Nobel Prize winners by category (chemistry)

year
1901

name
Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van t

country*
The

achievement
laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure

Netherlands 1902 1903 Fischer, Emil Arrhenius, Svante Germany Sweden work on sugar and purine syntheses theory of electrolytic dissociation discovery of inert gas elements and their places 1904 Ramsay, Sir William U.K. in the periodic system work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic 1905 Baeyer, Adolf von Germany compounds isolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan 1906 Moissan, Henri France furnace 1907 Buchner, Eduard Germany discovery of noncellular fermentation investigations into the disintegration of elements 1908 Rutherford, Ernest U.K. and the chemistry of radioactive substances pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, 1909 Ostwald, Wilhelm Germany and reaction velocities 1910 Wallach, Otto Germany pioneer work in alicyclic combinations discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of 1911 Curie, Marie France radium 1912 Grignard, Victor Sabatier, Paul 1913 Werner, Alfred France France Switzerland discovery of the Grignard reagents method of hydrogenating organic compounds work on the linkage of atoms in molecules accurate determination of the atomic weights of 1914 Richards, Theodore William U.S. numerous elements 1915 Willsttter, Richard Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially

chlorophyll 1918 1920 Haber, Fritz Nernst, Walther Hermann Germany Germany synthesis of ammonia work in thermochemistry chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence 1921 Soddy, Frederick U.K. and nature of isotopes work with mass spectrograph; whole-number 1922 Aston, Francis William U.K. rule 1923 Pregl, Fritz Austria method of microanalysis of organic substances elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of 1925 Zsigmondy, Richard Austria colloidal solutions 1926 1927 Svedberg, Theodor H.E. Wieland, Heinrich Otto Sweden Germany work on disperse systems researches into the constitution of bile acids constitution of sterols and their connection with 1928 Windaus, Adolf Germany vitamins investigations in the fermentation of sugars and 1929 Euler-Chelpin, Hans von Sweden the enzyme action involved investigations in the fermentation of sugars and Harden, Sir Arthur U.K. the enzyme action involved 1930 Fischer, Hans Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin invention and development of chemical high1931 Bergius, Friedrich Germany pressure methods invention and development of chemical highBosch, Carl Germany pressure methods discoveries and investigations in surface 1932 Langmuir, Irving U.S. chemistry 1934 Urey, Harold C. U.S. discovery of heavy hydrogen

1935

Joliot-Curie, Frdric and Irne

France The

synthesis of new radioactive elements work on dipole moments and diffraction of Xrays and electrons in gases research on carbohydrates and vitamin C research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins carotenoid and vitamin research work on sexual hormones work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei invention of a fodder-preservation method preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in

1936

Debye, Peter Netherlands

1937

Haworth, Sir Norman Karrer, Paul

U.K. Switzerland Germany Germany Switzerland Hungary Germany Finland

1938 1939

Kuhn, Richard (declined) Butenandt, Adolf (declined) Ruzicka, Leopold

1943 1944 1945

Hevesy, Georg Charles von Hahn, Otto Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari

1946

Northrop, John Howard

U.S. pure form preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in

Stanley, Wendell Meredith

U.S. pure form

Sumner, James Batcheller

U.S.

discovery of enzyme crystallization investigation of alkaloids and other plant

1947

Robinson, Sir Robert

U.K. products researches in electrophoresis and adsorption

1948

Tiselius, Arne

Sweden analysis; serum proteins behaviour of substances at extremely low

1949

Giauque, William Francis

U.S. temperatures

1950

Alder, Kurt Diels, Otto Paul Hermann

West Germany West Germany U.S.

discovery and development of diene synthesis discovery and development of diene synthesis discovery of and research on transuranium

1951

McMillan, Edwin Mattison

elements discovery of and research on transuranium Seaborg, Glenn T. U.S. elements 1952 Martin, A.J.P. Synge, R.L.M. 1953 1954 1955 1956 Staudinger, Hermann Pauling, Linus du Vigneaud, Vincent Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman Semyonov, Nikolay Nikolayevich Todd (of Trumpington), Alexander 1957 Robertus Todd, Baron determination of the structure of the insulin 1958 Sanger, Frederick U.K. molecule 1959 1960 Heyrovsk, Jaroslav Libby, Willard Frank Czech. U.S. discovery and development of polarography development of radiocarbon dating study of chemical steps that take place during 1961 Calvin, Melvin U.S. photosynthesis 1962 Kendrew, Sir John Cowdery Perutz, Max Ferdinand U.K. U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins determination of the structure of hemoproteins structure and synthesis of polymers in the field 1963 Natta, Giulio Italy of plastics structure and synthesis of polymers in the field Ziegler, Karl West Germany of plastics 1964 Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot U.K. determining the structure of biochemical U.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes U.K. U.K. West Germany U.S. U.S. U.K. U.S.S.R. development of partition chromatography development of partition chromatography work on macromolecules study of the nature of the chemical bond first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone work on the kinetics of chemical reactions work on the kinetics of chemical reactions

compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other 1965 Woodward, Robert Burns U.S. substances work concerning chemical bonds and the 1966 Mulliken, Robert Sanderson U.S. electronic structure of molecules 1967 Eigen, Manfred Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford Porter, Sir George West Germany U.K. U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions studies of extremely fast chemical reactions studies of extremely fast chemical reactions work on the theory of thermodynamics of 1968 Onsager, Lars U.S. irreversible processes work in determining actual three-dimensional 1969 Barton, Sir Derek H.R. U.K. shapes of molecules work in determining actual three-dimensional Hassel, Odd Norway shapes of molecules discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in 1970 Leloir, Luis Federico Argentina the biosynthesis of carbohydrates 1971 1972 Herzberg, Gerhard Anfinsen, Christian B. Moore, Stanford Stein, William H. 1973 Fischer, Ernst Otto Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey 1974 1975 Flory, Paul J. Cornforth, Sir John Warcup Canada U.S. U.S. U.S. West Germany U.K. U.S. U.K. research in the structure of molecules fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry organometallic chemistry organometallic chemistry studies of long-chain molecules work in stereochemistry

Prelog, Vladimir 1976 1977 Lipscomb, William Nunn, Jr. Prigogine, Ilya

Switzerland U.S. Belgium

work in stereochemistry structure of boranes widening the scope of thermodynamics formulation of a theory of energy-transfer

1978

Mitchell, Peter Dennis

U.K. processes in biological systems introduction of compounds of boron and

1979

Brown, Herbert Charles

U.S.

phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances introduction of compounds of boron and

Wittig, Georg

West Germany

phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances

1980

Berg, Paul

U.S.

first preparation of a hybrid DNA development of chemical and biological

Gilbert, Walter

U.S. analyses of DNA structure development of chemical and biological

Sanger, Frederick

U.K. analyses of DNA structure orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical

1981

Fukui Kenichi

Japan reactions orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical

Hoffmann, Roald

U.S. reactions determination of the structure of biological

1982

Klug, Aaron

U.K. substances

1983

Taube, Henry

U.S.

study of electron-transfer reactions development of a method of polypeptide

1984

Merrifield, Bruce

U.S. synthesis

1985

Hauptman, Herbert A.

