er due to vibration 0as e1tra%olated to be Aust belo0 2 mm 5%ea#6. $/is result correlates 0ell 0it/ t/e /ig/est dis%lacement measured 0it/ t/e remote 5!'!S S6 dynamic dis%lacement measurement system 5Figure (6. $/e vibration measurements also found t/at t/ere 0as no detectable relative motion bet0een t/e steel bell frame and t/e masonry structure of t/e to0er near t/e attac/ment %oints.

Figure 5. "ode 1 51.; =>6 @ fundamental , 2 s0ay mode

Figure 6. "ode 2 51.< =>6 @ fundamental 3 2 s0ay mode

VIBRATION M AS!R M NT R S!LTS

$/e dis%lacement time /istories 5Figure 9 and Figure 86 for eac/ accelerometer location 0/ilst all bells 0ere ringing s/o0ed t/at t/e dis%lacement levels increased 0it/ increase in t/e /eig/t of t/e measurement location, an indication t/at t/e bell ringing 0as e1citing t/e fundamental s0ay modes in eac/ measurement %lane.
1.0 0.8 0.6 Dis%lace#ent $##& 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Ti#e $s& 130 135 140 145 150 ch1 ch2 ch3 ch4 ch5 ch6

Figure . Sam%le dis%lacement time /istory 5All bells , 26

Australian Acoustical Society

21 23 November 2012, Fremantle, Australia

Proceedings of Acoustics 2012 Fremantle Table 4. F- "aterial Pro%erties !nitial -lastic "odulus &om%onent )ensity 5#g+m36 5"Pa6 Footing 2300 30000 "asonry bric#0or# 1800 2200 5including mortar6 'ell Frame 2300 30000 Table 5. F- "aterial Pro%erties C%dated &om%onent )ensity -lastic "odulus 5#g+m36 5"Pa6 Footing 2300 30000 "asonry bric#0or# 1800 2100 5including mortar6 @ , 2 direction "asonry bric#0or# 1800 1000 5including mortar6 @ 3 2 direction 'ell frame !)S !'!S S

R MOT DYNAMI' DIS"LA' M NT M AS!R M NTS

$/e !'!S S interferometric radar based dis%lacement meas urement system 5Figure (6 0as set u% across t/e street from t/e bell to0er on t/e to% level of a t0o storey car %ar# in order to avoid interference from ot/er moving obstacles suc/ as trees and ve/icles. $/e system 0as directed at t/e bell to0er 5ensuring t/at t/e entire to0er fit 0it/in t/e field of vie0 of t/e system6. !'!S S dis%lacement measurements 5Figure 10 s/o0s a sam%le dis%lacement time /istory6 0ere underta#en simultaneously to t/e accelerometer measure ments 5$able 26.

Figure ". !'!S S dis%lacement measurement system

Figure 1#. Sam%le !'!S S dis%lacement measurement $/e results indicate t/at t/e ma1imum dis%lacement at t/e to% of t/e to0er 0as 2 mm %ea# measured in t/e 3 direction 0it/ all bells ringing.

Figure 11. Deometry of t/e F- model )isting 'rac* Modelling $/e results of a %/otogrammetric survey 5Figure 126 0ere used to simulate significant e1isting crac#s in t/e F- model. $/e measured crac#s 0ere modelled %/ysically 5Figure 136 0/ere t/ey 0ere found to be locally %otentially significant, and in ot/er areas t/ey 0ere modelled globally by incor%orat ing t/em into t/e F- model by 0ay of c/anged overall /o mogenous material %ro%erties.

