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FRACTIONS
A) Reading Fractions
A fraction is a number that represents a part of a whole. It is written as p where p and q are q whole numbers and q # 0. p is read as 'p over q'. q For example:-
(a) 3 is read as 'three over four' or three quarter. 4 (b) 2 is read as 'two over three' or 'two third'.
In each of the diagrams above, the shaded parts are 2 out of 3 equal parts, that is 2 3 and the bottom number is called the numerator. For example:2 ( Numerator ) 3 ( Denominator ) In the fraction 2, 2 is the numerator and 3 is denominator.
3
3. The numerator represents the number of equal parts that are shaded and the denominator represents the total number of equal parts in one whole. 4. When the numerator is the same as the denominator, the value of the fraction is equal to 1. The figure 1 represents all the parts of a fraction. For example:(a)
(b)
(b) Write the fraction represented by the shaded parts in the diagram below.
(b) 4 parts out of 7 equal parts are shaded. The fraction represented by the shaded parts is 4 . 7
EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS
A)Finding Equivalent Fractions
1. Equivalent fractions are fractions having the same value. For example:(a)
The shaded parts in both the triangle are equal. Therefore, 1 and 2 have the same value. 2 4 1 and 2 are equivalent fractions. 2 4 Therefore, 1 = 2 . 2 4 ( when you fold the two triangle along their vertical lines, you will find that the shaded portions are equal.) (b)
The shaded parts of all the three rectangles are equal. Therefore, 1 , 2 , and 4 have the same value. 2 4 16 1 = 2 = 4 are equivalent fractions. 2 4 16 Therefore, 1 = 2 = 4. 4 8 16 2. Equivalent fractions can be obtained by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same whole numbers ( greater than 1 ). For example:2 =2x2 =2x3 =2x4=2x5
3x2
3x3
3x4
3x5
Worked example List all the equivalent fractions of 3 with denominators between 30 and 50. Solution
2 4
6 8
The shaded parts for 2 and 6 are the same. 4 8 Therefore, 2 and 6 are equivalent fractions. 4 8 Worked example Are 1 and 3 are not equivalent fractions ? 2 4 Solution
1 and 3 are not equivalent fraction because 2 4 their shaded parts are not the same. Worked example Determine whether the following pairs of fractions are equivalent. (a) 4 and 1 8 2 (b) 4 and 1 6 3 Solution (a)
4 and 1 are at the same position on the 8 2 number line. Therefore, 4 and 1 are equivalent. 8 2 (b)
4 and 1 are at different positions on the 6 3 number line. Therefore, 4 and 6 are not equivalent. 6 3 Worked example Determine whether 2 and 4 are equivalent. 6 12 Solution
2. When comparing two fractions having the same numerator, the fraction with the smaller denominator is greater in value. For example:-
3. To compare two fractions having different numerators, and denominators, carry out the following steps. Step 1 : Find the LCM of the two denominators. Step 2 : Convert each of the given fraction with the LCM as its denominator. Step 3 : Compare the numerators of the fractions. Worked example Which is greater, 7 or 4 ? 9 5 Solution
7 = 35 9 45 4 = 36 5 45 35 < 36 45 45
( LCM of 9 and 5 is 45 )
Therefore, 4 is greater. 5
(a) 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 9 9 9 9 (b) 1 = 1 x 6 = 6 ; 1 = 1 x 4 = 4 ; 2 1 x 6 12 3 3 x 4 = 12 3= 3x3 = 9 ; 1 = 1x2 =2 ; 4 4 x 3 12 6 6 x 2 12 Therefore, the fractions arranged decreasing order are 3 , 1 , 1 , 1 . 4 2 3 6 ( from the biggest to the smallest
E) Simplifying Fractions
1. A fraction is in its lowers terms if the numerator and denominator have no common factor except 1. 2. To simplify a fraction, divide the numerator and denominator repeatedly by their common factors. For example:-
3. To simplify a fraction to its lowest terms, divide the numerator and the denominator by their HCF.
4. All answer must be given in their lowest terms. Worked example Simplify 12 to its lowest terms. 18 Solution
MIXED NUMBERS
A) Recognising Mixed Numbers
1. A mixed number is a number consisting of a whole number and a fraction. For example:-
fraction with the LCM as its denominator. Step 3 : Compare and arrange the mixed numbers. Worked Example Which is greater,
Arrange both mixed numbers on a number line. Solution The LCM of 9 and 3 is 9.