U.S.

development of a way to map the chemical

structures of small molecules development of a way to map the chemical Karle, Jerome U.S. structures of small molecules development of methods for analyzing basic 1986 Herschbach, Dudley R. U.S. chemical reactions development of methods for analyzing basic Lee, Yuan T. U.S. chemical reactions development of methods for analyzing basic Polanyi, John C. Canada chemical reactions development of molecules that can link with 1987 Cram, Donald J. U.S. other molecules development of molecules that can link with Lehn, Jean-Marie France other molecules development of molecules that can link with Pedersen, Charles J. U.S. other molecules discovery of the structure of proteins needed in 1988 Deisenhofer, Johann West Germany photosynthesis discovery of the structure of proteins needed in Huber, Robert West Germany photosynthesis discovery of the structure of proteins needed in Michel, Hartmut West Germany photosynthesis 1989 Altman, Sidney Cech, Thomas Robert U.S. U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA discovery of certain basic properties of RNA development of retrosynthetic analysis for 1990 Corey, Elias James U.S. synthesis of complex molecules 1991 Ernst, Richard R. Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy explanation of how electrons transfer between 1992 Marcus, Rudolph A. U.S. molecules invention of techniques for gene study and 1993 Mullis, Kary B. U.S. manipulation invention of techniques for gene study and Smith, Michael Canada manipulation development of techniques to study hydrocarbon 1994 Olah, George A. U.S. molecules The 1995 Crutzen, Paul Netherlands ozone layer explanation of processes that deplete Earths Molina, Mario U.S. ozone layer explanation of processes that deplete Earths Rowland, F. Sherwood U.S. ozone layer discovery of new carbon compounds called 1996 Curl, Robert F., Jr. U.S. fullerenes discovery of new carbon compounds called Kroto, Sir Harold W. U.K. fullerenes discovery of new carbon compounds called Smalley, Richard E. U.S. fullerenes explanation of the enzymatic conversion of 1997 Boyer, Paul D. U.S. adenosine triphosphate discovery of sodium-potassium-activated Skou, Jens C. Denmark adenosine triphosphatase explanation of the enzymatic conversion of Walker, John E. U.K. adenosine triphosphate explanation of processes that deplete Earths

1998

Kohn, Walter

U.S.

development of the density-functional theory development of computational methods in

Pople, John A.

U.K. quantum chemistry study of the transition states of chemical

1999

Zewail, Ahmed H.

Egypt/U.S. reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy

2000

Heeger, Alan J. MacDiarmid, Alan G. Shirakawa Hideki

U.S. U.S. Japan

discovery of plastics that conduct electricity discovery of plastics that conduct electricity discovery of plastics that conduct electricity work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation

2001

Knowles, William S.

U.S. reactions work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation

Noyori Ryoji

Japan reactions

Sharpless, K. Barry

U.S.

work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions development of techniques to identify and

2002

Fenn, John B.

U.S. analyze proteins and other large molecules development of techniques to identify and

Tanaka Koichi

Japan analyze proteins and other large molecules development of techniques to identify and

Wthrich, Kurt

Switzerland analyze proteins and other large molecules discoveries regarding water channels and ion

2003

Agre, Peter

U.S. channels in cells discoveries regarding water channels and ion

MacKinnon, Roderick

U.S. channels in cells discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein

2004

Ciechanover, Aaron

Israel degradation

Hershko, Avram

Israel

discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein

degradation discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein Rose, Irwin U.S. degradation development of the metathesis method in 2005 Chauvin, Yves France organic synthesis development of the metathesis method in Grubbs, Robert H. U.S. organic synthesis development of the metathesis method in Schrock, Richard R. U.S. organic synthesis work concerning the molecular basis of 2006 Kornberg, Roger D. U.S. eukaryotic transcription 2007 Ertl, Gerhard Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces discovery and development of the green 2008 Chalfie, Martin U.S. fluorescent protein, GFP discovery and development of the green Shimomura, Osamu U.S. fluorescent protein, GFP discovery and development of the green Tsien, Roger Y. U.S. fluorescent protein, GFP studies of the structure and function of the 2009 Ramakrishnan, Venkatraman U.S. ribosome studies of the structure and function of the Steitz, Thomas U.S. ribosome studies of the structure and function of the Yonath, Ada Israel ribosome development of techniques to synthesize 2010 Heck, Richard F. U.S. complex carbon molecules

development of techniques to synthesize Negishi Ei-ichi Japan complex carbon molecules development of techniques to synthesize Suzuki Akira Japan complex carbon molecules 2011 2012 Shechtman, Daniel Kobilka, Brian K. Lefkowitz, Robert J. Israel U.S. U.S. discovery of quasicrystals studies of G-protein-coupled receptors studies of G-protein-coupled receptors

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

ECONOMICS
The table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Economics.

Nobel Prize winners by category (economics)*

year
1969

name
Frisch, Ragnar

country**
Norway The

achievement
work in econometrics

Tinbergen, Jan Netherlands 1970 1971 Samuelson, Paul Kuznets, Simon U.S. U.S.

work in econometrics

work in scientific analysis of economic theory extensive research on the economic growth of nations contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and

1972

Arrow, Kenneth J.

U.S. welfare theory contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and

Hicks, Sir John R.