(INIT

L M NT MOD L

Model Descri%tion A finite element 5F-6 model of t/e bell to0er 0as %re%ared using ANS3S Bor#benc/ 13.0. =ig/er order t/ree dimensional bric# elements 0ere used to re%resent t/e masonry structure. $/e initial material %ro%er ties 5$able ;6 used 0ere based u%on a literature revie0 of similar masonry bell to0ers as an overall material %ro%erty of t/e combined bric#0or# and mortar, treating it as a /omoge nous material 5!vorra et al., 20116. $/e material %ro%erties 0ere t/en u%dated 5$able <6 to in clude t/e effects of crac#s 5determined via visual ins%ection and %/otogrammetry6, directionality of t/e to0er modal re s%onse 5asymmetrical res%onse measured6 and t/e measured dis%lacement am%litudes. ;

Figure 12. Sam%le %lot s/o0ing documented crac#s Australian Acoustical Society

Proceedings of Acoustics 2012 Fremantle

21 23 November 2012, Fremantle, Australia Dead Load Anal+sis A dead load analysis 0as carried out to find out t/e E%re com%ressionF t/at t/e structure 0as li#ely to be under in its static state 5Figure 1<6. !t can be seen /ere t/at t/e /ig/est stress is a%%ro1imately 3.2 "Pa in com%ression 5found in t/e concrete collar6.

Figure 13. .ie0 of F- model s/o0ing simulated crac#s Nor#al Mode Anal+sis and Model Refine#ent "odal analyses 0ere carried out using t/e F- model in order to validate t/e %erformance of t/e F- model against t/e measured vibration res%onse t/at 0as obtained on site. $/e fundamental bending modes in bot/ directions are s/o0n belo0 as resolved using t/e F- model including t/e u%dated material %arameters 5$able <6. $/e resolved modes 0ere 1.;3 => and 1.<; => in t/e , 2 and 3 2 directions res%ectively 5Figure 1; and Figure 1<6. $/ese modes com%are very closely to t/e measured vibration data, and %rovide a means of data validation.

Figure 15. Stress contours from F- model dead load analysis

DIS'!SSIONS
$/e aut/orFs literature revie0 of bell to0ers and bell ringing dynamics led to t/e follo0ing observationsG $/e nominal fre*uency range of t/e fundamental s0ay mode of bell to0ers is a%%ro1imately 1.0 => to 2.;=>. $/e nominal %endulum fre*uency of bell ringing mec/ anisms is in t/e range of 1.2 => to 1.: =>. $/e usual forced res%onse be/aviour of a to0er under t/e action of one bell ringing is ty%ically c/aracterised by a s/ort build u% and slo0 decay as t/e bell s0ings t/roug/ smaller and smaller arcs as evidenced by t/e sam%le dis%lacement time /istory 5Bilson and Selby, 1((;6 5Figure 1:6 0/ic/ is in contrast to t/e build u% and decay of dynamic dis%lacement observed at St PaulFs 5Figure 196. $/e difference in be/aviour could be e1%lained by t/e slo0 decay of t/e natural s0ay mode of t/e to0er after it is e1cited by t/e almost sinusoidal in%ut from t/e %en dulum effect of t/e bell. $/e %endulum action of t/e bell, as it s0ings u%, %roduces an increasing res%onse in t/e to0er, and once t/e bell /as reac/ed t/e bell u% %o sition and ringing continues, t/e bell ringing occurs at a slig/tly lo0er fre*uency t/an it did at t/e start. =ence t/e forcing fre*uency beats 0it/ t/e natural decaying re s%onse of t/e to0er.

Figure 14. Fundamental bending mode 5, 2 direction6

Figure 15. Fundamental bending mode 53 2 direction6

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<

21 23 November 2012, Fremantle, Australia

Proceedings of Acoustics 2012 Fremantle tensile stress develo%ed in t/e masonry structure 0as 0.3 "Pa 5not0it/standing t/e e1isting dead load6. B/en t/e bells 0ere c/imed using t/e moving stri#er rat/er t/an rung, t/e vibration res%onse of t/e to0er 0as almost immeasurably lo0. $/e bells being c/imed by t/e e1ternal stri#er met/od t/erefore %oses no discernible ris# to t/e structural integrity. B/en t/e bells 0ere rung 0it/ full rotations t/e ma1imum tensile stress determined at 0.3 "Pa 0as less t/an t/e dead load stress at t/e same locationK t/is means t/at t/e to0er s0ay due to bell ringing 0ould not cause overall tensile stress 0/en t/e dead load is considered. !n com%ression t/e to0er s0ay 0ill add a furt/er 0.3 "Pa to t/e e1isting com%ressive dead load of 0.< "Pa.

