Attenuation:

Attenuation is a measure of how much loss a signal experiences when it travels down a communication medium( loss as heat, absorbed by communication medium).It is mesured in decibels Attenuation is a term that refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal, when transmitting over a long dinstance. Attenuation occurs with any type of signal, whether digital or analog. It is also called loss of signals, The extent of attenuation is usually expressed in units called decibels (dBs).

Another answer:
Reduction of signal strength during transmission. Attenuation is the opposite of amplification, and is normal when a signal is sent from one point to another. If the signal attenuates too much, it becomes unintelligible, which is why most networks require repeaters at regular intervals. Attenuation is measured in decibels.

Types of errors:
Data communication is the length of time it takes for computer information, or data, to travel to another place. This may include a computer system sending data to another server in a building or another server across the world. With data communications, there are some errors that may occur when the data travels through the computer channels. Have a question? Get an
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1. Noise or Electrical Distortion

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Depending on the length data travels, outside influences like sound waves or electrical signals can disrupt the flow of data in a computer system. This may be the result of the conductors that transmit the data across computers or software systems. Old conductors may be unable to handle heavy data traffic and physical interference from the environment in the form of noise or electricity that comes from nearby devices, like motors or power switches. One type of noise is especially harmful. Known as impulse noise, it is when energy surges through the transmission line, destroying most or all of the data communication.

Random Bit Errors

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Random bit errors are complications that occur in the transmission of data. Bits are units of computer data, usually in the form of binary codes. A general

definition of random bit errors are that these errors come in the form of disorganized bits in the transmission. For example, computer data sent over a transmission might have several thousand bits forming a long line of computer data bits to explain a computer command or information. However, there is a chance that the bits may be rearranged by accident in the transmission process. These random issues are the most common issues associated with random bit errors.

Burst Errors
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Burst errors are considered large clumps of bit errors. Burst errors are similar to random bit errors; however, all random bit errors are isolated strains on a computer data code. Burst errors take place when there are several, interconnected bit errors at once. The entire data chain in the computer communication may have several hundred or thousand bit errors, such as wrong placement order, throughout the chain. Because the error is interconnected, meaning there are several error codes throughout the chain, the data communication error is more complex than a simple random bit error.

Cross Talk and Echo

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Cross talk is a term to describe how two different data communications may be synthesized together in a computer transmission. Usually, how this error occurs is when a computer line is sending data through a transmission cable that is surrounded by other transmission cables. As other data communication codes and bits go through the neighboring transmission lines, there is a high likelihood that data from other neighboring lines may cross into another line. Another type of error similar to cross talk is an echo. Like cross-talk, it is formed when conflicting data communications are merged together. However, echo is usually from a single transmission line where multiple computer ports are sending data communications through at once. Someone's data communication would echo into another's, resulting in a corruption of data.

what is carriage return?

Often abbreviated CR, a carriage return is a special code that moves thecursor (or print head) to the beginning of the current line. In the ASCIIcharacter set, a carriage return has a decimal value of 13.

What is line feed?

Often abbreviated LF, a line feed is a code that moves the cursor on a display screen down one line. In the ASCII character set, a line feed has a decimalvalue of 10. On printers, a line feed advances the paper one line. Some printers have a button labeled LF that executes a line feed when pressed. (Note, however, that the printer must be in offline mode to execute a line feed.)

Light waves:
A laser beam is highly unidirectional, thus each of the two stations wanting to use laser beam for data transmission needs it own laser and photo detector but laser beams cannot penetrate rain and thick fog. Excessive heat and turbulent air also divert the direction of beam.