U.K. welfare theory

1973

Leontief, Wassily

U.S.

input-output analysis pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social,

1974

Hayek, Friedrich von

U.K. and institutional phenomena

pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, Myrdal, Gunnar Sweden and institutional phenomena Kantorovich, Leonid 1975 Vitalyevich Koopmans, Tjalling U.S. C. consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic 1976 Friedman, Milton U.S. stabilization Meade, James 1977 Edward Ohlin, Bertil Simon, Herbert 1978 Alexander 1979 Lewis, Sir Arthur Schultz, Theodore U.S. William Klein, Lawrence 1980 Robert 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Tobin, James Stigler, George J. Debreu, Gerard Stone, Sir Richard Modigliani, Franco Buchanan, James M. Solow, Robert 1987 Merton U.S. contributions to the theory of economic growth U.S. U.S. U.S. U.K. U.S. U.S. U.S. fluctuations portfolio selection theory of investment economic effects of governmental regulation mathematical proof of supply-and-demand theory development of a national income accounting system analyses of household savings and financial markets public-choice theory bridging economics and political science development and analysis of empirical models of business analyses of economic processes in developing nations U.K. analyses of economic processes in developing nations U.S. decision-making processes in economic organizations Sweden contributions to the theory of international trade U.K. contributions to the theory of international trade contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources U.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources

contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of 1988 Allais, Maurice France resources 1989 1990 Haavelmo, Trygve Markowitz, Harry M. Miller, Merton H. Sharpe, William F. 1991 1992 Coase, Ronald Becker, Gary S. Fogel, Robert 1993 William North, Douglass C. 1994 Harsanyi, John C. Nash, John F. Selten, Reinhard U.S. U.S. U.S. Germany contributions to economic history development of game theory development of game theory development of game theory incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic 1995 Lucas, Robert E., Jr. U.S. theory contributions to the theory of incentives under conditions of 1996 Mirrlees, James A. U.K. asymmetric information contributions to the theory of incentives under conditions of Vickrey, William U.S. asymmetric information method for determining the value of stock options and other 1997 Merton, Robert C. U.S. derivatives method for determining the value of stock options and other Scholes, Myron S. U.S. derivatives 1998 Sen, Amartya India contributions to welfare economics U.S. contributions to economic history Norway U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting study of financial markets and investment decision making study of financial markets and investment decision making study of financial markets and investment decision making application of economic principles to the study of law application of economic theory to social sciences

analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under 1999 Mundell, Robert A. Canada different exchange-rate regimes development of methods of statistical analysis of individual 2000 Heckman, James J. U.S. and household behaviour development of methods of statistical analysis of individual McFadden, Daniel L. U.S. and household behaviour 2001 Akerlof, George A. Spence, A. Michael Stiglitz, Joseph E. U.S. U.S. U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information analysis of markets with asymmetric information analysis of markets with asymmetric information

integration of psychological research into economic science, 2002 Kahneman, Daniel U.S./Israel especially concerning human judgment and decision making under uncertainty establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical Smith, Vernon L. U.S. economic analysis 2003 Engle, Robert F. Granger, Clive W.J. 2004 Kydland, Finn E. Prescott, Edward C. 2005 Aumann, Robert J. Schelling, Thomas C. 2006 2007 Phelps, Edmund S. Hurwicz, Leonid Maskin, Eric S. Myerson, Roger B. 2008 Krugman, Paul U.S. U.K. Norway U.S. Israel U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data development of techniques for the analysis of time series data contributions to dynamic macroeconomics contributions to dynamic macroeconomics contributions to game-theory analysis contributions to game-theory analysis analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity

2009

Ostrom, Elinor

U.S.

analysis of economic governance, especially the commons analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of

Williamson, Oliver E.

U.S. the firm

2010

Diamond, Peter A. Mortensen, Dale T. Pissarides,

U.S. U.S.

analysis of markets with search frictions analysis of markets with search frictions

Cyprus/U.K. Christopher A. 2011 Sargent, Thomas J. Sims, Christopher A. 2012 Roth, Alvin E. Shapley, Lloyd S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S.

analysis of markets with search frictions

empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy work on market design and matching theory work on market design and matching theory

*Officially called the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, it is technically not a Nobel Prize, although it is identified with the award. **Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

LITERATURE
The table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Nobel Prize winners by category (literature)

year
1901 1902 1903 1904

name
Sully Prudhomme Mommsen, Theodor Bjrnson, Bjrnstjerne Martinius Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Jos Mistral, Frdric

country*
France Germany Norway Spain France

literary area
poet historian novelist, poet, dramatist dramatist poet

1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1916 1917

Sienkiewicz, Henryk Carducci, Giosu Kipling, Rudyard Eucken, Rudolf Christoph Lagerlf, Selma Heyse, Paul Johann Ludwig von Maeterlinck, Maurice Hauptmann, Gerhart Tagore, Rabindranath Rolland, Romain Heidenstam, Verner von Gjellerup, Karl Pontoppidan, Henrik

Poland Italy U.K. Germany Sweden Germany Belgium Germany India France Sweden Denmark Denmark Sweden Switzerland Norway France Spain Ireland Poland Ireland Italy France

novelist poet poet, novelist philosopher novelist poet, novelist, dramatist dramatist dramatist poet novelist poet novelist novelist poet poet, novelist novelist novelist dramatist poet novelist dramatist novelist philosopher

1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927

Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (declined) Spitteler, Carl Hamsun, Knut France, Anatole Benavente y Martnez, Jacinto Yeats, William Butler Reymont, Wladyslaw Stanislaw Shaw, George Bernard Deledda, Grazia Bergson, Henri

1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

Undset, Sigrid Mann, Thomas Lewis, Sinclair Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (posthumous award) Galsworthy, John Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich Pirandello, Luigi ONeill, Eugene Martin du Gard, Roger Buck, Pearl Sillanp, Frans Eemil Jensen, Johannes V. Mistral, Gabriela Hesse, Hermann Gide, Andr Eliot, T.S. Faulkner, William Russell, Bertrand Lagerkvist, Pr Mauriac, Franois Churchill, Sir Winston Hemingway, Ernest Laxness, Halldr

Norway Germany U.S. Sweden U.K. U.S.S.R. Italy U.S. France U.S. Finland Denmark Chile Switzerland France U.K. U.S. U.K. Sweden France U.K. U.S. Iceland

novelist novelist novelist poet novelist poet, novelist dramatist dramatist novelist novelist novelist novelist poet novelist novelist, essayist poet, critic novelist philosopher novelist poet, novelist, dramatist historian, orator novelist novelist

1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

Jimnez, Juan Ramn Camus, Albert Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (declined) Quasimodo, Salvatore Saint-John Perse Andric, Ivo Steinbeck, John Seferis, George Sartre, Jean-Paul (declined) Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Agnon, S.Y. Sachs, Nelly

Spain France U.S.S.R. Italy France Yugoslavia U.S. Greece France U.S.S.R. Israel Sweden Guatemala Japan Ireland U.S.S.R. Chile West Germany Australia Sweden Sweden Italy U.S.

poet novelist, dramatist novelist, poet poet poet novelist novelist poet philosopher, dramatist novelist novelist poet novelist novelist novelist, dramatist novelist poet novelist novelist novelist novelist, poet poet novelist

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Asturias, Miguel ngel Kawabata Yasunari Beckett, Samuel Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich Neruda, Pablo Bll, Heinrich White, Patrick Johnson, Eyvind Martinson, Harry

