NAME : Ankit Bana

ID : 2011A4PS261G

PT-REPORT CYCLE -2

( PNEUMATICS)

INDEX
SERIAL NUMBER TITLE BASIC PNEUMATICS
1 4

PAGE NUMBER

Exercise 7A Exercise 7B

Exercise 7C

10

Exercise 7D

14

ELECTRO PNEUMATICS
5 19

Exercise 8A
6

Exercise 8B

22

Exercise 8C

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Experiment No. 7
BASIC PNEUMATICS
Introduction
Pneumatics deals with the use of stored energy in compressed air to produce desired mechanical work such as motion or to generate forces. For example in dentistry

applications, pneumatic drills are lighter, faster, and simpler than an electric drill of the same power rating (because the prime component, the compressor, is separate from the drill and pumped air is capable of rotating the drill bit at extremely high rpm). Pneumatic transfer systems are employed in many industries to move powders and devices. Pneumatic tubes can carry objects over distances. Pneumatic devices are also used where electric motors cannot be used for safety reasons, such as deep in a mine where explosive dust or gases may be present. Pneumatics system is a low power system which uses components that are lighter and less expensive, the leaks are clean and air used is abundant. Some of the applications of pneumatics are handling of work pieces (such as clamping, positioning, and stacking), packaging, opening and closing of doors (such as buses and trains and stamping etc. FESTO training kit is used to construct the pneumatics software and FESTO FluidSIM software is used to simulate the circuits constructed in the laboratory.

EXERCISE 7A
AIM: To study different pneumatic components and understand their working.

COMPONENTS: 1. FRL Unit Filter Regulator and Lubricator Unit is used to filter the dirt present in the air. It also regulates and lubricates the flow of the air.

FESTO FRL Unit

2. 5/2 Push Button 5/2-way valve with push button

3. 3/2 Push Button 3/2-way valve with push button, normally closed

3/2-way valve with push button, normally open

4. VALVES Pressure Sequence Valve Pressure dependent control system

Time Sequence Valve Time dependent control system

5. ACTUATORS: Single acting cylinder: Movement occurs when some force pushes the cylinder. It is spring returned. Double acting cylinder: Movement occurs due to pressure difference between the two sides.

Single acting cylinder

Double acting cylinder

6. FLOW CONTROL VALVES AND Gate (Dual Pressure Valve) The dual-pressure valve is switched through to the output by applying compressed air to both of the inputs.

OR Gate (Shuttle Valve) The dual-pressure valve is switched through to the output even when one of the inputs is true.

One Way Flow Control Valve It allows free flow of air in one direction and controlled flow in reverse direction

Elements of Pneumatic Automation System:

EXERCISE 7B
AIM To construct the following circuits using different components on the Basic Pneumatic Kit. 1. Control a single acting cylinder through a 3/2 push button and 3/2 way valve 2. Control a double acting cylinder through a push button and 5/2 way spring return valve. 3. Control of a double acting cylinder through two push buttons and a 5/2 way pneumatic valve. Use separate push buttons for the extension and retraction of the cylinder. COMPONENTS 1. Single acting cylinder 2. Double acting cylinder 3. 3/2 Push buttons 4. 5/2 way valve (spring return) 5. 5/2 way double pilot valve PROCEDURE 1. Regulate the circuit pressure to 4 bars. 2. Connect circuit components according to circuit diagram. 3. Test the working of the circuit. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1. Single acting cylinder through a 3/2 push button and 3/2 way valve

OBSERVATIONS The cylinder extends when the 3/2 push button is pressed. The cylinder retracts due to spring return mechanism.

2. Double acting cylinder through a push button and 5/2 way spring return valve

OBSERVATIONS When the 3/2 push button is pressed, 5/2 way single pilot valve is activated. And compressed air causes the extension of double acting. When push button is released, the cylinder retracts.

3. Double acting cylinder through two push buttons and a 5/2 way pneumatic valve

OBSERVATIONS On pressing one of the 3/2 push button, the cylinder extends as air enters the cylinder through the activated 5/2 double pilot valve. When the other 3/2 push button is pressed, the cylinder retracts as air enters from the backside of the cylinder.