Figure 16. Sam%le dis%lacement time /istory 5Bilson and Selby, 1((;6

A revie0 of e1isting %ublis/ed literature indicates t/at mate rial strengt/ of masonry varies bet0een 2 "Pa and 12 "Pa in com%ression, and 0.3 and 0.< "Pa in tension 5!vorra et al, 20116. 7esults of t/is study indicate t/at t/e stresses im %osed on St PaulFs bell to0er are less t/an t/e ma1imum allo0able for masonry, according to t/e above %ro%erties. $/is investigation /ad led us to t/e conclusion t/at 0/ile t/e reintroduction of bell ringing 5bot/ ringing and c/iming6 0ould introduce additional levels of stress to t/e to0er, t/e stresses are li#ely to be belo0 nominated material strengt/s of masonry ty%ically used in bell to0er structures. =o0ever, additional monitoring and mitigation measures are %ro%osed to furt/er reduce t/e ris# of structural damage due to bell ringing. $/ese measures may includeG

Figure 1 . Sam%le dis%lacement time /istory for 'ell 8 at St PaulFs &at/edral

VIBRATION S V RITY STANDARDS

A survey of Australian and international vibration standards led t/e aut/ors to conclude t/at t/e Derman standard )!N ;1<0 3 is t/e most relevant standard for t/is study. )!N ;1<0 3 %rovides Hguidelines 0/ic/, 0/en com%lied 0it/, 0ill not result in damage t/at 0ill /ave an adverse effect on t/e structureFs serviceabilityI. For t/is ty%e of structure, t/e standard suggests a guideline criterion of 2.< mm+s vibration velocity for continuous /ori>ontal vibration. $/is assumes t/at t/e vibration due to bell ringing is classified as Elong termF vibration as it /as %otential to cause Hresonance in t/e structure being evaluatedI. )!N ;1<0 3 s%ecifies t/is level to be com%ared against t/e measured vibration level in t/e /ori >ontal direction on t/e to% floor of t/e building. !t is very im%ortant to note /o0ever t/at t/is sim%le com%ari son does not ensure no damage 0ill occur due to bell ringing. $/e standard notes t/at He1ceeding t/e valuesJ slig/tly does not necessarily lead to damageI, and t/at Ht/e stresses may be determinedJ s/all be %erformed using state of t/e art met/odsI, 0/ic/ 0as carried out by t/e aut/ors in t/is case.

"odification of t/e bells to reduce t/e out of balance %endulum forces during ringing. !m%lementation of a tuned mass dam%er system 0it/in t/e to0er to counteract t/e bell ringing induced vibra tion. !m%lementation of a monitoring system t/at 0ould measure t/e motion of t/e to0er 5%otentially including strain6 on a continual basis to 0arn t/e to0er o%erators of e1ceedances s%ecificed safe limits.

$/ese recommendations are made to offset t/e follo0ing %oints of concern. 4ur researc/ /as indicated t/at /istorically, t/ere /ave been sudden colla%ses of masonry to0ers 5Dentile, 20096. $/e res%onse and stress calculations in our assessment 0ere based on t/e ma1imum measured res%onse during t/e trial ringing. !t is no0 understood t/at t/e to0er s0ay mode is close to t/e in%ut %endulum fre*uencies, and it is s%eculated t/at slig/t c/anges in t/e %endulum fre*uencies may %roduce a /ig/er 5or lo0er6 to0er res%onse. Namely, if t/e %endulum fre*uencies, measured to be slig/tly lo0er t/an t/e to0er s0ay modes, 0ere to coincide 0it/ t/e to0er fre*uencies t/en a /ig/er to0er res%onse may result. Furt/ermore, variation to %/asing of t/e bells could also %o tentially %roduce a /ig/er or lo0er res%onse. $/e trials under ta#en 0ere an attem%t to measure t/e to0er res%onse due to ty%ical ringing activites 0it/ no %articular regard for %/asing of bells.

