Energy Dissipation Devices by Ali Murtaza Rasool

SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS WITH PASSIVE
ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES

Year: 2009

Year 2012

ENGR. ALI MURTAZA RASOOL
2008-MS-STRU-17

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE, PAKISTAN

i

SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS WITH
PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES

Year: 2012

ENGR. ALI MURTAZA RASOOL
2008-MS-STRU-17

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Dr. Asif Hameed Dr. Munir Ahmed

CHAIRMAN DEAN
Civil Engineering Department Faculty of Civil Engineering

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master
of Science in Structural Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE, PAKISTAN

ii

In The Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful

iii

DEDICATED TO

To my Beloved Parents, Wife, Brothers, Sisters and
their children

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praises and gratitude to The Almighty Allah; the most gracious, most merciful and
most beneficent; who bestowed upon me the enlightenment and courage to complete this
thesis successfully.
I am very thankful to my worthy thesis supervisor Dr. Asif Hameed and would like to
express sincere thanks for his supervision, valuable suggestions and keen supervision all
the way through this project.
I am thankful to Engr. Shaukat Qadeer, General Manager, National Engineering Services
Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore and would like to extend my heartiest gratitude for his kind
guidance and enthusiastic encouragement during my research project.
I am also very gratified to my parents, brothers, sisters and their children for their prayers,
encouragement and support throughout my career.
In the end, I would like to articulate special thanks to Idress Raza, Khalil Ahmad, Bilal
Zulkarnain, and Farhan Tahir for support and co-operation before and during thesis.

Author
2012

v

ABSTRACT

Earthquake mitigation strategies, of which in-structure damping is one attempt to reduce
the demand on a structure rather than the more usual approach of adding capacity. The
three general classifications of seismic mitigation hardware are Seismic Isolation, Passive
Energy Dissipation and Active Control. This research is restricted to the range of devices
within the Passive Energy Dissipation classification. Most of the effectiveness of isolation
is the period shift effect, lengthening the period of response, with a lesser effect from
damping. In-structure damping has a minor effect on period and in fact often shortens the
period if anything. Response reductions rely entirely on energy dissipation. Almost by
definition, buildings not suitable for base isolation are the best candidates for in-structure
damping. It is most effective on flexible buildings with slender lateral load systems and is
also suitable for soft soil sites. The suitability of flexible buildings arises from the fact
that in-structure damping is activated by inter-story movement, either velocity or
displacement. The greater the movement the greater the damping which gives rise to a
paradox in that the aim of the damping is to reduce the movements which give rise to the
damping. The purpose of this research is to study the performance of building by using
passive energy dissipation devices, different type of devices used are Hysteretic dampers,
Friction dampers Viscous and Visco-elastic dampers. The finite element modeling
technique ETABS version 9.7.2, which is a product of Computer & Structure Inc., is used
in this research to observe the behavior of structure by using different types of dampers.
Three prototype concrete buildings (3, 5 and 10 Story) with same configuration are
analyzed by using different types of damper and using time history analysis. In general,
this research indicates first the response of structure building in terms of storey drifts,
base shear and displacement without using dampers and just by increasing damping ratio
from 0 to 40%, then buildings are analyzed by using different types of dampers and by
using different variation and response of buildings is observed in terms of, displacements,
base shear and floor accelerations. Viscous and Visco-elastic dampers are more effect for
3 & 5 storey buildings while Friction and Hysteresis dampers are effective for 10 storeys.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATIONS iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES xii

1. Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Scope of Research 3
1.4 Limitations 3
1.5 Thesis Overview 3
1.6 Utilization of Research 4
2. Literature Review 5
2.1 General 5
2.2 Earthquake Characteristics 5
2.3 Causes of Earthquake 6
2.3.1 Plate tectonic Theory 6
2.3.2 Faulting 7
2.3.3 Seismic Waves 7
2.4 Response of Building Structures 7
2.4.1 Behavior of Structure during Ground Motion 7
2.4.2 Structural Response Characteristics 7
2.5 Types of Energy Dissipation Devices 8
2.6 Seismic Performance of Passive Energy Devices 9
2.7 Types of Passive Energy Dissipation Devices 12
2.7.1 Hysteretic Metal Yielding Damper 13
2.7.1.1 Damper Description 13
2.7.1.2 Properties of Damper 14

vii

2.7.1.3 Generic Hysteretic Properties 16
2.7.1.4 Advantages of Hysteretic Damper 16
2.7.1.5 Disadvantages of Hysteretic Damper 16
2.7.2 Friction Damper 17
2.7.2.1 Damper Description 17
2.7.2.2 Damper Characteristics 18
2.7.2.3 Advantages of Friction Damper 18
2.7.2.4 Disadvantages of Friction Damper 19
2.7.3 Viscous Damper 19
2.7.3.2 Advantages of Viscous Damper 24
2.7.3.3 Disadvantages of Viscous Damper 24
2.7.4 Visco-elastic Damper 24
2.7.4.2 Advantages of Visco-elastic Damper 27
2.7.4.3 Disadvantages of Visco-elastic Damper 27
3. Methodology 28
3.1 General 28
3.2 Building Description 28
3.2.1 Building-1 28
3.2.2 Building-2 29
3.2.3 Building-3 30
3.3 Material Properties 31
3.4 Loading 32
3.4.1 Dynamic Loading 22
3.5 Dampers Application 32
3.5.1 Dampers Characteristics 34
3.5.2 Dampers Variations 35
3.5.3 Dampers Locations 37
3.5.4 Total Analysis Performed 38
3.6 Computer Analysis Performed 38
3.6.1 Defining Grid System 39

viii

3.6.2 Defining Frame Sections 40
3.6.3 Defining Hysteretic Damper 40
3.6.4 Defining Friction Damper 42
3.6.5 Defining Viscous Damper 42
3.6.6 Defining Visco-elastic Damper 43
3.6.7 Defining Time History Data 44
4. Results & Discussions 46
4.1 General 46
4.2 Response of Buildings without Dampers 46
4.2.1 Effects of Damping on Drift & Base Shear 47
4.2.2 Effects of Damping on Displacements 48
4.3 Response of Buildings with Dampers 50
4.3.1 Effect of Damping Parameter on Displacement 50
4.3.1.1 Hysteretic Damper 50
4.3.1.2 Friction Damper 52
4.3.1.3 Viscous Damper 54
4.3.1.4 Visco-elastic Damper 56
4.3.2 Effect of Damping Parameter on Base Shear 58
4.3.3 Effect of Damping Parameter on Floor Accelerations 66
5. Conclusions and Future Recommendations 75
5.1 Conclusions 75
5.2 Future Recommendations 76