EXERCISE 7C
AIM To construct the following circuits using different components on the Basic Pneumatic Kit. 1. Actuation of return stroke of a double acting cylinder by any of the two push buttons (OR gate) and sensing with a roller sensor. Immediate forward stroke by sensing the rear position of cylinder. 2. Actuation of a double acting cylinder from two pushed buttons pressed simultaneously (AND gate). Actuation must be possible by getting a confirmation from a sensor. Quick retraction is possible from a separate push button only after confirming full extension. 3. Continuous reciprocation of a double acting cylinder on switching a 3/2 way push button. COMPONENTS 1. Double acting cylinder 2. 3/2 push button 3. 5/2 way double pilot valve 4. 3/2 roller lever valve 5. One way flow control valve 6. Shuttle valve(OR) 7. Dual pressure valve(AND) 8. Quick exhaust valve

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PROCEDURE 1. Regulate circuit pressure to 4 bar 2. Connect the different components according to the circuit diagram 3. Test working of circuit. 4. The rolling sensor should be properly placed.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS a) Actuation of return stroke of a double acting cylinder by an OR gate and sensing with a roller

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OBSERVATIONS The OR gate activates only when either of the two or both the 3/2 way push buttons are pressed. The air supply through the OR gate is connected to the 5/2 way double pivot valve through a 3/2 way roller sensor. The 5/2 way valve is activated only when the roller sensor is pressed i.e. only when the piston is in extended position and the spool moves forward causing air supply through port 4. Thus the piston is retracted. When the retracted position is reached, the other roller sensor is pressed and the 5/2 way valve is activated moving the spool backwards. Thus the air is supplied through port 2 and the piston is extended.

b) Actuation of a double acting cylinder using AND gate

OBSERVATIONS

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The 3/2 way push buttons are connected to the 5/2 way double pivot valve through a 3/2 way roller sensor in series. The 5/2 way valve is activated only when both the 3/2 way push buttons and the roller sensor is pressed i.e. only when the piston is in retracted position. The spool moves forward causing air supply through port 4 and the piston is extended. When the extended position is reached, the other roller sensor is pressed and pressing the right 3/2 way push button causes the 5/2 way valve to activate moving the spool backwards.

c) Continuous reciprocation of a double acting cylinder on switching on a 3/2 way push button

OBSERVATIONS The 3/2 way detented push button is connected to the 5/2 way double pivot valve through a 3/2 way roller sensor in series. The 5/2 way valve is activated only when the 3/2 way push button and the roller sensor is pressed i.e. only when the piston is in retracted position. .
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The spool moves forward causing air supply through port 4 and the piston is extended. When the extended position is reached, the other roller sensor is pressed which causes the 5/2 way valve to activate moving the spool backwards. Thus the air is supplied through port 2 and the piston is retracted. This continues until the detented switch is pressed.

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EXERCISE 7D
AIM To construct the following circuits using different components on the Basic Pneumatic Kit. 1. Actuation (extension) of a double acting cylinder from 2 push buttons pressed simultaneously (AND gate) and when cylinder at its retracted position. The retraction is automatic when forward end position is confirmed and preset pressure has been reached. Immediate retraction is possible if a push button (emergency switch) is pressed. 2. Actuation (extension) of a double acting cylinder through a push button when cylinder is at its retracted position. Slow building of pressure when the cylinder is at its forward position. The retraction is possible when forward end position is confirmed and preset pressure of 4 bar has been reached and it is held with this pressure for 5S. The restarting is possible 20 S after the retracted position is reached. 3. Sequencing of 2 cylinders having sequence of A+B+B-A-, A+B+A-B- etc. COMPONENTS

1. Double acting cylinder 2. 3/2 push button, 3. 5/2 way double pilot valve, 4. 3/2 roller lever valve, 5. One way flow control valve, 6. AND gate, 7. Time delay valve, 8. Pressure sequence valve, 9. Pressure gauge

PROCEDURE 1. Regulate the circuit pressure to 4 bars. 2. Connect circuit components according to circuit diagram. 3. Test the working of the circuit.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS a) Actuation of a double acting cylinder using a AND gate when the cylinder is in retracted position

OBSERVATIONS
The 3/2 way push buttons are connected to the 5/2 way double pivot valve through a 3/2 way roller sensor in series. The 5/2 way valve is activated only when both the 3/2 way push buttons and the roller sensor is pressed i.e. only when the piston is in retracted position. The spool moves forward causing air supply through port 4 and the piston is extended slowly due to the flow control valve. When the piston is fully extended, the pressure inside it goes on increasing, which is noted by the pressure sensor at port 12. The pressure sensor is activated only when the piston pressure reaches the preset pressure and supplies air through port 2.

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b) Actuation of a double acting cylinder using push buttons when the cylinder is in retracted position. Slow building of pressure when the cylinder is in forward position.

