FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT (Radio over Fiber Technology)

Project Advisor (Saleem Ata)

Submitted by (Syed Shahzaib Raza) BS Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering School of Science and Technology University of Management and Technology

(Radio over Fiber Technology)

Project Report submittedto the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Management and Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

(Syed Shahzaib Raza)

(April 20, 2012)

Abstract
The demand of mobile communications in the modern world is increasing day by day. It has been noticed that subscribers for the mobile communication technologies are growing rapidly. The data transfer rate should be maximum for uninterruptable communication. The radio over fiber technology offers much more data transfer rate as compared to other technologies. This project is research based on the simulation of WCDMA communication using Radio over Fiber technology. Next generation mobile communication will require high bandwidth for communication. 3G and 4G mobile communications are now being offered by the Telecommunication Industries. The mm-wave in atmosphere gets attenuated and the signal is sometimes lost. However, the upcoming technologies will be using the optical fiber communication system along with wireless communication for the high speed data transfer. This combination will increase the capacity for the cellular base stations to change dynamically and meet the traffic requirements. The Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology is the one which will fulfill the requirements. This technology is actually the integration of optical fiber and mm-wave transmission system. In this project a simulation of WCDMA using Radio over Fiber Technology will be made so that the Bit Error Rate could be measured and the performance of this technology will also be calculated.

Dedication
This project is dedicated to my parents who helped me and supported me throughout my degree. My brothers and my friends who always provided me back up whenever I faced problems. I would also like to dedicate this project to my teachers for their uncountable efforts and support in the hours of need. Syed Shahzaib Raza

Acknowledgements
I would like to thank ALLAH, The Creator of the whole universe; Who made me eligible to study and progress. His great blessings made this work to be completed successfully. I am grateful to Mr. Saleem Ata, my project advisor for his support, guidance, supervision and uncountable efforts during my study and project. I would like to especially thank Mr. Muhammad Saadi, Mr. BasitShahab, Mr. Muhammad Rizwan, Mr. JawwadChattha for their advices and guides. I am also thankful to other faculty members of Electrical Engineering Department for providing me directions towards the studies and career. Finally I would thank to my parents for their support, hard work and trust on me to strive towards the successful study and career, my brothers and my friends. Syed Shahzaib Raza

Table of contents
List of figures List of tables List of abbreviations Chapter I Introduction to Project 1 3 5 iii iv v

1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Methodology Chapter II Radio over Fiber

1 Radio over Fiber Technology 2 Radio over Fiber Systems 3 Advantages of RoF Systems 4 Benefits of RoF for Mobile Communication 5 Applications of RoF Technology

6 8 8 11 11

Chapter III Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) 1 Introduction 2 Specifications of WCDMA 3 Operating Modes of WCDMA Chapter IV Modulations 1 BPSK Modulation 2QPSK Modulation 16 18 12 12 13

Chapter V Simulations 1 Creating a Sine Wave 2 Creating a High Frequency Wave 3 Sine Functions 4 Creating Various Pulses 5 Amplitude Modulation 6 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation 7 Gaussian Distribution Function 8 AWGN to Signal 9 PSK Modulation and Demodulation 10 Simulink Model for QPSK Modulation using AWGN channel 11 Theoretical BER plot for QPSK using AWGN channel 12 Simulated BER plot for QPSK using AWGN channel 13 Simulink Model for BPSK Modulation using AWGN channel 14 Theoretical BER plot for BPSK using AWGN channel 15 Simulated BER plot for BPSK using AWGN channel Chapter V References
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List of figures
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Radio over Fiber Technology BPSK Modulation Scheme QPSK Modulation Scheme WCDMA using RoF Methodology Radio over Fiber System Frequency Division Duplex Time Division Duplex BPSK Constellation Diagram BPSK Signal Attributes QPSK Constellation Diagram

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List of tables
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Parameters of WCDMA BPSK Phase Shifts QPSK Phase Shifts