References 77

ix

List of Figures
Serial Description Page
Fig.- 1.1
Collapse of Office Building During Kobe Earthquake, Japan
2
Fig.- 2.1
Worldwide tectonic plates distribution
6
Fig.- 2.2
Different Dampers Configurations
9
Fig.- 2.3
Story Displacement Comparisons
11
Fig.- 2.4
Hysteretic Metal Yielding Damper Bracing System
13
Fig.- 2.5
ADAS Elements and Installation
14
Fig.- 2.6
Yielding Hysteresis Damper
15
Fig.- 2.7
Pall Friction Damper
17
Fig.- 2.8 Hysteresis Loop for Friction Damper 18
Fig.- 2.9 Fluid Viscous Damper 20
Fig.- 2.10 Damper Coefficient 22
Fig.- 2.11 Damper Exponent, , For Constant, C 22
Fig.- 2.12 Damper Exponent, , For Constant Damper Force 22
Fig.- 2.13 Velocity Cut-off on Viscous Damper 23
Fig.- 2.14 Loading Frequency 23
Fig.- 2.15 Displacement Amplitude 23
Fig.- 2.16 Visco-elastic Damper and Installation 25
Fig.- 2.17 Force displacement Relationship for Visco-elastic Damper 26
Fig.- 3.1 Frame Elevation of Building -1 29
Fig.- 3.2
Frame Elevation of Building -2
30
Fig.- 3.3 Frame Elevation of Building -3 31
Fig.- 3.4
E-W Direction Time Acceleration Graph of El-Centro
Earthquake
32
Fig.- 3.5 El-Centro Spectral Acceleration 33
Fig.- 3.6 El-Centro Spectral Velocity 33
Fig.- 3.7 El-Centro Spectral Displacement 33
Fig.- 3.8 Damper Variation 35
Fig.- 3.9 Damper Distribution with Height 36

x

Fig.- 3.10 3-Storey Building 37
Fig.- 3.13 Defining Grid System 39
Fig.- 3.14 Defining Frame Section 40
Fig.- 3.15 Defining Hysteretic Damper 41
Fig.- 3.16 Defining Friction Damper 42
Fig.- 3.17 Defining Viscous Damper 43
Fig.- 3.18 Defining Visco-elastic Damper 44
Fig.- 3.19 El-Centro Time History function 45
Fig.- 4.1 Graph b/w Drift & Increasing Damping Ratio 47
Fig.- 4.2 Graph b/w Base Shear & Increasing Damping Ratio 47
Fig.- 4.3 Graph b/w Time & Displacement (3-Storey Building) 48
Fig.- 4.6 Graph b/w Displacement & Damping Parameter (3-Storey
Building) - Hysteretic Damper
50
51
51
Building) - Friction Damper
52
53
53
Building) - Viscous Damper
54
55
Fig.- 4.14 Graph b/w Displacement & Damping Parameter (10-Storey 55

xi

56
Building) - Visco-elastic Damper
57
57
Fig.- 4.18 Graph b/w Base Shear & Damping Parameter (3-Storey
58
59
59
60
61
61
62
63
63
Fig. 4.27 Graph b/w Base Shear & Damping Parameter (3-Storey
64
65
65
Fig.- 4.30 Graph b/w Acceleration & Damping Parameter (3-Storey 67

xii

Fig.- 4.31 Graph b/w Acceleration & Damping Parameter (5-Storey
67
68
69
69
70
71
71
72
73
73
74

List of Tables
Table- 3.1 Material Properties 31
Table- 3.2 Damper Properties 34
Table- 3.3 Damper Variation 36

1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
Earthquake has always adverse effects on mankind. Building structures are susceptible to
severe damage and/or collapse during moderate to strong ground motion. This has been
illustrated after study of recent and past earthquake damages. Residential buildings,
bridges, industrial and port facilities could get adversely damage with and an earthquake
magnitude of six or more, with such magnitude structures could get adversely damaged.

Therefore result in great financial and economic loss. Several destructive earthquakes
have hit Pakistan over the times (October 08, 2005 earthquake being the one in renown
recently). Major area of Pakistan has always under the danger of this natural hazard
(earthquake). Engineers are now well equipped with knowledge to cope up with this
natural hazard but even now very less attention and research has been carried out on one
of the major effects of earthquake i.e. use of Control devices. In seismic design of
structure, the design forces are generally calculated using an elastic response spectrum.
To account for energy dissipation through inelastic action a response modification factor
R
w
(Uniform Building Code, 1994) is used to reduce the calculated elastic forces. The
philosophy in permitting inelastic action is that during severe earthquakes, the structure
can sustain damage without collapse due to the ductility of members and redundant load
paths. Structural members are significantly damaged by inelastic action contributed to
substantial energy dissipation. In addition, the hysteretic behavior of members degrades
with repeated inelastic cycles. Non-structural elements such as in-fill walls, partitions,
doorways, windows, and ceilings are also affected by large inter-storey drifts which
usually result in considerable damage to these elements because of inelastic action.
Major portion of earthquake-induced energy can be absorbed by energy dissipation
members such as beams, columns, or walls. Inter-storey drifts can be considerably

2

reduced by these devices and consequently nonstructural damage. In addition, lower
accelerations and smaller shear forces lead to lower ductility demands in structural
components.

Passive energy dissipation systems have been developed to achieve the above objectives.
Passive energy systems include a wide range of devices for enhancing damping, stiffness,
and strength and passive materials. In general, they are characterized by their capability to
dissipate energy either by transfer of energy among different modes of vibration or by
translation of kinetic energy to heat. The former category, referred to as passive dampers,
includes supplemental devices which function on principles such as frictional sliding
surfaces (friction dampers), yielding of metals (hysteretic and metallic dampers), phase
transformation in metals (shape memory alloys), deformation of Visco-elastic solids
(Visco-elastic dampers), and fluid orificing (fluid dampers). Figure 1.1 showing the effect
of earthquake on building in which no energy dissipation devices was installed.