OBSERVATIONS Here, the roller switch is pressed when the piston is in retracted position, then the time delay valve opens after the preset time and when the button is pressed, the spool moves forward and air passes through the port 4 of the 5/2 valve. This causes the piston to extend slowly due to the flow control valve. When the piston is fully extended, the pressure inside it goes on increasing, which is noted by the pressure sensor at port 12. The pressure sensor is activated only when the piston pressure reaches the preset pressure and supplies air through port 2. The time delay valve activates after the preset time and as the roller sensor is pressed due to the extended position, the 5/3 valve gets activated. The spool moves backwards and the piston moves backwards.
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c) Sequencing of two cylinders having sequence A+B+B-A-, A+B+A-B-

OBSERVATIONS
Initially, the pistons A and B are at A- and B- positions. When the 3/2 way push button is pressed, the left most roller switch is pressed, the 5/2 way valve of cylinder A is activated and its spool moves forward extending the piston to A+. This causes another roller sensor to be activated which is connected to the 5/2 way valve of the B cylinder. Its spool moves forward and the B cylinders piston moves to B+ position. This activates another roller sensor attached to the 5/2 way valve of cylinder A whose spool moves backwards which caused the A piston to retract to A-. This activates a roller sensor which causes the spool of 5/2 Valve B to move backwards which retracts the cylinder B to B-. This generates A+ B+ A- B- sequence.

CONCLUSION The given circuits were successfully constructed and desired output was obtained. Simulation of the pneumatic circuit was performed on FluidSIM software.
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EXPERIMENT 8
ELECTRO PNEUMATICS EXERCISE 8A

AIM 1. To identify different electro pneumatic components and understand their working. 2. To study the latching logic & obtain an electric circuit having a latch.

COMPNENTS 1. 5/2 single solenoid valve The valve is actuated by solenoid coil. The solenoid valve is reversed when voltage is applied to the solenoid coil and is brought back to its initial position by a return spring when the voltage is removed.

2. 5/2 double solenoid valve The valve actuated by solenoid coil. The double solenoid valve is reversed when voltage is applied to a solenoid coil and remains in the switching position after the signal is removed until an opposing signal is applied.

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3. Distribution & power supply unit

Voltage Source (0,24v) 4. Magnetic reed switches:

Function Generation

These are electrical switches operated by a magnetic field. The switch may be actuated by a coil, or by bringing a magnet near to the switch. Once the magnet is pulled away from the switch, the reed switch will go back to its original position. 5. Capacitive proximity sensor Capacitive proximity sensors can be used to detect metallic and also non-metallic targets without physical contact. The capacitive proximity sensor works on the capacitor principle. 6. Inductive proximity sensor It is an electronic proximity sensor, which detects metallic objects without touching them. 7. Relays Relays are electrically operated switches used to control more than one circuit with one signal.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Latching Logic

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OBSERVATIONS When the push button S1 (make) is closed, current passes through it through the break switch and the relay K1. As the current passes through the relay, the corresponding make switches K1 are closed thus passing current through the buzzer which can be any other load. Now, the circuit is independent of the status of the make push button S1. For opening the circuit even during emergency, the break push button S2 is pressed. Thus, the contact with the relay is broken and the make switches K1 open. Hence, the buzzer stops. This circuit functions like a latch isolating S1 and can be broken only with S2 hence called a latching circuit.

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EXERCISE 8B
AIM To construct the following circuits using different components on the Electro Pneumatic Kit. 1. Extension of a double acting cylinder on pressing a push button S1 and retraction of the cylinder using a push button S2. 2. Extension of a double acting cylinder on pressing a push button S1 AND S2 OR S3.Immediate retraction on switching off any of the switches. 3. Slow extension of a double acting cylinder on pressing a push button S1.Quick return of the cylinder only after confirming the full extension.

COMPONENTS 1. 5/2 double solenoid valve 2. Distribution and power supply units 3. Magnetic reed switches 4. Relays 5. 5/2 single solenoid valve

PROCEDURE 1. Collect all the required components depending upon the question. 2. Make sure that the air source and the DC voltage source is closed. 3. Connect the components as per the circuit diagram. 4. Start the pressure source and the DC voltage source. 5. Double check the connections and check for leaks. 6. Press the required push buttons to make the apparatus work.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM a) Extension of a double acting cylinder on pressing a push button S1 and retraction of the cylinder using a push button S2

OBSERVATIONS When S1 is closed, the relay K1 is activated and hence solenoid Y1 is activated .Thus Current passes through Y1 and air passes through port 4 of the 5/2 way solenoid valve which extends the piston. When S2 is pressed, the current through the relay K1 stops thus Y1 stops thus Current passes through Y2 and air passes through port 2 of the 5/2 way solenoid valve which retracts the piston.