1975 1976

Montale, Eugenio Bellow, Saul

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Aleixandre, Vicente Singer, Isaac Bashevis Elytis, Odysseus Milosz, Czeslaw Canetti, Elias Garca Mrquez, Gabriel Golding, Sir William Seifert, Jaroslav Simon, Claude Soyinka, Wole Brodsky, Joseph Mahfouz, Naguib Cela, Camilo Jos Paz, Octavio Gordimer, Nadine Walcott, Derek Morrison, Toni Oe Kenzaburo Heaney, Seamus Szymborska, Wislawa Fo, Dario Saramago, Jos Grass, Gnter

Spain U.S. Greece U.S. Bulgaria Colombia U.K. Czech. France Nigeria U.S. Egypt Spain Mexico South Africa St. Lucia U.S. Japan Ireland Poland Italy Portugal Germany

poet novelist poet poet novelist, essayist novelist, journalist, social critic novelist poet novelist dramatist, poet poet, essayist novelist novelist poet, essayist novelist poet novelist novelist poet poet dramatist, actor novelist novelist

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Gao Xingjian Naipaul, Sir V.S. Kertsz, Imre Coetzee, J.M. Jelinek, Elfriede Pinter, Harold Pamuk, Orhan Lessing, Doris Le Clzio, Jean-Marie Gustave Mller, Herta Vargas Llosa, Mario Transtrmer, Tomas Mo Yan

France Trinidad Hungary South Africa Austria U.K. Turkey U.K. France Germany Peru Sweden China

novelist, dramatist novelist novelist novelist novelist, dramatist dramatist novelist novelist novelist, essayist novelist novelist, dramatist poet novelist, short-story writer

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

PEACE
The table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Peace.

Nobel Prize winners by category (peace)

year
1901

name
Dunant, Henri Passy, Frdric

country*
Switzerland France Switzerland Switzerland

1902

Ducommun, lie Gobat, Charles-Albert

1903 1904 1905 1906 1907

Cremer, Sir Randal Institute of International Law Suttner, Bertha, Freifrau von Roosevelt, Theodore Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro Renault, Louis

U.K. (founded 1873) Austria-Hungary U.S. Italy France Sweden Denmark Belgium France (founded 1891) The Netherlands Austria-Hungary U.S. Belgium (founded 1863) U.S. France Sweden Norway Norway U.K. U.S.

1908

Arnoldson, Klas Pontus Bajer, Fredrik

1909

Beernaert, Auguste-Marie-Franois Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d

1910 1911

International Peace Bureau Asser, Tobias Michael Carel Fried, Alfred Hermann

1912 1913 1917 1919 1920 1921

Root, Elihu Lafontaine, Henri-Marie International Committee of the Red Cross Wilson, Woodrow Bourgeois, Lon Branting, Karl Hjalmar Lange, Christian Lous

1922 1925

Nansen, Fridtjof Chamberlain, Sir Austen Dawes, Charles G.

1926

Briand, Aristide Stresemann, Gustav

France Germany France Germany U.S. Sweden U.S. U.S. U.K. U.K. Germany Argentina U.K. (founded 1931) (founded 1863) U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.K. U.K. U.S. France

1927

Buisson, Ferdinand-douard Quidde, Ludwig

1929 1930 1931

Kellogg, Frank B. Sderblom, Nathan Addams, Jane Butler, Nicholas Murray

1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1944 1945 1946

Angell, Sir Norman Henderson, Arthur Ossietzky, Carl von Saavedra Lamas, Carlos Cecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Nansen International Office for Refugees International Committee of the Red Cross Hull, Cordell Balch, Emily Greene Mott, John R.

1947

American Friends Service Committee Friends Service Council (FSC)

1949 1950 1951

Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns, John Boyd Orr, Baron Bunche, Ralph Jouhaux, Lon

1952 1953 1954 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963

Schweitzer, Albert Marshall, George C. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the Pearson, Lester B. Pire, Dominique Noel-Baker (of the City of Derby), Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Luthuli, Albert John Hammarskjld, Dag Pauling, Linus International Committee of the Red Cross League of Red Cross Societies

Alsace U.S. (founded 1951) Canada Belgium U.K. South Africa Sweden U.S. (founded 1863) (founded 1919) U.S. (founded 1946) France (founded 1919) U.S. West Germany U.S. North Vietnam Ireland Japan U.S.S.R. Northern Ireland

1964 1965 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973

King, Martin Luther, Jr. United Nations Childrens Fund Cassin, Ren International Labour Organisation Borlaug, Norman Ernest Brandt, Willy Kissinger, Henry Le Duc Tho (declined)

1974

MacBride, Sen Sato Eisaku

1975 1976

Sakharov, Andrey Dmitriyevich Corrigan, Mairad

Williams, Betty 1977 1978 Amnesty International Begin, Menachem Sadat, Anwar el1979 1980 1981 1982 Teresa, Mother Prez Esquivel, Adolfo United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the Garca Robles, Alfonso Myrdal, Alva 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Walesa, Lech Tutu, Desmond International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Wiesel, Elie Arias Snchez, Oscar United Nations Peacekeeping Forces Dalai Lama Gorbachev, Mikhail Aung San Suu Kyi Mench, Rigoberta de Klerk, F.W. Mandela, Nelson 1994 Arafat, Yasir Peres, Shimon

Northern Ireland (founded 1961) Israel Egypt India Argentina (founded 1951) Mexico Sweden Poland South Africa (founded 1980) U.S. Costa Rica

Tibet U.S.S.R. Myanmar Guatemala South Africa South Africa Palestinian Israel

Rabin, Yitzhak 1995 Pugwash Conferences Rotblat, Joseph 1996 Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Ramos-Horta, Jos 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines Williams, Jody 1998 Hume, John Trimble, David 1999 2000 2001 Doctors Without Borders Kim Dae Jung United Nations Annan, Kofi 2002 2003 2004 2005 Carter, Jimmy Ebadi, Shirin Maathai, Wangari ElBaradei, Mohamed International Atomic Energy Agency 2006 Grameen Bank Yunus, Muhammad 2007 Gore, Al Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Ahtisaari, Martti

Israel (founded 1957) U.K. East Timor East Timor (founded 1992) U.S. Northern Ireland Northern Ireland (founded 1971) South Korea (founded 1945) Ghana U.S. Iran Kenya Egypt (founded 1957) (founded 1976) Bangladesh U.S. (founded 1988) Finland

2009 2010 2011

Obama, Barack Liu Xiaobo Gbowee, Leymah Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen Karmn, Tawakkul

U.S. China Liberia Liberia Yemen (founded 1993)

2012

European Union

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

PHYSICS
The table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Physics.