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List of abbreviations
3GPP AWGN BER BPSK BS DWDM EDFA FDD GMSK GSM IF IMDD IMT-2000 ITS ITU IVC LAN MSC MVDS OFDM PSK QAM QoS QPSK RAP/RAU RF RFI RoF RS RVC TDD TDMA Third Generation Partnership Project Additive White Gaussian Noise Bit Error Rate Binary Phase Shift Keying Base Stations Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Frequency Division Duplex Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying Global System for Mobile Communications Intermediate Frequencies Intensity Modulated Direct Detection International Mobile Telephony Intelligent Transport Systems International Telecommunication Union Inter-Vehicle Communication Local Area Network Mobile Switching Center Multipoint Video Distribution Services Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Radio Access Point/Radio Access Unit Radio Frequency Radio Frequency Interference Radio over Fiber Remote Station Road-to-Vehicle Communication Time Division Duplex Time Division Multiple Access
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UMTS UTRA WBMCS WCDMA

Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Wireless Broadband Mobile Communication Systems WidebandCodeDivisionMultipleAccess

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Chapter I.
1 Introduction

Introduction to Project

Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology is now being used in many different countries because of its low cost implementation and high data transfer rate which it offers. RoF systems cover wide areas of deployment for enhanced cellular coverage for its capacity and benefits. These networks include broadband communication networks, satellite communication networks, wireless access networks, IPTV and many more. These networks need high bandwidth for the transmission. The RoF technology offers these benefits for the future networks as it offers high bandwidth, low attenuation and cost. The RoF technology is basically the integration of wireless and optical communication systems. This uses the optical links to transfer the radio signals from the base stations (BSs) to multiple radio access points (RAPs). The basic point of this technology is high speed data transmission using optical fiber links which reduce the complexity of transmission system, as is only requires the optical conversions and modulations. This will provide the great advantage to wireless systems for the increasing capacity of users and the improvement of quality of service (QoS) without acquiring a new radio spectrum. This is basically the analog transmission system whereas the optical fiber includes the digital communication system. Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology usually called third generation wireless communication system is now being used all over the world. This system needs microcells and picocells for high speed data transmission and high bandwidth in order to provide services. The system comprises of multimedia communication which includes high definition videos and pictures, internet and audio communication. This supports the high data transmission rate up to 384 kbps for wide area coverage and 2 Mbps for local coverage. The data modulation consists of digital modulation for uplink and downlink. This air interface mature technology provides various business opportunities for the telecommunication operators, service providers and manufacturers. In WCDMA communication system, FDD is commonly used for macro and microcells and TDD is normally used for picocells. The specifications
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of this technology were created by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) which is the joint standardization project of Europe, Korea, Japan, China and USA. In 3GPP, WCDMA is called UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) FDD and TDD. 3G was named as IMT2000 (International Mobile Telephony-2000) by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union). The larger bandwidth of WCDMA gives multipath diversity for BSs especially in microcells. The advantages of utilizing RoF technology for WCDMA communication system are very much important as it provides the high bandwidth and data transfer rate and low attenuation loss which fulfills the requirement for 3G systems.

Figure 1: Radio over Fiber Technology

2 Objective The objective of this project is to simulate the WCDMA using RoF technology on MATLAB SIMULINK for mobile communication systems. For the achievement of this objective, various simulations have to be performed. There are different simulations blocks that are to be developed. This will be consisting of the different modulation, demodulation schemes, channels, communication system which is to be used and various parameters that are to be used for the transmission. This will help to reduce the system complexity from the BSs. The technology will be used by modulation of laser by a RF signal and will be transmitted on optical fiber channel. The configuration of RoF link will be the interface of radio signals and optical signals which will contain the analog laser transmitter and the photodiode receiver at the BSs. These optical fibers connect the RAPs and Central Processing Units.

Figure 2: BPSK Modulation Scheme

Figure 3: QPSK Modulation Scheme

Figure 4: WCDMA using RoF

3 Methodology
Start

Literature Study

Study of RoF Systems

Study of Mobile Communication Systems WCDMA Communication Systems

Starting MATLAB

Performing Simulations Setting the simulation Block

Comparing AWGN channel using RoF Performing Final Simulation

Observing BER

Final Report Submission End

Figure 5: Methodology

Chapter II.