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b) Extension of a double acting cylinder on pressing push button S1 AND S2 or S. Immediate retraction on switching off any of the switches

OBSERVATIONS Push buttons (make) S1 and S2 are in series and S3 is in parallel with them. Current flows through the relay K1 only when both S1 and S2 or S3 are closed. When K1 is activated, the corresponding make switch K1 is closed and thus current passes through the solenoid valve Y11. Hence the air flows through port 4 of the 5/2 way single solenoid valve and the cylinder extends. When either of the push buttons are opened, no current flows through K1 and hence the make switch K1 is open and Y1 is deactivated. Thus, the 5/2 way valve returns to its original position due to the spring mechanism and the piston retracts.

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c) Slow extension of a double acting cylinder on pressing a push button S1

F=0

OBSERVATIONS On pressing S1, K1 get activated which energies Y1 end of the solenoid and causes the cylinder to extend. Flow control valve is used to achieve slow extension of the cylinder. The sensor detects the extended position and activates K2. This causes Y2 to retract the cylinder. Flow control valve is used to achieve slow extension of the cylinder. Quick exhaust valve causes fast retraction.

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EXERCISE 8C
AIM Construct the following circuits using different components on the Electro-pneumatic Kit. 1. Extension of a double acting cylinder when a NO and NC sensors different aspects of an object. Retraction on confirming the full extension using a capacitive sensor. 2. Use a push button to start oscillation of a double acting cylinder. It must be stopped by switching off another button. 3. Obtain the sequential logic of two double acting cylinders having sequence A+B+B-Awith latching logic incorporated in it. Also try the same using different sensors.

COMPONENTS 1. 5/2 double solenoid valve 2. Distribution and power supply units 3. Magnetic reed switches 4. Relays 5. Double acting cylinders 6. 5/2 single solenoid valve

PROCEDURE 1. Regulate the circuit pressure to 4 bar using the pressure switch. 2. Connect the different components according to the circuit diagram. 3. Testing the working of the circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM a) Extension of double acting cylinder when NO and NC sensors sense different aspects of the object

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OBSERVATIONS When the push button (make) is pressed, current flows through the relay K1 which activates the corresponding make switch K1 and thus activates the solenoid valve Y1. When Y1 is activated, compressed air flows through port 4 of the 5/2 way double solenoid valve which extends the piston. This extension is detected by the capacitive sensor which gets activated and sends signal to the solenoid valve Y2. Thus, Y2 gets activated and compressed air flows through port 2 of the 5/2 way double solenoid valve which the piston gets retracted.

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b) Use of push button to start oscillation of a double acting cylinder.

OBSERVATIONS The above circuit consists of latch system. Current flows through the relay K1 and it gets activated when S1 is pressed. The circuit gets latched due to the make switch K1. When K1 is closed, the capacitive sensor senses the retracted position of the piston i.e. LS 1 and sends signal to the solenoid valve Y1. When Y1 is activated, the compressed air moves through port 4 of the 5/2 double solenoid valve and the piston moves forward. When the extended position is reached, it is sensed by the capacitive sensor at LS2 which gets activated and sends signal to the solenoid valve Y2. Thus air flows through port 2 of the 5/2 valve and the piston retracts. This goes on until the pushbutton (break) S2 is pressed which breaks the whole circuit.

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c) Sequential logic of two double acting cylinders with A+B+B-A- , with latching logic

OBSERVATIONS When switch S1 is pressed, K1 is activated which energises LS3, LS3 activates Y1 causing the first cylinder to extend. Roller sensor LS2 senses the extended position of the cylinder and activates Y3 side of solenoid valve causing extension of second cylinder. Roller sensor LS4 detects the extended position of the cylinder and activates Y2 side of first solenoid valve causing retraction of first cylinder. On full retraction, the roller sensor LS1 gets energized which in turn energizes Y4 position of the second solenoid valve causing retraction of second cylinder. The oscillation motion continues until switch S2 is closed. CONCLUSION Electro pneumatics can be more reliable than regular pneumatics as its response is quicker. Electro pneumatics can be used to control the pneumatic systems remotely i.e. equipment can be controlled from a place far away from the actual site.

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Various electronic components such as relay, make and break switches, various types of proximity sensors can be arranged in proper sequence as per the hierarchy to get the desired output.

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