Fig.- 1.1 Collapse of Office Building During Kobe Earthquake, Japan

3

1.2 Objectives
The basic objective of this research is to study seismic behavior of buildings by using
Passive Energy Dissipation Devices. Energy dissipation systems of different types will be
used for study, as well as their behavior will also be observed in this research. These will
be Viscous dampers, Metallic dampers, and Friction dampers. The particular
characteristics of passive energy systems will be briefly described in research. The further
sub-objectives of research will be:
i. Varying Damper properties in Uniform, Triangular and Reverse-triangular
variation.
ii. Analyzing effect of Passive Energy Dampers on different configuration of
buildings.

1.3 Scope of Research
Scope of this research includes following main activities:
To analyze building behavior by using Hysteretic, Friction, Viscous and Visco-elastic
damper.
Analyze dampers behavior on three, five and ten storey building frames.
Varying dampers properties in uniform, triangular and reverse triangular mode.
Finally comparison will be made between different types of Passive Energy
Dampers.

1.4 Limitation
The scope of this research is limited to medium to low rise buildings in low to moderated
seismic zone that remain in elastic range, i.e. no plastic hing mechanism should develop.

1.5 Thesis Overview
The research thesis consists of five chapters, overview of these chapters is explained
below.

Stage 1: Introduction
This chapter includes the introduction of the research, research methodology, objectives,
scope, input and output.

4

Stage 2: Literature Review
This chapter includes detailed literature on all the relevant topics related to passive energy
dissipation devices. It includes different types of passive energy dissipation devices e.g.
Friction damper, Viscous damper and Metallic or Yielding damper, their uses, advantages
and disadvantages, their behavior in different types of buildings etc. It also includes how
different types of passive energy devices can be used in buildings with different bracing
strategies. This literature is collected from various books, research papers and through
web browsing.

Stage 3: Methodology
It completely explains the computer modeling, model details and includes the analysis
results of model, computation and comparison of various parameters such as
displacement, base shear and floor accelerations etc for different types of dampers.

Stage 4: Results & Discussions
This chapter contains detailed analysis of buildings with each type of damper along with
the discussion on the analysis and results.

Stage 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
In last chapter conclusions and recommendations for future research on similar topic is
discussed in this chapter.

1.6 Utilization of Research
Normally in Pakistan, due to lack of modern research conventional types of retrofitting
techniques are used comprising of providing shear wall and column jacketing. The
proposed study is based on latest development and outcome of this will be helpful for the
structural engineers to observe phenomenon of passive energy dampers and incorporate it
in their designs. This research will also be helpful in the following respect.
Use of different passive energy dampers that not only provide adequate energy
dissipation under earthquake excitation, but also are easy to install and inspect.
Use of different bracing strategies with Passive Energy Dampers.
Use of different passive energy dampers to reduce the damages of structures and
hence preventing loss of lives.

5

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General
Ductility and inelastic deformations are important part of seismic design. The
performance of a reinforced concrete framed buildings subjected to a high magnitude
earthquake in regions of inelastic deformation depends on fine seismic detailing of its
components. Sufficient ductility may not be incorporated in many structures constructed
before the development of severe seismic design. Studied performed by different
researchers have shown that during severe earthquakes non-ductile concrete farmed
buildings are generally damaged or also collapse. Modern technical developments in
field of earthquake engineering have led to an increase in the significances of the repair
and strengthening of existing buildings.
A detailed evaluation of the type and extent of damage should be required for repairing a
fully or partially damaged concrete structure. The repairing techniques should be selected
in accordance with the position of the damage and its influence on the overall response of
structure. Improving seismic performance of a structure usually engages an increase in
the strength and stiffness of the strengthened members.

2.2 Earthquake Characteristics
Earthquakes do not directly produce building collapse. Ground motions are the real cause
of seismic damage. The dynamic response of buildings to ground shaking motions is real
cause of seismic damage. The dynamic response of structures to ground motions is most
important cause of earthquake-induced damage in buildings. Therefore, it is very
important to understand in which way sudden movements of the source are transformed
in ground motions at building site.
Observations of the damage after the earthquake have shown that the earthquake
characteristic, very different from one site to another, can have a strong influence on the

6

structure performance. The characteristic reflect not only the source properties, but also
local effects and site earths configuration. In order to be considered in seismic design of
structure, it is very important to underline the main characteristic of these ground motion
types, taking into account the source typologies. The target can be obtained by processing
the recorded earthquakes, or, as a new challenge in Earthquake Engineering, by studying
the rupture processes and propagation of seismic waves by numerical modeling.

2.3 Causes of Earthquake
2.3.1 Plate Tectonic theory
Today it is accepted that the earth is covered by some rigid tectonic plates which slides
across the surface of earth, over and on a partially molten interior layers. According to
geological terms, the lithosphere forms from the earths solid rock plates. The rigid
lithosphere can be considered to float on the ductile asthenosphere, which flows. So the
lithosphere (surface of earth) is broken up into what are called tectonic plates; Plate
tectonics (from the Greek tecton, meaning one who construct and destroys) being the
theory of geology developed to explain the phenomena of continental drift. This theory
thus defines the tectonic plate and their boundaries. Figure 2.1 shows the worldwide
distribution of tectonic plates.

Fig.2.1 Worldwide tectonic plates distribution

7

2.3.2 Faulting
Elastic strain energy due to tectonic processes will be stored and then released through the
boundary zone, when two ground-masses slide with respect to each other. Earthquake will
be produced when the distorted blocks shatter back towards equilibrium.

2.3.3 Seismic Waves
Up-to 10% of the total earths plate tectonic energy in the form of seismic waves will be
dissipated due of fault fractures of the earths crust. Two types of seismic waves, body
and surface waves are generally responsible for earthquake shaking.

2.4 Response of Building Structures
2.4.1 Behavior of Structure during Ground Motion
The main effect of ground motions on a structure is the dynamic nature of the earthquake
loading. As a consequence of time variability, the ground motions are characterized by
the time history of the three ground motion parameters at the level of foundation,
acceleration, velocity and displacement. For the structure subjected to such ground
motions, these actions will propagate through the structure as waves, causing large
oscillations. Therefore, the structural response also varies with time, involving dynamical
movements. The structure performs a series of forced oscillations during the earthquake,
having a much complex chaotical movement, characterized by peaks of displacement
velocity and, acceleration, produced by different times. After finishing seismic action, the
structure continues to move under form of free oscillations, which depend on its level of
damping. For strong damping, the movements stop quickly, while for weak damping
structure continues to move a long time after the end of the seismic action. Generally, the
maximum values of movements occur during the forced oscillations, but for short seismic
actions (such as pulse loading), the maximum values can be reached during free
oscillations.