Radio over Fiber

In this chapter, further explanations regarding RoF technology are mentioned. The basic concept, systems, parameters, advantages and applications of RoF technology are discussed. Further it contains the information of RoF technology in mobile communication networks, implementations and advantages. 1 Radio over Fiber Technology The 3G and future generation systems use the air interface methods using various channels and combination of cells for high traffic so that they could be changed dynamically to meet the requirements. The TDMA, CDMA and WCDMA mobile communication systems acquire the combination or groups of BSs for the implementation of technology to overcome the needs of traffic capacity. But these increase the complexity of the systems and may demand more BSs which will require high cost. User terminals vary in capabilities of transmission rates, cost, mobility and modulation levels. The increase in the complexity of BSs will require more BSs installation for the whole network deployment. The alternate way to decrease the complexity of BSs is to shift the complexity towards the central processing units. The RoF technology implies this alternate in which fiber optical links are used to distribute the radio signals from the CPUs to the RAPs. This needs the optoelectronic conversion of signals. In this technology the basic communication functions like modulation, coding and conversions are performed at CPUs. This results in the centralization of RAPs which allows the dynamic allocation of cells and high mobility management. Fiber optics are the backbone networks of telecommunication as it provides low attenuation loss and high bandwidth. The optical links in RoF systems are analog and produce carrier signals which can be modulated with digital modulation schemes. In RoF system, light signal is modulated by a radio signal and transmitted over a fiber link. This modulation is analog because the radio signal is also analog in nature. This configuration between radio and optical signal consist of optical transmitter located at the CPU and the photodiode receiver which is located at RAP or BS. This reduction in complexity of BS can be found very economical which will increase the capacity of network and decrease the cost of data transmission. The commonly used wavelengths of light are 1300 nm or 1550 nm which have low attenuation loss as compared to other wavelengths and provides high bandwidth which can be up 50 THz. These integrated links are called IMDD (Intensity Modulated-Direct Detection) which involvesPM and FM techniques.
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Figure 6: Radio over Fiber System

2 Radio over Fiber Systems The above mentioned picture shows the basic configuration of Radio over Fiber system. The system has low attenuation loss of signals and very high bandwidth of fiber optic channel. It fulfills the demand of high channel capacity and offers wide area for coverage. It also provides the economical solutions for the installation of BSs or whole network deployment. This system makes the group of cells that can changed dynamically and deliver high bandwidth to the subscribers. The radius of the zones can be reduced which will provide the effective use of radio frequencies. These systems are now being used widely for in-building networks, remote vehicles, office and wireless access points.

3 Advantages of RoF Systems Low Signal Attenuation Loss High Bandwidth Reduced Power Consumption Flexibility to systems Economical Solutions for Installation Immunity to Noise and Interference in Radio Signals

Low Signal Attenuation: The electromagnetic signal while transmission face different types of hurdles. There are many unwanted signals and other factors in the air which disturb the actual shape of the signal. The factors are greater in wireless transmission and reception of signals. These can be reduced but it costs a lot. The closed path of the signal provides much less attenuation as compared to wireless. In case of fiber optics there is gain provided to the signal due to which the chance for the attenuation of the signal becomes very less. It provides more reliability for the signal to travel very long distance without attenuation sometimes. So the RoF systems will be a great advantage to signal transmission as the signal will travel in the closed path (fiber optics) and will be more efficient. The communication system will also be improved as the signal travels with the speed of light in fiber optics and will have much greater bandwidth.