Nobel Prize winners by category (physics)

year name
Rntgen, Wilhelm 1901 Conrad Lorentz, Hendrik 1902 Antoon Zeeman, Pieter 1903 Becquerel, Henri Curie, Marie Curie, Pierre Rayleigh (of Terling 1904 Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron 1905 Lenard, Philipp Germany research on cathode rays U.K. discovery of argon Netherlands France France France investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation discovery of spontaneous radioactivity investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation Germany discovery of X-rays

country*

achievement

1906 1907 1908 1909

Thomson, Sir J.J. Michelson, A.A. Lippmann, Gabriel Braun, Ferdinand Marconi, Guglielmo Waals, Johannes

U.K. U.S. France Germany Italy

researches into electrical conductivity of gases spectroscopic and metrological investigations photographic reproduction of colours development of wireless telegraphy development of wireless telegraphy

1910 Diederik van der 1911 Wien, Wilhelm

Netherlands

research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids

Germany

discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons

1912

Daln, Nils

Sweden and light buoys

Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913 Heike 1914 1915 Laue, Max von Bragg, Sir Lawrence Bragg, Sir William Barkla, Charles 1917 Glover 1918 Planck, Max Germany U.K. Germany U.K. U.K. Netherlands

investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements

discovery of the elemental quanta discovery of the Doppler effect in positive ion rays and

1919

Stark, Johannes

Germany division of spectral lines in an electric field

Guillaume, Charles 1920 douard 1921 1922 1923 Einstein, Albert Bohr, Niels Millikan, Robert Switzerland Denmark U.S. work in theoretical physics investigation of atomic structure and radiation work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys

Andrews Siegbahn, Karl 1924 Manne Georg discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon 1925 Franck, James Germany an atom discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon Hertz, Gustav Germany an atom 1926 Perrin, Jean Compton, Arthur 1927 Holly method of making visible the paths of electrically charged Wilson, C.T.R. U.K. particles Richardson, Sir Owen 1928 Willans Broglie, Louis-Victor, 1929 7 duc (duke) de
e

Sweden

work in X-ray spectroscopy

France

work on the discontinuous structure of matter

U.S.

discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays

U.K.

work on electron emission by hot metals

France

discovery of the wave nature of electrons

Raman, Sir 1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata 1932 1933 Heisenberg, Werner Dirac, P.A.M. Schrdinger, Erwin 1935 1936 Chadwick, Sir James Anderson, Carl David Hess, Victor Francis 1937 Davisson, Clinton Germany U.K. Austria U.K. U.S. Austria U.S. creation of quantum mechanics introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics discovery of the neutron discovery of the positron discovery of cosmic radiation experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in India work on light diffusion; discovery of the Raman effect

Joseph Thomson, Sir George U.K. Paget

crystals irradiated by electrons experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by

1938

Fermi, Enrico

Italy neutron irradiation

Lawrence, Ernest 1939 Orlando 1943 Stern, Otto U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton resonance method for registration of various properties of 1944 Rabi, Isidor Isaac U.S. atomic nuclei 1945 Pauli, Wolfgang Bridgman, Percy 1946 Williams Appleton, Sir Edward 1947 Victor discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic 1948 Blackett, Patrick M.S. U.K. radiation 1949 Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons photographic method of studying nuclear processes; 1950 Powell, Cecil Frank U.K. discoveries concerning mesons Cockcroft, Sir John 1951 Douglas Walton, Ernest Ireland Thomas Sinton 1952 Bloch, Felix Purcell, E.M. U.S. U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles U.K. discovery of the Appleton layer in the upper atmosphere U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons U.S. invention of the cyclotron

1953 1954

Zernike, Frits Born, Max Bothe, Walther

Netherlands U.K. West Germany U.S.

method of phase-contrast microscopy statistical studies of atomic wave functions invention of the coincidence method measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron

1955

Kusch, Polykarp Lamb, Willis Eugene,

U.S. Jr.

discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum

investigations on semiconductors and invention of the 1956 Bardeen, John U.S. transistor investigations on semiconductors and invention of the Brattain, Walter H. U.S. transistor investigations on semiconductors and invention of the Shockley, William B. U.S. transistor 1957 Lee, Tsung-Dao Yang, Chen Ning Cherenkov, Pavel 1958 Alekseyevich Frank, Ilya U.S.S.R. Mikhaylovich Tamm, Igor U.S.S.R. Yevgenyevich 1959 Chamberlain, Owen Segr, Emilio 1960 1961 Glaser, Donald A. Hofstadter, Robert Mssbauer, Rudolf U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. West Germany confirmation of the existence of the antiproton confirmation of the existence of the antiproton development of the bubble chamber determination of the shape and size of atomic nucleons discovery of the Mssbauer effect discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect China China discovery of violations of the principle of parity discovery of violations of the principle of parity

Ludwig Landau, Lev 1962 Davidovich U.S.S.R. matter development of the shell model theory of the structure of 1963 Jensen, J. Hans D. West Germany atomic nuclei Mayer, Maria U.S. Goeppert atomic nuclei principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the Wigner, Eugene Paul U.S. nucleus Basov, Nikolay 1964 Gennadiyevich Prokhorov, Aleksandr U.S.S.R. Mikhaylovich instruments based on maser-laser principles work in quantum electronics leading to construction of Townes, Charles Hard U.S. instruments based on maser-laser principles 1965 Feynman, Richard P. Schwinger, Julian U.S. Seymour Tomonaga Shinichiro Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics basic principles of quantum electrodynamics U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics U.S.S.R. instruments based on maser-laser principles work in quantum electronics leading to construction of work in quantum electronics leading to construction of development of the shell model theory of the structure of contributions to the understanding of condensed states of

discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances 1966 Kastler, Alfred France in atoms 1967 1968 1969 1970 Bethe, Hans Albrecht Alvarez, Luis W. Gell-Mann, Murray Alfvn, Hannes U.S. U.S. U.S. Sweden discoveries concerning the energy production of stars work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states classification of elementary particles and their interactions work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and