2.4.2 Structural Response Characteristic
The structure movements are characterized by vibration modes, being a superposing of
these modes in function of participation factor. The vibration modes are horizontal,
vertical and torsional. For horizontal modes, generally the most important for seismic

8

design, the number of vibration modes depends on the number of masses. But, in the
majority of cases, the first three modes are the most important for the structural analysis.
Which mode is determinant for the structural response depends on the ground motion and
the structure characteristic. Looking to ground motions and structural response, one can
see that the later is much larger than the input movements. The reason of this
amplification is due to the phenomena of resonance, which is maximum when one of the
natural frequencies of the structure is equal to the one of frequencies of the ground
motion oscillation. In this situation, there be a very important amplification of structural
response, as a function of damping effects.

2.5 Types of Energy Dissipation Devices
Since the early 1970s for earthquake engineering applications, many kinds of dissipation
devices have been tested and used. These devices can be classified into three categories:

1) Seismic isolation system:
Seismic elastomeric bearings
Lead rubber bearings
Sliding and Combined elastomeric bearings
Friction sliding pendulum system
Sliding bearing with restoring force

2) Supplemental energy dissipation devices:
i. Passive energy dissipation ii. Active and Semi-active systems
Metallic dampers Active bracing systems (ABS)
Friction dampers Active mass dampers
VE solid dampers Variable damping & stiffness system.
Viscous fluid/VE dampers Smart materials
Tuned mass dampers (TMD)
Tuned liquid dampers (TLD)

9

2.6 Seismic Performance of Passive Energy Devices
Fixed base system involves the dissipation of seismic energy during ground motion
through various dissipation devices, widely favored for enhancing the seismic
performance through a current strategy. The demand on primary structural members are
thereby reduced by adding passive energy devices to conventional structures, the passive
energy thereby absorb seismic energy. Therefore, significant reduction of structural and
non-structural damage could be achieved through a good design which reduces the
inelastic demand on primary structural members. Generally, these devices are introduced
in the form of bracing. While the conventional bracing members dissipate the input
energy by means of axial plastic deformations, this energy can be dissipated by shear or
flexural yielding of these devices according to some arrangement.

De Matteis et al., 2006, many of passive energy devices have been recently proposed and
tested. Some of them are presented in following figure 2.2 shows a device placed on a
rectangular frame which is inserted at the intersection of the two braces in an X-braced
system. This frame is made of thick steel plate shaped in order to have a uniform flexural
resistance. The inverted Y-braced frames, having a vertical link, behave as a passive
control system, where the link allows a large amount of input energy to dissipate, without
and damage to external framed structure. The improving of the dissipation capacity can
be obtained by adding some special devices, known as ADAS (Added Damping and
Stiffness Elements) systems: honeycomb shaped, X shaped, inclined shaped, U shaped,
omega shaped, E shaped, etc.

Fig.2.2 Different Dampers Configurations

10

Constantinou et al., 1998, Conventional design procedure is not appropriate in situation
when a structure have to remain functional after earthquake. Under such cases, the
structure must be designed with sufficient strength which is enough to minimize the
inelastic deformations, however, this approach is very expensive. Furthermore, in such
type of structures, special safety measures need to be taken in safeguard against damage
of important secondary system, which are needed for continuing serviceability. Over
couple of past decades the outstanding developments have been made in alternate design
strategies, which incorporate earthquake protective systems in the structure. By allowing
structural members to dissipate and absorb the transmitted seismic energy, inelastic
deformations seek to prevent occurrence of conventional design approach, therefore
inelastic cyclic deformations produced in specially created regions. As a result the
structure may not remain longer repairable due to this strategy that implies the structural
damage.

Carlos Y.L. et al., 2003, In this research rehabilitation of a 3-storey steel structure with
one basement level is carried out. The precast concrete panels and buildings steel-framed
system did not satisfy current building code seismic requirements. The panels, framing
and their connections would most likely suffer severe damage in a major seismic event.
The building is being retrofitted to diminish structural deficiencies and meet life safety
performance levels by using friction damper devices. Seismic dampers provide the
benefits of reducing seismic forces and movement in the structure by absorbing part of
the seismic forces generated in the ground. In this scheme, twenty four (24) 250kip
friction dampers are placed at the ground level and twenty four (24) 200kip friction
dampers are placed at the 2nd floor. The analysis follows the guideline of FEMA 356.
The analysis results illustrate that the retrofitted structural framing is able to dissipate the
seismic energy in a controllable manner because of the friction dampers capability to
absorb a constant force with varying storey displacement. Figure 2.3 shows that, the
displacement of stories has been reduced about 50% because of using friction damper.

11

Fig.2.3 Story Displacement Comparisons (Carlos Y.L. et al., 2003)

The research undertaken by Madsen et al., (2001) was concentrated on using dampers
within tall buildings that contain shear walls to enhance their seismic response. This new
method of retrofitting buildings involves the implementation of Visco-elastic dampers
placed within the shear wall of the building structure. According to results of this project,
it was shown that it is more effective to place VE dampers in the lowest storeys. The
hypothesis behind this being the highly damped and rigid lower part of a multi storey
building modulates the seismic dynamic excitation resulting more effectively from strong
ground shakings. This result in increasing the natural time period hence reducing the
amount of seismic energy that is attracted to it, and decreasing the stiffness at the base of
the structure. Therefore, the lower storeys of buildings are most effective position for
installing the dampers.