High Bandwidth: The major advantage of the fiber optics communication is the bandwidth. Theoretically fiber optics promises the unlimited bandwidth. There is not much greater difference between theoretical and practical implementation of fiber optics and its bandwidth. It gives much greater bandwidth than any other communication system. The 2 window concept provides maximum bandwidth with minimum attenuation. The wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm are mostly used. The single mode fiber is more widely used for these wavelengths. DWDM technology introduced recently has proven great for the fiber optics communication as there are many different wavelengths which can travel through a single mode fiber. Using this technology one can gain as maximum bandwidth as it can. EDFA is used for these multiplexing techniques in fiber optics. There is also other mode named multimode on which fiber optics operate. But commonly used mode is single mode. The high bandwidth in fiber optics causes electromagnetic signals to travel fast and provides efficiency. Reduced Power Consumption: In electro-magnetic signal transmission, there are many high frequency amplifiers used to transmit signals. These amplifiers, filters, antennas and many other devices used in wireless communication systems consume very high power. There are some other devices also which acquire more power than other equipment and are to be maintained regularly. They cost a lot for the service providers. These can be replaced by fiber optics communication systems. In the fiber optics communication, the optical transmitters used are diodes, there are optical amplifiers which consume very less power. The reception of the signals is also less power consuming as there is also a diode at the receivers end. The multiple use of diodes and light will reduce the power consumption is the RoF systems. Flexibility to systems: Radio over Fiber system provides the flexibility to the systems. While communication there are few factors that affect the devices. When the traffic is at its peak, the system complexity increases. To reduce the system complexity there must be a solution so that the communication could not be disturbed. RoF systems
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reduce this complexity by dividing the traffic load. The greater bandwidth provided by the fiber optics, and the DWDM technology are used to provide the flexibility to the systems. The complexity from the base stations are reduced and are diverted towards the other systems. To achieve this purpose, the basic tasks like modulation and demodulation schemes are performed at the base stations, the other tasks like error correction and handover etc. are shifted to mobile switching center. Economical Solutions for Installation: The RoF systems give benefit of easy and economical installation solutions. In this system equipment and devices performing high tasks are shifted in the MSC so that the BSs become simpler and easier. Therefore the maintenance of BSs becomes optimized and cheap as compared to other systems. BSs contain the optical and electronic devices that should perform the tasks for transmission and reception only. The switching and modulations devices are stored in MSC which would make the centralized system and will be easier to manage and replace the equipment. The other implementations like microcells and picocells can be possible by installing further BSs. To maintain all equipment in various BSs is much expensive. So the RoF systems provide the centralized installation and maintenance system to make it economical. Immunity to Noise and Interference in Radio Signals: One of the major advantages of fiber optics is that it provides the immunity to electromagnetic signals. In case of microwaves, this property will be more useful as the signals travel though closed channel. The modulation of microwave signals on light provides this benefit. When the light travels in fiber optics, it perform the phenomena of total internal reflection. On the basis of this, the signal travelled is secured.

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4 Benefits of RoF for Mobile Communication The RoF systems provide dynamic channel allocation and adaptive antenna selection. Following are the benefits of mobile communication systems using RoF technology: Wide area coverage Dynamic radio resource management Low power consumption for RAPs Less multipath fading effects Increased channel capacity and efficiency Reduced handovers Centralized processing Low maintenance cost High Bandwidth and data transfer rate Support for future generation networks Improved quality of signals Low fiber attenuation loss No electromagnetic interference Multimedia broadband communication

5 Applications of RoF Technology Cellular Networks Satellite Communications Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS) Mobile Broadband Services Wireless LANs Vehicle Communication and Control Next Generation Communication Systems In-Building Networks Radio Access Points

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Chapter III. Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

1 Introduction
The WCDMA air interface is the technology which is now providing its services in different countries all over the world. This is also known as UMTS which is the third generation wireless personal communication systems. The WCDMA technology is more efficient than the previously used GSM system due to its characteristics and wideband properties.

2 Specifications of WCDMA
The following table provides the information regarding WCDMA technology, its characteristic, parameters and specifications: Channel Bandwidth Duplex mode Modulation Chip Rate Handover Frame Length Channel Coding Power Control
Table 1: Parameters of WCDMA

5 MHz FDD and TDD QPSK and BPSK 3.84 Mbps Soft and Inter frequency 10 ms Convolution and Turbo codes Open and Fast closed loop (1.6 kHz)

The bandwidth provided is about 5MHz. The length of frame is 10 ms whereas each frame is divided into 15 slots which makes the chip rate of the system to about 3.84 Mcps. The modulation symbols vary from 960k symbols per second to 15 k symbols per second due to which the spreading factors range 256 4 for uplink and 512 4 for downlink. Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes of channelization are used for separating channels. Convolutional and turbo channel coding is used. The data modulation is performed by QPSK for downlink and BPSK for uplink.