ferrimagnetism Nel, Louis-EugneFrance Flix 1971 1972 Gabor, Dennis Bardeen, John Cooper, Leon N. Schrieffer, John U.S. Robert 1973 Esaki, Leo Giaever, Ivar Josephson, Brian D. 1974 Hewish, Antony Ryle, Sir Martin Japan U.S. U.K. U.K. U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors work in radio astronomy work in radio astronomy work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear 1975 Bohr, Aage N. Denmark fusion work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear Mottelson, Ben R. Denmark fusion work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear Rainwater, James U.S. fusion 1976 Richter, Burton Ting, Samuel C.C. U.S. U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in 1977 Anderson, Philip W. U.S. magnetic, noncrystalline solids contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in Mott, Sir Nevill F. U.K. magnetic, noncrystalline solids development of the theory of superconductivity U.K. U.S. U.S. ferrimagnetism invention of holography development of the theory of superconductivity development of the theory of superconductivity work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and

contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in Van Vleck, John H. U.S. magnetic, noncrystalline solids Kapitsa, Pyotr 1978 Leonidovich discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, Penzias, Arno U.S. providing support for the big-bang theory Wilson, Robert U.S. Woodrow Glashow, Sheldon 1979 Lee U.S. subatomic particles unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of Salam, Abdus Pakistan subatomic particles unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of Weinberg, Steven U.S. subatomic particles Cronin, James 1980 Watson U.S. conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries demonstration of simultaneous violation of both chargeFitch, Val Logsdon U.S. conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries Bloembergen, 1981 Nicolaas Schawlow, Arthur U.S. Leonard Siegbahn, Kai Manne Sweden Brje Wilson, Kenneth 1982 Geddes 1983 Chandrasekhar, U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of U.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis applications of lasers in spectroscopy U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy demonstration of simultaneous violation of both chargeproviding support for the big-bang theory unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, U.S.S.R. invention and application of a helium liquefier

Subrahmanyan

stars contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of

Fowler, William A.

U.S. stars discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the

1984

Meer, Simon van der

Netherlands electroweak theory discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the

Rubbia, Carlo

Italy electroweak theory discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact

1985

Klitzing, Klaus von

West Germany measurements of electrical resistance

1986

Binnig, Gerd Rohrer, Heinrich Ruska, Ernst

West Germany Switzerland West Germany West Germany Switzerland U.S. U.S. U.S.

development of electron microscopes development of electron microscopes development of electron microscopes discovery of new superconducting materials discovery of new superconducting materials research in subatomic particles research in subatomic particles research in subatomic particles development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic

1987

Bednorz, J. Georg Mller, Karl Alex

1988

Lederman, Leon Max Schwartz, Melvin Steinberger, Jack

1989

Dehmelt, Hans Georg

U.S. particles for study development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic

Paul, Wolfgang

West Germany particles for study

Ramsey, Norman U.S. Foster Friedman, Jerome 1990 Isaac U.S. discovery of quarks development of the atomic clock

Kendall, Henry Way Taylor, Richard E. Gennes, Pierre-Gilles 1991 de 1992 1993 Charpak, Georges Hulse, Russell Alan Taylor, Joseph H., Jr. Brockhouse, Bertram 1994 N. Shull, Clifford G. 1995 Perl, Martin Lewis Reines, Frederick 1996 Lee, David M. Osheroff, Douglas D. Richardson, Robert C. 1997 Chu, Steven Cohen-Tannoudji,

U.S. Canada

discovery of quarks discovery of quarks

France

discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules

France U.S. U.S.

invention of a detector that traces subatomic particles identifying binary pulsars identifying binary pulsars

Canada

development of neutron-scattering techniques

U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S.

development of neutron-scattering techniques discovery of the tau subatomic particle discovery of the neutrino discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3 discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3 discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3 process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

France Claude Phillips, William D. 1998 Laughlin, Robert B. Strmer, Horst L. Tsui, Daniel C. 1999 Hooft, Gerardus t Veltman, Martinus U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Netherlands Netherlands

process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

process of trapping atoms with laser cooling discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions

J.G. 2000 Alferov, Zhores I. Kilby, Jack S. Kroemer, Herbert Russia U.S. Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics development of the integrated circuit (microchip) development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of 2001 Cornell, Eric A. U.S. alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of Ketterle, Wolfgang Germany alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of Wieman, Carl E. U.S. alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates 2002 Davis, Raymond, Jr. Giacconi, Riccardo Koshiba Masatoshi U.S. U.S. Japan detection of neutrinos seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays detection of neutrinos discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at 2003 Abrikosov, Alexei A. U.S. very low temperatures discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at Ginzburg, Vitaly L. Russia very low temperatures discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at Leggett, Anthony J. U.S. very low temperatures discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong 2004 Gross, David J. U.S. interaction discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong Politzer, H. David U.S. interaction

discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong Wilczek, Frank U.S. interaction 2005 Glauber, Roy J. Hall, John L. Hnsch, Theodor W. U.S. U.S. Germany contributions to the field of optics contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic 2006 Mather, John C. U.S. microwave background radiation discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic Smoot, George F. U.S. microwave background radiation 2007 Fert, Albert Grnberg, Peter France Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance discovery of giant magnetoresistance discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts 2008 Kobayashi Makoto Japan the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts Maskawa Toshihide Japan the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature

discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry Nambu, Yoichiro U.S. in subatomic physics 2009 Boyle, Willard Canada/U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for Kao, Charles U.K./U.S. optical communication Smith, George E. 2010 Geim, Andre Novoselov, Russia/U.K. Konstantin 2011 Perlmutter, Saul U.S. discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene U.S. Netherlands invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene

observations of distant supernovae U.S./ Schmidt, Brian P. Australia observations of distant supernovae discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through Riess, Adam G. U.S. observations of distant supernovae development of methods that enable measuring and 2012 Haroche, Serge France manipulation of individual quantum systems development of methods that enable measuring and Wineland, David J. U.S. manipulation of individual quantum systems discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g ., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE
The table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

Nobel Prize winners by category (physiology or medicine)

year
1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1906 1907 1908

name
Behring, Emil von Ross, Sir Ronald Finsen, Niels Ryberg Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Koch, Robert Golgi, Camillo Ramn y Cajal, Santiago Laveran, Alphonse Ehrlich, Paul

country*
Germany U.K. Denmark Russia Germany Italy Spain France Germany

achievement
work on serum therapy discovery of how malaria enters an organism treatment of skin diseases with light work on the physiology of digestion tuberculosis research work on the structure of the nervous system work on the structure of the nervous system discovery of the role of protozoans in diseases work on immunity

1908

Metchnikoff, lie

Russia

work on immunity physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid

1909

Kocher, Emil Theodor

Switzerland gland

1910 1911 1912 1913

Kossel, Albrecht Gullstrand, Allvar Carrel, Alexis Richet, Charles

Germany Sweden France France Austria-

researches in cellular chemistry work on dioptrics of the eye work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs work on anaphylaxis

1914

Brny, Robert Hungary

work on vestibular apparatus

1919

Bordet, Jules

Belgium

work on immunity factors in blood serum discovery of the capillary motor-regulating

1920

Krogh, August

Denmark mechanism

1922

Hill, A.V. Meyerhof, Otto

U.K. Germany Canada U.K. The

discoveries concerning heat production in muscles work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles discovery of insulin discovery of insulin

1923

Banting, Sir Frederick Grant Macleod, J.J.R.