A 12-storey concrete building was considered for retrofit by a number of engineers. Shao
and Miyamoto (Shao et al., 1999), who were also involved in the study, suggested that
passive dampers could be the most cost-effective solution. During preliminary study
several damping systems were selected and studied for seismic retrofit. Linear and non-
linear time history analyses were performed. Performance comparisons of earthquake
response parameters were analyzed. The results of this study revealed that the best
performance was achieved by the combination of nonlinear viscous dampers with
supplemental friction devices. These systems met the performance target with great
S
t
o
r
e
y

D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
i
n
)

Level
Storey Displacement Comparison E/W Direction
Scheme A
Braces on all
Levels
Scheme B
Braces with
Dampers below
Scheme C
Existing
Moment Frames

12

saving over the previously proposed retrofit schemes. Friction damping system had
significant saving over the viscous damping system due to the damper unit price
difference. In contrast, viscous dampers with supplemental friction dampers would have
25% lower floor acceleration responses over friction damping system. These higher floor
acceleration responses could increase the cost of the tile wall strengthening. Based on
these results the authors suggested that combination of a nonlinear viscous damper system
with friction damper revealed great potential for the further seismic retrofit.

2.7 Types of Passive Energy Dissipation Devices
Damping of the structures could significantly decrease the displacement and acceleration
responses, and decrease the shear forces, along the height of building. The use of passive
dampers in buildings is desirable for the following reasons.

1. Dampers can provide the building with additional stiffness and damping to reduce
the response.
2. Energy dissipation in building can be confined mainly to passive dampers.
3. Damage to the building can be limited to passive dampers which are easier to
replace than structural components and do not affect the gravity load-resisting
system.
Passive energy dissipation devices are used extensively in other areas of vibration control
such as shock absorber for vehicles, vibration isolators for equipment, pipe restraints, and
shock isolation devices for mitigation of blast effects. In the last two decades, much effort
has been directed towards applying passive energy dissipation techniques to seismic
applications. Many of the devices that have emerged for passive control were first
developed as damping devices for seismic base isolation system. Several passive damping
devices have been suggested and used for wind and earthquake loads. The devices are
categorized according to how they operate. Following is a brief discussion of the
application of each device:

13

2.7.1 Hysteretic Metal Yielding
2.7.1.1 Damper Description
The mild steel yielding properties have been recognized and used to enhance the seismic
performance of the structures. Energy dissipation can be concentrated primarily at shear
links, by using the eccentrically braced frame that represents a widely accepted concept.
Such types of shear links correspond to part of the structural system which is probable to
undergo damage in severe earthquakes conditions. The ability of braced frames to
dissipate energy over extended periods is questionable because the repeated buckling and
yielding of the braces may cause degradation of their stiffness and strength.
Several devices which function as an integral part of seismic isolation system have been
researched and developed in New-Zealand (Tyler, 1978; Skinner et al., 1981). Tyler
(1984) introduced an energy dissipater fabricated from round steel bars for cross-braced
structures. Figure 2.4 shows the rectangular steel frame has disconnected the compression
brace to prevent pinched hysteretic and behavior buckling. Energy is dissipated during
earthquake excitation by inelastic deformation of the diagonal direction of the tension
brace in the rectangular steel frame. This concept has been used in building and several
warehouses. Variations of the steel cross-bracing dissipaters have been developed in Italy.
A 29-storey suspended steel building with floors hung from the central core with tapered
steel devices acting as energy dissipaters between the core and the suspended floors was
constructed in Naples, Italy.

Fig.2.4 Hysteretic Metal Yielding Damper Bracing System
(Tyler, 1978; Skinner et al., 1981)

14

Fig.2.5 ADAS Elements and Installation (Bachtel Power Corporation)

Another device, referred to as added damping and stiffness (ADAS) consisting of
multiple X-shaped steel plates, Figure 2.5 was introduced by Bachtel Power Corporation.
By using rigid boundary members, the plates deform in double curvature, and yielding
takes place over entire plate surface. The device can sustain repeated inelastic
deformation by avoiding concentrations of yielding and premature failure. Extensive
experimental research has been carried out to observe the performance of ADAS elements
in energy dissipation system. The test showed stable hysteretic behavior without any sign
of pinching or stiffness degradation for the displacement up to 13.6 times the yield
displacement of device. It should be noted that the ADAS elements and their braces on
which it is supported primarily resist shear forces. The ADAS elements are designed in
such a way that it yield in a predetermined manner and ease the main frame from
excessive ductility demand.

2.7.1.2 Properties of Dampers
Hysteretic yield damper is defined by an elastic stiffness, K
D
, and a yield force, F
Y
, as
shown in Figure 2.6. Elastic stiffness of the structure, K
E,
and function of these damper
properties is used to describe the performance of damper.

15

Fig.2.6 Yielding Hysteresis Damper

Following shows the properties of damper in terms of structure properties,
=
K
D
K
E
, is the ratio of total structure stiffness over damper stiffness 2-1
g =
P
Y
P
E
, is the ratio of total structure force over damper yield force 2-2
The equivalent viscous damping can be calculate by using above definitions as described
below,
[ =
w
D
4 nw
S
2-3
W
D
is defined as hysteretic energy dissipation which is equal to area under the hysteresis
loop, at which displacement is calculated as:
w
= 4 F
) 2-4
Where,
Y
is defined as yield deformation of hysteretic damper which is equal to F
Y
/K
D

W
S,
is the strain energy which is calculated as
w
S
=
1
2
(K
L
+ K
) 2-5
From equation 2-4 & 2-5, the damping is defined as
[ =
2 P
Y
( -
Y
)
n (K
E
+K
D
)
2-6
Now substituting value of F
Y
=K
D

Y
and K
D
=fK
E
, equation 2-6 will become
Displacement
Structure
Damper
F
o
r
c
e

F
E

K
E

Fy

16

[ =
2 ] K
E
Y
( -
Y
)
n K
E
( +]
Y
)
2-7
Cancelling out the value of K
E
gives an equation for damping as a function of the damper
properties and displacement, relative to the structure:
[ =
2 ]
Y
( -
Y
)
n ( +]
Y
)
2-8

2.7.1.3 Generic Hysteretic Properties
, is defined as the ultimate displacement which can be expressed in terms of elastic
properties of structure as:
=
P
E
K
E
2-9
Y
, is defined as the yield displacement of brace which can also be expressed in terms of
the elastic properties of structure as:
=
g P
E
] K
E
=
g
]
2-10
Substituting values of equation 2-9 & 2-10 in equation 2-8, we will get:
[ =
2 ]
g
]
( -
g
]
)
n ( +]
g
]
)
2-11
Equation for damping is obtained by cancelling out values of displacements. , which is a
function exclusively of the ratio of damper yielding force to elastic force, g, and equation
2-12 shows the ratio of elastic stiffness of damper to the elastic stiffness of structure, f,
[ =
2 ]
g
]
(1 -
g
]
)
n (1 + g)
2-12