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Concluding the whole network architecture, WCDMA is deployed in UMTS. This contains user equipment (UE) link with the BSs. These BSs are responsible for modulation, conversion, error correction and transmission. The BSs can transmit and receive signals from different cells and are controlled by Radio Network Controller (RNC). RNC consists of various BSs and performs radio resource management, call setup, location and QoS. The RNC is connected to PSTN and Internet.

3 Operating modes of WCDMA

WCDMA consists of two modes of operation which provides it diversity. Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) is used for the paired frequency band while Time Division Duplex (TDD) performs operation for unpaired frequency bands available. FDD mode consists of symmetric data transmission as it has 5MHz carrier frequencies for uplink and downlink which are separately used. These two bands transmit data separately from BS to Mobile Switching Center (MSC) and the other from MSC to BS. Thus, the information can be simultaneously exchanged in both directions. The FDD principle of operation can be viewed in the following figure:

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Figure 7: Frequency Division Duplex

In TDD principle only one band of 5MHz is available which is shared by both uplink and downlink in time separate mode. The information in uplink and downlink is alternated as the TDD is being used for unpaired spectrum. The bandwidths shared can also be altered between uplink and downlink, but the bandwidth of downlink is usually greater than the bandwidth of uplink. This sharing makes TDD mode more efficient. The following figure shows the TDD principle:

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Figure 8: Time Division Duplex

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Chapter IV. Modulations

1 BPSK Modulation:
A binary phase shift keying or 2PSK is the type of digital modulation. In this modulation scheme the carrier frequency is divided into two parts with respect to phase. The two logics are used for the phase changes. Logic 1 produces the phase change of 180o whereas the logic 0 produces no phase (0o) change. Following is the constellation diagram representing the BPSK or 2PSK modulation. Bits 0 1
Table 2: BPSK Phase Shifts

Phase 0o 180o

Figure 9: BPSK Constellation Diagram

The signals in BPSK can be represented as follows s1(t)=A cos(t) s2(t)=Acos(t+) representing logic 0 representing logic 1

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Figure 10: BPSK Signal Attributes

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2 QPSK Modulation:
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying or 4PSK modulation is also the type of digital modulation. It refers to the phase shifting of into four phases. The symbols in QPSK modulation are represented by two bits. The following table shows the sequence and the phases in QPSK. Bits 00 01 10 11
Table 3: QPSK Phase Shifts

Phases 45o 135o 315o 225o

The constellation diagram of QPSK can be seen as follows.

Figure 11: QPSK Constellation Diagram

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Chapter V.
1 Creating a Sine Wave

Simulations

2 Creating High Frequency wave

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3 Sine Functions

4 Creating Various Pulses

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5 Amplitude Modulation

6 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

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7 Gaussian Distribution Function

8 Add White Gaussian Noise to Signal

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9 Phase Shift Keying (PSK Modulation and Demodulation)

10 Simulink Model for QPSK Modulation using AWGN channel

The Simulink model for QPSK modulation was developed to observe the bit error rate. Here the Bernoulli Binary generator is used for the input signal which generates random bits. Then the binary signal is passed towards the QPSK modulator where the signal is modulated. The Gaussian channel commonly known as Additive White Gaussian Noise is added to the modulated signal and then is forwarded. The QPSK demodulator here, receives the signal and hence the block named Error Rate Calculation is placed here to analyze the transmitted and received signal.

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11 Theoretical BER plot for QPSK using AWGN channel

The BER plot here shows the Bit Error Rate of transmitted and received binary signal. The plot shows the increasing Eb/No which also called signal to noise ratio and the decreasing error bits. This plot is based on the theoretical study of BER. The parameters of this plot are present by default in the Simulink. 12 Simulated BER plot for QPSK using AWGN channel

The simulation block developed was analyzed to observe the bit error rate. This plot was merged with the previous plot so that the difference could be

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observed while simulating the block developed. The simulated BER varies from the theoretical plot and hence the difference is measured. 13 Simulink Model for BPSK Modulation using AWGN channel