DAMA, RIS- ASS SSM NT

'ased on t/e above 0or# and a survey of literature, t/e aut/ros concluded t/at a damage ris# assessment based on measured vibration levels alone, and com%ared 0it/ a%%ro %riate standards 0ould not be considered accurate or effective in t/is case. B/en t/e measured ma1imum dynamic dis%lacements 0ere a%%lied to t/e validated F- model, t/e resulting ma1imum

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Proceedings of Acoustics 2012 Fremantle

21 23 November 2012, Fremantle, Australia F. Pena, P. '. ourenco, N. "endes, ). .. 4liveira, Numeri cal models for the seismic assessment of an old masonry tower, -ngineering Structures, .ol. 32, %% 1;:: 1;98, 2010. L. ". Bilson and A. 7. Selby, Durham Cathedral tower vi brations during bell ringing, -ngineering a &at/edral, %% 99 100, 1((;.

'ON'L!SIONS AND R 'OMM NDATIONS

$/is %a%er %resents t/e results of t/e above investigation of t/e dynamic res%onse of t/e bell to0er at t/e St PaulFs &a t/edral in 'endigo, .ictoria. $/e main conclusions of t/is investigation 0ereG $/e %erceived /ig/ vibration res%onse of t/e bell to0er during bell ringing 0as *uantified. $/e /ig/est measured vibration level 0as :.8 mm+s 7"S, measured at t/e u%%er level of t/e bell frame. $/is 0as measured 0/ilst bells 2 to 8 0ere ringing. $/e fundamental natural s0ay modes of t/e to0er 0ere measured at 1.; => in t/e longitudinal direction and 1.: => in t/e transverse direction. !t 0as found t/at t/e %erceived /ig/ vibration res%onse of t/e bell to0er 0as due to resonance of t/e bell %endu lum fre*uencies 0it/ t/e natural s0ay fre*uencies of t/e to0er. $/e coincidence of t/e bell %endulum fre*uen cies 0it/ t/e natural s0ay fre*uencies of t/e to0er causes am%lification of t/e vibration res%onse in com %arison to if t/ere /ad not been a coincidence of fre *uencies. B/en t/e measured ma1imum dynamic dis%lacements 0ere a%%lied to t/e validated F- model t/e resulting ma1imum tensile stress develo%ed in t/e masonry struc ture 0as 0.3 "Pa 5not0it/standing t/e e1isting dead load6. B/en t/e bells 0ere c/imed using t/e moving stri#er rat/er t/an rung, t/ere 0as an almost immeasurably lo0 vibration res%onse of t/e to0er. $/e bells being c/imed by t/e e1ternal stri#er met/od t/erefore %oses no dis cernible ris# to t/e structural integrity. B/en t/e bells 0ere rung 0it/ full rotations t/e ma1i mum tensile stress 5determined to be 0.3 "Pa6 0as less t/an t/e dead load stress at t/e same locationK t/is means t/at t/e to0er s0ay due to bell ringing 0ould not cause overall tensile stress 0/en t/e dead load is considered. !n com%ression t/e to0er s0ay 0ill add a furt/er 0.3 "Pa to t/e e1isting com%ressive dead load of 0.< "Pa. A revie0 of e1isting %ublis/ed literature indicates t/at material strengt/ of masonry varies bet0een 2 "Pa and 12 "Pa in com%ression, and 0.3 and 0.< "Pa in tension 5!vorra et al, 20116. 7esults of t/is study indicate t/at t/e stresses im%osed on St PaulFs bell to0er are less t/an t/e ma1imum allo0able for masonry, according to t/e above %ro%erties. A %otential ne1t stage to t/is investigation is to furt/er develo% an a%%ro%riate monitoring and mitigation %lan as described above.

R ( R N' S
)!N ;1<0 3G1((( Structural vibration @ -ffects of vibration on structures, )!N, 1(((. &. Dentile, A. Saisi, Ambient vibration testing of /istoric masonry to0ers for structural identification and damage assessment, &onstruction and 'uilding "aterials, .ol. 21, %% 1311 1321, 2009. S. !vorra, F. L. Pallares, Dynamic investigations on a masonry bell tower, -ngineering Structures, .ol. 28, %%. ::0 ::9, 200:. S. !vorra, F. L. Pallares, L. ". Adam, Masonry bell towers: dynamic considerations, Structures and 'uildings, .ol. 1:;, !ssue S'1, February 2011.

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