2.7.1.4 Advantages of Hysteretic damper
Force-Limited
Relatively Inexpensive
Adds both Damping and Stiffness

2.7.1.5 Disadvantages of Hysteretic damper
Hysteretic damper need to be replaced after major Earthquake
Behavior of hysteretic damper is highly nonlinear
Hysteretic damper also adds stiffness to system

17

2.7.2 Friction Damper
2.7.2.1 Damper Description
A wide range of friction devices has been proposed and developed for energy dissipation
in structure. Most of these devices generate rectangular hysteresis loop, which shows that
the performance and behavior of friction damper is comparable to Coulombs friction.
Generally, these devices have good performance characteristics, and their behavior is
relatively less affected by load frequency, number of load cycles, or variations in
temperature. Furthermore, these devices have high resistance to fatigue. The friction
devices differ in the material used for the sliding surface and in their mechanical
complexity. An example of friction dampers proposed by (Pall and Marsh, 1982) and
(Pall et al., 1987) is a device that can be placed at the junction of intersecting (cross)
bracing in frames as shown in Figure 2.7.

Fig.2.7 Pall Friction Damper (Pall et al., 1987)

The tension, when loaded, induces slippage at the friction joint. Consequently, the
compression brace slip because of these four link force. Even though the braces are
designed in such a way that these are effective in tension only but still in this way, in both
braces, energy is dissipated. The device is designed to prevent slippage under normal
service loads. Results have shown that effectiveness of these devices in reducing inter-
storey displacements in comparison to moment resisting frames and providing a
significant increase in energy dissipation capacity without such devices.

18

A stable rectangular hysteresis is generated by the majority of friction devices even
though some devices, with slip load proportional to displacement, provide non-
rectangular hysteresis shapes, such devices also configured such as they produce a self-
centering force. Rectangular hysteresis which is common in most common of types is
shown in Figure 2.8.

Fig.2.8 Hysteresis Loop for Friction Damper

2.7.2.2 Damper Characteristic
By setting the ratio of damper stiffness to structure stiffness, f, to
,
and by considering
the damper alone, the equivalent viscous damping can be calculated by modifying the
equation 2-12, providing the formula:
[ =
2g
n (1 + g)
2-13

2.7.2.3 Advantages of Friction Dampers
Friction dampers are normally force dependent.
Their main advantage is that they are easy to fabricate and construct.
Friction dampers are comparatively cheaper.

Damper
Displacement
F
o
r
c
e

19

2.7.2.4 Disadvantages of Friction Dampers
Friction damper are difficult to maintain over period of time.
Behavior of friction damper is highly nonlinear.
Friction dampers adds initial stiffness to the system.
In friction dampers undesirable residual deformations are possible.

2.7.3 Viscous Dampers
Dampers which utilize the viscous properties of fluids have been developed and used in
structural applications. A viscous-damping (VD) wall system was developed by
Sumitomo Construction Company, J apan. The device consists of an outer steel casing
attached to the lower floor and filled with a highly viscous fluid. An inner moving steel
plate hanging from the upper floor is contained within the steel casing. The viscous
damping force is induced by relative velocity between the two floors. The principle of
fluid viscous dampers on which they operate is of fluid flow through orifices, which have
been used since many years in automotive, aerospace, and defense industries. They are
beginning to emerge in structural applications. These dampers possess linear viscous
behavior and are relatively insensitive to temperature changes. Experimental and
analytical studies of building and bridges with fluid viscous dampers manufactured by the
Taylor Devices, have been carried out by (Constatinou and Symans, 1992) and
(Constatinou et al., 1993).

Figure 2.9 shows the Taylor device which consists of an accumulator and a bronze orifice
head with a stainless steel piston and which is filled with silicon lubricate. The flow
through orifice allows the device to process over a temperature range of -40
O
C to 70
O
C,
a passive bi-metallic thermostat compensates it. The volume of fluid is condensed by the
product piston rod area and travel distance, and the force in the damper is generated
across the piston head by a pressure differential. Due to incompressibility of fluid, the
reduction in volume causes the restoring force which is prevented by the accumulator.

20

Fig.2.9 Fluid Viscous Damper (Taylor device Inc.)

2.7.3.1 Damper Properties
The viscous damper is generally described by the formula
F
=C |u|
u
sgn (u) 2-14
Figures 2-1 to 2-6, illustrates the impact of C, parameters, and the effect of the
characteristics of the loading system, each generated for the sinusoidal displacement
trace. The damper functions defined in the above equations of viscous damper ate the
exponent , damping force coefficient C, and a limit of velocity, if there is any. The
formula for the velocity, , and displacement, , are expressed as:
=
0
Sin [
2n
1
t 2-15
u =
d
dt
=
0

2n
1
cos [
2n
1
t 2-16
The legend identified the values of the parameters; C represents damping coefficient, T
represents time period of applied sine wave, a is the damping exponent, which will be
used for the figures shown below.

The graph in Figure 2.10 shows the effect of varying, C. The damping force is
linear with C, equation (2-14) shows damping constant C. The value of damping
force is doubled when for the same velocity value of C is doubled. The shape of
the velocity trace is followed by the shape of the displacement versus damping
curve which is elliptical.
ACCUMULATOR
HOUSING
HIGH STRENGTH
ACETAL RESIN
SEAL
CYLINDER
COMPRESSIBLE
SILICON FLUID
PISTON ROD
SEAL RETAINER
CHAMBER 1 CHAMBER 2
PISTON HEAD
WITH ORIFACES
CONTROL
VALVE
ROD MAKE-UP
ACCUMULATOR

21

Figure 2.11 remain the coefficient C, constant and varies value of the exponent
from 0.3 to 1.0, which happens in typical range of the practical dampers. The
damping force decreases the damping force function tends from an elliptical shape
to a more rectangular form as value of decreased from 1.0 to 0.3.
also varies Figure 2.12, but the value of coefficient C is adjusted in such a
way that total damping force does not change. When is reduced to 0.3 the
value of damping coefficient must increase from 5.5 to 20 in order to sustain the
damping force provided by = 1.0. The changing of the shape from ellipse to a
rectangle as the exponent is decreased is clearly shown in this plot.
The effect of a velocity limit is shown in Figure 2.13 which confines damper
force, as the value of C increases from 5 to 20, to 50 units. The limit truncates
the ellipse, as the value of C increases. This decrease has a same effect to reduce
exponent in such a way that the elliptical shape become more rectangular.
The graph in Figure 2.14 illustrate the effect on damping force of varying time
period of sine curve displacement by keeping same amplitude. For same
displacement greater damping force is provided by a shorter period. The velocity
is inversely proportional to T, which is a period of response, from equation
(3-16).
The damping force for varying displacements is plotted in Figure 2.15. The
displacement is directly proportional to velocity for a constant period. The damper
force is proportional to power of the exponent of displacement. Value of the
exponent is 0.5, in this case, therefore value of damping force will increase by a
factor of 4 =2, if displacement is increased by a factor of 4.