The above Simulink model for BPSK modulation was developed to observe the bit error rate. The model consists of various blocks that are to be linked together to create the proper simulation. Here the Bernoulli Binary generator is used for the input signal which generates random bits. Then the binary signal is passed towards the BPSK modulator where the signal is modulated. The Gaussian channel commonly known as Additive White Gaussian Noise is added to the modulated signal and then is forwarded. The BPSK demodulator receives the signal and hence the block named Error Rate Calculation is pla ced here to analyze the transmitted and received signal. 14 Theoretical BER plot for BPSK using AWGN channel

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The BER plot here shows the Bit Error Rate of transmitted and received binary signal. The plot shows the increasing Eb/No which also called signal to noise ratio and the decreasing error bits. This plot is based on the theoretical study of BER. The parameters of this plot are present by default in the Simulink. 15 Simulated BER plot for BPSK using AWGN channel

The simulation model in Simulink was developed to analyze and observe the bit error rate. This plot was merged with the already developed plot so that the difference could be observed while simulating the block developed. The simulated BER plot for BPSK modulation does not varies from the theoretical plot and hence there is not that much difference to be measured.

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Chapter VI. References

Over Fiber Technologies For Mobile Communication Network. 1st edition Hamed Al-Raweshidy and Shozo Komaki Radio. Universal Personal Communication, Norwood, MA: Artech House Publishers. 2002. WCDMA for UMTS-Radio Access For Third Generation Mobile CommunicationHarriHolma and AnttiToskala. John Wiley &Sons,Ltd. 2001 Capacity Improvement in the Downlink of WCDMA with Radio over Fibre Access NetworkNazemKhashjori and H.S. Al-Raweshidy.University of Kent, UK. WCDMA-Based Radio over Fibre System Performance with Multiple-User Interference in Multiple Service TransmissionH.S. Al-Raweshidy and S.O. Ampem-Darko.University of Kent, UK. March 2001. System Level Performance of WCDMA With Radio Over Fibre Access NetworkNazemKhashjori and H.S. Al-Raweshidy.University of Kent, UK. Radio over Fiber Technology for Braodband Wireless Communication Systems Anthony Ngoma. Simulation of WCDMA Radio over Fiber Technology S.H. BintiMohdRazali. UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia. April 2007. Radio Access Point Design for Radio over Fiber Technology M. M. MohammoudHadow. UniversitiTecknologi Malaysia. April 2008. Front-End Design of Low Power Radio Access Points for Radio over Fiber Technology A.S. Mohammed Al-Ahmadi. UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia. May 2007. Design of a Radio-over-Fiber System for Wireless LANs Anthony Ngoma, (MTD.Report, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 2002). A Radio over Fiber based Wireless Access Network Architecture for Rural Areas Hong Bong Kim and Adam Wolisz. (In Proc. of 14th IST Mobile and Wireless Communication Summit, Dresden, Germany. June 2005). A Radio over Fiber Network Architecture for Road Vehicle Communication Systems Hong Bong Kim, Marc Emmelmann, Berthold Rathke, and Adam Wolisz. (In Proc. of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005 Spring) Radio over Fiber Technology for the Next Generation Hamed AlRaweshidy.
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 Radio over Fiber- An optical Technique for Wireless Access Xavier Fernando. Ryerson Communication Lab, Toronto, Canada. October 2009 Radio over Fiber Technology for Wireless AccessD.Opati, GSDC Croatia. Radio over Fiber for Picocellular Network Architectures Michael Sauer, AndreyKobyakov and Anthony NgOma Science and Technology, Corning. GSM signal transmission through external modulated single Mode fiber linkSathyanandan.S, Swaminathan.R, Lavanya.R, Piramasubramanian.S, Ganesh Madhan.M.ICOP 2009-International Conference on Optics and Photonics Chandigarh,India. Oct.-1 Nov.2009

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Appendices
1. Sin Functions
>>A1=1; >> A2=1.5; >> y1=A1*sin(2*pi*f1*t); >> y2=A2*sin(2*pi/f2*t); >>plot(y1) >>subplot 211 >>plot(t,y1) >>xlabel('t in s') >>ylabel('y in V') >>subplot 212 >>plot(t,y2) >>xlabel('t in s') >>ylabel('y in V') >> y2=A2*sin(2*pi*f2*t); >>plot(t,y2) >>xlabel('t in s') >>ylabel('y in V') >>title('Sin Function') >>subplot 211 >>title('Sin Function') >>axis([Tst,Te,-2,2]) >>subplot 212 29