Worked Example (a) Arrange 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 1 in increasing order. 2 3 6 (b) Arrange 2 3 , 1 1 , 2 1 in decreasing order. 4 3 2 Solution (a) The LCM of 2, 3 and 6 is 6.
Therefore, the mixed numbers arranged increasing order are 2 1 , 2 1 , 2 2 . 6 2 3 (b) The LCM of 4, 3 and 2 is 2.
21
=2 2 2 4
5 = 5 , 13 = 13 , 32 = 32
1 1 1 2. Whole numbers can be converted to improper fractions with other denominators. For example:(a) 4 = 4 1 4 = 4 x 12 1 x 12
55
9
(b) 10 6 7
Solution
(b) 10 6 = 10 x 7 + 6 7 7 = 76 7
(b) 92 = 11 4 8 8
its lowest terms before converting it to the mixed number. Worked Example Change these improper fractions to mixed numbers or whole numbers. (a) 129 9 Solution (b) 96 8
11
12 ( Change to mixed number. )
7 9
2 = 1 + 3 3
4+
2 3
Solution (a) 1 + 3
2 = 1+ 3 3 =4+3 3 =4+1 =5
4+2
3
5+ 9
5 6
Solution
5+4
5
31
2
14+23
5 10
14
5
= 9 + 23 + 9 5 10 5 = 18 + 23 + 18 10
= 59 10 =
59
14
5
23
10
= 9 + 23 5 10
= 18 + 23 10 = 41 10 41 + 9 = 41 + 18 10 5 10 = 59 = 10
59
10
=6 14 = 3 ( lowest terms ) 7
To subtract a fraction from a mixed number, carry out the following steps. Step 1 : Convert the mixed number to an improper fraction. Step 2 : Find the LCM of the denominators. Step 3 : Convert both the fractions to their respective equivalent fractions with the same denominator. Worked Example Simplify the following. (a) 5 5 - 3 6 4 Solution (a)
55
6
- 3 = 35 - 3 4 6 4 = 70 - 9
12 = 61 12 =
51
12
51-35
4 6
Solution
Worked Example Puan Aishah bought 5 kg of cooking oil. She used up 3 2 kg. Find the amount of oil remained. 5 Solution 1. Understand the problem Given information : kg from the 5 kg of oil was used. 5 Find : Amount of oil remained 2. Devise a plan Use subtraction. 3. Carry out the plan
32
5 - 3 2 = 5 17
5 5 = 25 - 17 5 =8 5 =13 5 Therefore, amount of oil remained was 1 3 kg. 5 4. Check
32+13
5 5
= 17 + 8 5 5
= 25 5 =5
Method 4 : By cancellation
Method 2 : By cancellation 2x 3 3 8
Solution
kg of flour is put equally into 15 packets. 4 Find : Mass of each packet of flour 2. Devise a plan Use division 3. Carry out the plan
21
2 1 15 = 9 15
4 4 = 9 x 1 = 9 = 3 kg. 4 15 60 20 Therefore, the mass of each packet is 3 kg. 20 4. Check Mass of 15 packets of flour = 15 x 3 kg = 2 1 kg 20 4
2511-11
8 6 2
Solution
2 9 litre of water melon less than orange juice. How 10 much fruit juice did he buy altogether? Solution 1. Understand the problem Given information : Volume of orange juice bought = 3 1 2 Volume of water melon juice bought is 9 litre less 10
than volume of orange juice. Find : The volume of fruit juice bought. 2. Devise a plan Perform subtraction followed by addition. 3. Carry out the plan
31
2
- 9 +31 = 7 - 9 + 7 10 2 2 10 2 = 35 - 9 + 35 10 = 61 10 =61 10
31
2
- 9 = 7 - 9 10 2 10 = 35 - 9 10 = 26 10
26 + 7 = 26 + 35 10 2 10 = 61 = 6 1 10 10 Worked Example Fatimah bought 10m of coth. She cut out 3 pieces, each 2 3 long. Find the length of the remaining cloth. 4 Solution 10 - 3 x 2 3 = 10 - 3 x 11 4 4