The value of coefficient C could be selected in such a way that it could be assorted by
simply installing more or less dampers in the structure, this could be represented in terms
of available damper properties. The variation limit of exponent is from 0.3 and 1.0.
Generally, the higher value of exponent gives a direct relationship between velocity and
damping force which will presents best results, hence exponent value of 1.0 is most
commonly used. Even though velocity limit might be helpful in limiting forces and these
forces are out of phase with displacements, this feature will take out part of the desirable
properties of viscous dampers.

22

Fig.2.10 Damper Coefficient

Fig.2.11 Damper Exponent, , For Constant, C

Fig.2.12 Damper Exponent, , For Constant Damper Force
(Holmes Guidelines Passive Energy Devices)
Displacement
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

F
o
r
c
e

Displacement
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

F
o
r
c
e

Displacement
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

F
o
r
c
e

23

Fig.2.13 Velocity Cut-off on Viscous Damper

Fig.2.14 Loading Frequency

Fig.2.15 Displacement Amplitude
(Holmes Guidelines Passive Energy Devices)
Displacement
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

F
o
r
c
e

Displacement
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

F
o
r
c
e

Displacement
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

F
o
r
c
e

24

2.7.3.2 Advantages of Viscous Dampers
Viscous dampers are highly reliable.
Displacement capacity and forces are high.
Viscous dampers are force limited when the velocity exponent is less than 1.0.
Viscous dampers are available through many manufacturers worldwide.
There is no added stiffness in viscous dampers at lower frequencies
In viscous dampers damping forces are possibly out of phase with the structure
elastic forces.
Temperature dependency of viscous dampers is moderate.
Viscous dampers can be analyzed by linear analysis.

2.7.3.3 Disadvantages of Viscous Dampers
Viscous damper are somewhat higher in cost than other dampers.
Viscous dampers particularly are not force-limited when exponent is equal to 1.0.
It has been experienced that it is generally not possible to add enough damping to
eliminate all inelastic response therefore nonlinear analysis in most practical cases for
viscous dampers.

2.7.4 Visco-elastic Dampers
Visco-elastic (VE) damper is one of important kind of passive energy devices these have
been used as energy dissipation devices in many structures where the damper undergoes
shear deformations. Visco-elastic materials exhibit combined features of viscous liquid
and elastic solid when deformed, as their name implies, in other words they dissipate a
certain amount of energy as heat and return to their original shape after every cycle of
deformation. The characteristic of constrained double layer Visco-elastic shear damper is
described by (Mahmoodi, 1969) and he also mentioned that it can be efficient in
decreasing the dynamic response of buildings. Visco-elastic dampers made of bonded
acrylic polymers (Visco-elastic) layers, 3M Company have developed this material and
dampers and they used to control vibrations induced due to wind in buildings, the 3M
dampers are known to have a stable behavior with good aging properties and resistance to
environmental pollutants. The extension of VE shear damper to seismic applications is
more recent. For seismic applications, more effective use of VE materials is required

25

since large damping ratios than those for wind are usually required. Figure 2-16 shows a
typical diagonal visco-elastic shear damper consists of visco elastic layers bonded to steel
plate. When these dampers are mounted to a building structure shear deformations occur,
as a result energy dissipation take place when relative motions occur between the out steel
flanges and centre plate.

Fig.2.16 Visco-elastic Damper and Installation (Mahmoodi, 1969)

2.7.4.1 Damper Properties
The force in Visco-elastic damper may be expressed by equation:
F
D
=k
eff
+Cu 2-17
Where the effective stiffness of damper is k
eff,
C is the damping coefficient, the
displacement is , and the velocity is u. Unlike viscous dampers, for all visco-elastic
devices, the velocity dependent damping is a linear function of velocity, that is, the

26

exponent =1.0. The above equation presents a force displacement function of the form as
shown in Figure 2.17.

Fig.2.17 Force displacement Relationship for Visco-elastic Damper

The terminologies which are used to describe visco-elastic dampers are different from
that used for such kind of other devices. The shear stiffness is defined in terms of G,
which is generally used to define the shear storage modulus, therefore the effective
stiffness is defined from this as below:
K
c]]
=
u
A
b
t
2-18
In the above equation, t is the total thickness (sum of all layers) of visco-elastic material
in the device, and A
b
is the bonded area of the device.

The damping coefficient, C, can be defined in terms of the shear loss modulus, G, as
below:
C =
u
A
b
ot
3-19
Where, in above equation, represents the frequency. The loss modulus is usually
normalized by the frequency, as G/ so that it can be factored directly by damper
dimensions A
b
/t, as for the storage modulus.

Displacement
F
o
r
c
e

27

2.7.4.2 Advantages of Visco-elastic Dampers
Visco-elastic dampers are highly reliable.
Viscous dampers can also be analyzed by using linear analysis.
Viscous dampers are somewhat lower in cost than other dampers.

2.7.4.3 Disadvantages of Visco-elastic Dampers
Viscous dampers are strongly temperature dependent.
Viscous dampers have low force and displacement capacity.
Viscous dampers are not force limited.
It is generally not possible to add enough damping to eliminate all inelastic response
therefore, nonlinear analysis in most practical case for viscous dampers.