>>axis([Tst,Te,-2,2])

2. Creating Various Pulses

>> t=[-10:0.01:10]; >> m=cos(2*pi*t); >> x=square(m); >> y=rectpuls(m); >> z=gauspuls(m); >>subplot 411 >>plot(t,m) >>subplot 412 >>plot(t,x) >>subplot 413 >>plot(t,y) >>subplot 414 >>plot(t,z) >>subplot 411 >>axis([-1.5,1.5,-12,12]) >>axis([-12,12,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('Input Signal') >>subplot 412 >>axis([-12,12,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('Square Pulses of Input Signal') >>subplot 413 >>axis([-12,12,-1.5,1.5]) 30

>>title('Rectangular Pulses of Input Signal') >>title('Rectangular or (Binary) Pulses of Input Signal') >>subplot 414 >>axis([-12,12,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('Gaussian Pulses of Input Signal')

3. Amplitude Modulation
>>t=[-10:0.01:10]; >> s=cos(2*pi*t); >>subplot 411 >> plot(s) >>axis([-2,2,-5,5]) >>title('Input Signal') >>axis([-5,5,-2,2]) >>plot(t,s) >>axis([-5,5,-2,2]) >>title('Input Signal') >>subplot 412 >>x=ammod(s,1,3,1); >>plot(t,x) >>axis([-5,5,-2,2]) >>title('Modulated Signal') >>subplot 413 >>y=ammod(s,1,3,1,-1.75); >>plot(t,y) 31

>>title('Modulated Signal with -1.75 carrier amplitude') >>subplot 414 >> z=ammod(s,1,3,1,1.75); >>plot(t,z) >>title('Modulated Signal with +1.75 carrier amplitude')

4. Frequency Modulation
>>t=[-10:0.01:10]; >>ws=2*pi; >> s=cos(ws*t); >> y=fmmod(s,3000,9000,50); >>plot(t,y) >>plot(t,s) >>subplot 211 >>plot(t,s) >>subplot 212 >>plot(t,y) >>axis([-10,10,-2,2]) >>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('Frequency Modulated Signal') >>subplot 311 >>plot(t,s) >>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('Input Signal') >>subplot 312 32

>>plot(t,y) >>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5]) >>subplot 313 >> z=fmdemod(y,3000,9000,50); >>plot(t,z) >>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('Frequency Demodulated Signal') >>subplot 312

5. Gaussian Distribution
>>t=[-10:0.01:10]; >>ws=2*pi; >> s=cos(ws*t); >> y=fmmod(s,3000,9000,50); >>plot(t,y) >>plot(t,s) >>subplot 211 >>plot(t,s) >>subplot 212 >>plot(t,y) >>axis([-10,10,-2,2]) >>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('Frequency Modulated Signal') >>subplot 311 >>plot(t,s) 33

>>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('Input Signal') >>subplot 312 >>plot(t,y) >>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5]) >>subplot 313 >> z=fmdemod(y,3000,9000,50); >>plot(t,z) >>axis([-10,10,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('Frequency Demodulated Signal') >>subplot 312 >>title('Frequency Modulated Signal')

6. AWGN
>> t=[-10:0.01:10]; >> m=cos(2*pi*t); >> SNR=5; >> x=awgn(m,SNR); >>subplot 211 >>plot(t,m) >>axis([-11,11,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('Orignal Signal') >>subplot 212 >>plot(t,x)

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>>axis([-11,11,-1.5,1.5]) >>title('AWGN Signal') >>title('AWGN Signal with SNR=5')

7. PSK Modulation and Demodulation

>> l=1000; >> M=16; >> m=randint(l,1,M); >> x=pskmod(m,M); >>subplot 311 >>plot(m) >>title('Orignal Signal') >>subplot 312 >>plot(x) >>title('PSK Modulated Signal') >>subplot 313 >> y=pskdemod(x,M); >> plot(y) >>title('PSK Demodulated Signal')

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