1924

Einthoven, Willem Netherlands

discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism

1926 1927 1928

Fibiger, Johannes Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Nicolle, Charles-Jules-Henri

Denmark Austria France The

contributions to cancer research work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica work on typhus

1929

Eijkman, Christiaan Netherlands Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland U.K. U.S.

discovery of the antineuritic vitamin

discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins discovery of human blood groups

1930

Landsteiner, Karl

discovery of the nature and action of the 1931 Warburg, Otto Germany respiratory enzyme Adrian (of Cambridge), Edgar 1932 Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott 1933 1934 Morgan, Thomas Hunt Minot, George Richards Murphy, William P. Whipple, George H. 1935 1936 Spemann, Hans Dale, Sir Henry Loewi, Otto 1937 Szent-Gyrgyi, Albert U.K. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Germany U.K. Germany Hungary discoveries regarding function of neurons heredity transmission functions of chromosomes discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia organizer effect in embryos work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses work on biological combustion discovery of the role of sinus and aortic 1938 Heymans, Corneille Belgium mechanisms in respiration regulation 1939 1943 Domagk, Gerhard (declined) Dam, Henrik Doisy, Edward Adelbert Germany Denmark U.S. antibacterial effect of Prontosil discovery of vitamin K discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K researches on differentiated functions of nerve 1944 Erlanger, Joseph U.S. fibres researches on differentiated functions of nerve Gasser, Herbert Spencer U.S. fibres 1945 Chain, Sir Ernst Boris Fleming, Sir Alexander Florey, Howard Walter Florey, U.K. U.K. Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value discovery of penicillin and its curative value discovery of penicillin and its curative value U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons

Baron 1946 Muller, Hermann Joseph U.S. production of mutations by X-radiation discovery of how glycogen is catalytically 1947 Cori, Carl and Gerty U.S. converted Houssay, Bernardo Alberto 1948 1949 Mller, Paul Hermann Egas Moniz, Antnio Hess, Walter Rudolf Argentina Switzerland Portugal Switzerland pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism properties of DDT therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses discovery of functions of the interbrain research on adrenal cortex hormones, their 1950 Hench, Philip Showalter U.S. structure and biological effects research on adrenal cortex hormones, their Kendall, Edward Calvin U.S. structure and biological effects research on adrenal cortex hormones, their Reichstein, Tadeus Switzerland structure and biological effects 1951 1952 Theiler, Max Waksman, Selman Abraham South Africa U.S. yellow fever discoveries discovery of streptomycin discovery of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of 1953 Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf U.K. carbohydrates discovery of coenzyme A in metabolism of Lipmann, Fritz Albert U.S. carbohydrates cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue 1954 Enders, John Franklin U.S. cultures cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue Robbins, Frederick Chapman U.S. cultures cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue Weller, Thomas H. U.S. cultures

1955

Theorell, Axel Hugo Teodor

Sweden

nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes discoveries concerning heart catheterization and

1956

Cournand, Andr F.

U.S. circulatory changes discoveries concerning heart catheterization and

Forssmann, Werner

West Germany circulatory changes discoveries concerning heart catheterization and

Richards, Dickinson Woodruff

U.S. circulatory changes

1957 1958

Bovet, Daniel Beadle, George Wells Lederberg, Joshua Tatum, Edward L.

Italy U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Australia U.K. U.S.

production of synthetic curare genetic regulation of chemical processes genetic recombination genetic regulation of chemical processes work on producing nucleic acids artificially work on producing nucleic acids artificially acquired immunity to tissue transplants acquired immunity to tissue transplants functions of the inner ear discoveries concerning the molecular structure of

1959

Kornberg, Arthur Ochoa, Severo

1960

Burnet, Sir Macfarlane Medawar, Sir Peter B.

1961

Bksy, Georg von

1962

Crick, Francis Harry Compton

U.K. DNA discoveries concerning the molecular structure of

Watson, James Dewey

U.S. DNA discoveries concerning the molecular structure of

Wilkins, Maurice

U.K. DNA study of the transmission of impulses along a

1963

Eccles, Sir John Carew

Australia nerve fibre

Hodgkin, Sir Alan

U.K.

study of the transmission of impulses along a

nerve fibre study of the transmission of impulses along a Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding U.K. nerve fibre discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid 1964 Bloch, Konrad U.S. metabolism discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid Lynen, Feodor West Germany metabolism discoveries concerning regulatory activities of 1965 Jacob, Franois France body cells discoveries concerning regulatory activities of Lwoff, Andr France body cells discoveries concerning regulatory activities of Monod, Jacques France body cells 1966 Huggins, Charles B. Rous, Peyton U.S. U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer research on causes and treatment of cancer discoveries about chemical and physiological 1967 Granit, Ragnar Arthur Sweden visual processes in the eye discoveries about chemical and physiological Hartline, Haldan Keffer U.S. visual processes in the eye discoveries about chemical and physiological Wald, George U.S. visual processes in the eye 1968 Holley, Robert William Khorana, Har Gobind Nirenberg, Marshall Warren U.S. U.S. U.S. deciphering the genetic code deciphering the genetic code deciphering the genetic code research and discoveries concerning viruses and 1969 Delbrck, Max U.S. viral diseases

research and discoveries concerning viruses and Hershey, A.D. U.S. viral diseases research and discoveries concerning viruses and Luria, Salvador U.S. viral diseases discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve 1970 Axelrod, Julius U.S. impulse transmission discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve Euler, Ulf von Sweden impulse transmission discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve Katz, Sir Bernard U.K. impulse transmission 1971 1972 Sutherland, Earl W., Jr. Edelman, Gerald Maurice Porter, Rodney Robert 1973 Frisch, Karl von Lorenz, Konrad Tinbergen, Nikolaas U.S. U.S. U.K. Austria Austria U.K. action of hormones research on the chemical structure of antibodies research on the chemical structure of antibodies discoveries in animal behaviour patterns discoveries in animal behaviour patterns discoveries in animal behaviour patterns research on structural and functional organization 1974 Claude, Albert U.S. of cells research on structural and functional organization Duve, Christian Ren de Belgium of cells research on structural and functional organization Palade, George E. U.S. of cells interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic 1975 Baltimore, David U.S. material of the cell interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic Dulbecco, Renato U.S. material of the cell

interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic Temin, Howard Martin U.S. material of the cell studies of the origin and spread of infectious 1976 Blumberg, Baruch S. U.S. diseases studies of the origin and spread of infectious Gajdusek, D. Carleton U.S. diseases 1977 Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis Schally, Andrew Victor Yalow, Rosalyn S. U.S. U.S. U.S. research on pituitary hormones research on pituitary hormones development of radioimmunoassay discovery and application of enzymes that 1978 Arber, Werner Switzerland fragment DNA discovery and application of enzymes that Nathans, Daniel U.S. fragment DNA discovery and application of enzymes that Smith, Hamilton Othanel U.S. fragment DNA 1979 Cormack, Allan MacLeod Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold U.S. U.K. development of the CAT scan development of the CAT scan investigations of genetic control of the response of 1980 Benacerraf, Baruj U.S. the immune system to foreign substances Dausset, Jean-Baptiste-GabrielFrance Joachim the immune system to foreign substances investigations of genetic control of the response of Snell, George Davis U.S. the immune system to foreign substances 1981 Hubel, David Hunter Sperry, Roger Wolcott Wiesel, Torsten Nils U.S. U.S. Sweden processing of visual information by the brain functions of the cerebral hemispheres processing of visual information by the brain investigations of genetic control of the response of

1982

Bergstrm, Sune K. Samuelsson, Bengt Ingemar Vane, John Robert

Sweden Sweden U.K.

biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins discovery of mobile plant genes that affect

1983

McClintock, Barbara

U.S. heredity theory and development of a technique for

1984

Jerne, Niels K.

U.K.-Denmark producing monoclonal antibodies theory and development of a technique for

Khler, Georges J.F.

West Germany producing monoclonal antibodies theory and development of a technique for

Milstein, Csar

Argentina producing monoclonal antibodies discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol

1985

Brown, Michael S.

U.S. metabolism discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol

Goldstein, Joseph L.

U.S. metabolism discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the

1986

Cohen, Stanley

U.S. growth of cells discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the

Levi-Montalcini, Rita

Italy growth of cells

1987

Tonegawa Susumu

Japan

study of genetic aspects of antibodies development of new classes of drugs for

1988

Black, Sir James

U.K. combating disease development of new classes of drugs for

Elion, Gertrude Belle

U.S. combating disease development of new classes of drugs for

Hitchings, George Herbert

U.S. combating disease

1989

Bishop, J. Michael Varmus, Harold

U.S. U.S.

study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes) study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes) development of kidney and bone marrow

1990

Murray, Joseph E.

U.S. transplants development of kidney and bone marrow

Thomas, E. Donnall

U.S. transplants discovery of how cells communicate, as related to

1991

Neher, Erwin

Germany diseases discovery of how cells communicate, as related to

Sakmann, Bert

Germany diseases discovery of the class of enzymes called protein

1992

Fischer, Edmond H.

U.S. kinases discovery of the class of enzymes called protein

Krebs, Edwin Gerhard

U.S. kinases discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic

1993

Roberts, Richard J.

U.K. structure discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic

Sharp, Phillip A.

U.S. structure

1994

Gilman, Alfred G. Rodbell, Martin

U.S. U.S.

discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins identification of genes that control the bodys early

1995

Lewis, Edward B.

U.S. structural development identification of genes that control the bodys early

Nsslein-Volhard, Christiane

Germany structural development identification of genes that control the bodys early

Wieschaus, Eric F.

U.S. structural development

discovery of how the immune system recognizes 1996 Doherty, Peter C. Australia virus-infected cells discovery of how the immune system recognizes Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Switzerland virus-infected cells discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing 1997 Prusiner, Stanley B. U.S. protein discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling 1998 Furchgott, Robert F. U.S. molecule in the cardiovascular system discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling Ignarro, Louis J. U.S. molecule in the cardiovascular system discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling Murad, Ferid U.S. molecule in the cardiovascular system discovery that proteins have signals governing 1999 Blobel, Gnter U.S. cellular organization discovery of how signals are transmitted between 2000 Carlsson, Arvid Sweden nerve cells in the brain discovery of how signals are transmitted between Greengard, Paul U.S. nerve cells in the brain discovery of how signals are transmitted between Kandel, Eric U.S. nerve cells in the brain 2001 Hartwell, Leland H. Hunt, R. Timothy Nurse, Sir Paul M. U.S. U.K. U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ 2002 Brenner, Sydney U.K. development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ Horvitz, H. Robert U.S. development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ Sulston, John E. U.K. development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) development of magnetic resonance imaging 2003 Lauterbur, Paul U.S. (MRI) development of magnetic resonance imaging Mansfield, Sir Peter U.K. (MRI) discovery of odorant receptors and the 2004 Axel, Richard U.S. organization of the olfactory system discovery of odorant receptors and the Buck, Linda B. U.S. organization of the olfactory system 2005 Marshall, Barry J. Warren, J. Robin Australia Australia discovery of bacterias role in peptic ulcer disease discovery of bacterias role in peptic ulcer disease discovery of RNA interferencegene silencing by 2006 Fire, Andrew Z. U.S. double-stranded RNA discovery of RNA interferencegene silencing by Mello, Craig C. U.S. double-stranded RNA discovery of principles for introducing specific 2007 Capecchi, Mario R. U.S. gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells discovery of principles for introducing specific Evans, Sir Martin J. U.K. gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells Smithies, Oliver U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific

gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells 2008 Barr-Sinoussi, Franoise Montagnier, Luc France France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus discovery of human immunodeficiency virus discovery of human papilloma viruses causing zur Hausen, Harald Germany cervical cancer discovery of how chromosomes are protected by 2009 Blackburn, Elizabeth H. U.S. telomeres and the enzyme telomerase discovery of how chromosomes are protected by Greider, Carol W. U.S. telomeres and the enzyme telomerase discovery of how chromosomes are protected by Szostak, Jack W. U.S. telomeres and the enzyme telomerase 2010 Edwards, Robert U.K. development of in vitro fertilization discoveries concerning the activation of innate 2011 Beutler, Bruce A. U.S. immunity Luxembourg/ Hoffmann, Jules A. France immunity discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in Steinman, Ralph M. Canada adaptive immunity discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed 2012 Gurdon, Sir John Bertrand U.K. to become pluripotent discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed Yamanaka, Shinya Japan to become pluripotent *Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision. discoveries concerning the activation of innate