28

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 General
The theoretical equation for the dampers provides a way of calculating properties of
damper devices and calculating the damping provided by these devices as described in the
previous chapter. Because of difficulties in defining strain energy of the real structures,
damping is at best a very approximate estimate calculated in this way. The damping
provided by overlapping analytically a physical method of measuring damping by a
variety of devices is evaluated in this chapter. The ultimate method of determining
whether this has been achieved is to calculate the behavior of a structure with passive
energy dampers installed in building. Three different prototype buildings have been used
in this research, the buildings are of concrete frame with varying heights of 3, 5 & 10
storeys respectively. These buildings are designed for moderate seismic zone and the
performance of these buildings are evaluated for seismic records corresponding to a high
seismic zone with different passive energy devices.

3.2 Buildings Description
In order to observe the behavior of buildings under seismic excitations and to observe the
performance of passive dissipation energy devices, plane frames from these three
prototype concrete buildings are selected and used for evaluation. The further information
about the building is described below,

3.2.1 Building -1
Building-1 is a three storey frame and following are the parameters of the concrete frame:

No. of bays in X-direction = 3
No. of bays in Y-direction = 1
Width of bay in X-direction = 7.5 m

29

No. of stories = 3
Height of first storey = 4.570 m
Height of other storey = 3.650 m
Column size = 500x500 mm
Beam size = 400x600 mm
Time Period in fundamental mode = 0.468 sec

Elevation of the building frame is shown in Figure 3.1.

Fig.3.1 Frame Elevation of Building -1

3.2.2 Building -2
Building-2 is a five storey frame and following are the parameters of the concrete frame:

No. of stories = 5
3 bays @ 7.5m each

30


3.2.3 Building -3
Building-3 is a ten storey frame and following are the parameters of the concrete frame:

No. of stories = 10

3 bays @ 7.5m each

31


3.3 Material Properties
Following table describes the material properties which are used in analysis of above
described building frames.
Table 3.1 Material Properties
Properties Units (metric)
fc 21 MPa
Ec 21538 MPa
Fy 420 MPa
fy (For Structural Steel) 250 MPa

3 bays @ 7.5m each

32

3.4 Loading
The building frames are subjected to gravity and dynamic loadings. Gravity loading
includes dead and live load on building, while dynamic loading consists of time history
loading. Details of dynamic loads considered in this study are given below;

3.4.1 Dynamic Loading
The objective of this research is to observe the behavior of building with passive energy
dissipation devices in high seismic zone so E-W component of EL-Centro earthquake
1940 time history data is applied in X- direction of all the buildings. Following is time
acceleration graph.

Fig.3.4 E-W Direction Time Acceleration Graph of El-Centro Earthquake
The peak ground acceleration value is 0.318 g in above graph. El-Centro response
spectrum for acceleration, velocity and displacement is shown in figures 3.5, 3.6 & 3.7.

3.5 Dampers Application
In order to observe the performance of buildings under earthquake loading four different
types of damper variations are used in this part of research. Hysteretic, Friction, Viscous
and Visco-elastic damper are used to observe the performance of buildings. These
dampers are installed in the middle bay of frame as shown in Figures 3.10, 3.11 & 3.12,
the dampers characteristics, properties and variations are described below.
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
g
)

33

Period (sec)

Fig.3.5 El-Centro Spectral Acceleration

Period (sec)

Fig.3.6 El-Centro Spectral Velocity

Period (sec)

Fig.3.7 El-Centro Spectral Displacement

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

34

3.5.1 Dampers Characteristic
Dampers types and properties are defined in following Table 3.2.
1. H is Hysteretic steel damper, modeled as Plastic-Wen element. The values listed
in Table 3.2 are the yield force, P
y
, applied in kN. Maximum force is 1000 kN.
2. F is a Friction damper, which is also modeled as Plastic-Wen element. The
values enlisted is the friction force, F
y
in kN same as the H type damper. The
stiffness, by a factor of 10 is increased for the friction damper as compared to
Hysteretic damper.
3. V is Viscous damper, which link the adjacent floors and slope in diagonal. The
values of damping coefficient ate listed in Table 3.2. The units of damping
coefficient, C, are kN-sec/m. and the value of exponent, a, is assumed to be 1.0
for all types of analysis.
4. Visco-elastic or VE damper, which also link the adjoining floors and therefore
oriented in diagonal. The values of damping coefficient are listed in Table 3.2.
The units of damping coefficient, C, are of kN-sec/m, which are the same as for
viscous dampers. K
EFF
, is the corresponding effective stiffness of Visco-elastic
dampers, in units of kN/m, with a value numerically equal to 2 times of damping
coefficient, C. Effective stiffness is the reasonable ratio of modulus loss to the
storage modulus for smaller frequency responses.
Table 3.2 Damper Properties
Analysis No.
Types
H and F
Types
H and F
Types
H and F
Types
V and VE
10 Story 5 Story 3 Story ALL

Yield Strength (kN) Damping (kN-sec/m)
1 0 0 0 0
2 100 50 30 1000
3 200 100 60 2000
4 300 150 90 3000
5 400 200 120 4000
6 500 250 150 5000
7 600 300 180 6000
8 700 350 210 7000
9 800 400 240 8000
10 900 450 270 9000
11 1000 500 300 10000

35

3.5.2 Dampers Variation
The property variation of ach damper type is modeled with three different types of
distributions as show in the Figure 3.8, these distributions are described below.
1. U represents Uniform Distribution. The properties of dampers for uniform
distribution are listed in Table 3.3, which are used for analyzing dampers at each
storey level.
2. T represents Triangular Distribution. The properties of dampers for triangular
distribution are listed in Table 3.3, which are used to define the dampers at
uppermost floor. The damper at bottom floor is defined by using a value of of
the value which is used at the top floor. For damper values at intermediate storeys,
linear interpolation method is used.
3. R represents Reverse triangular distribution. The properties of dampers are listed
in Table 3.3, which are used to define the dampers at bottom floors. The damper at
top floor is defined by using a value of of the value used at the bottom floor.
For damper values at intermediate storeys, linear interpolation method is used.

Fig.3.8 Damper Variation
Uniform
U
Triangular
T
Reverse
Triangular
R
1.0
1.0 0.25
1.0 0.25
1.0

36

Table 3.3 Damper Variation
N
o
.

o
f

S
t
o
r
e
y
s

Without
Dampers
With Dampers
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

D
r
i
f
t
,

D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

&

B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

Hysteretic
Damper
Friction
Damper
Viscous
Damper
Visco-Elastic
Damper
U T R U T R U T R U T R
3 1 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
5 1 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 1 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
TOTAL NUMBER OF ANALYSIS PERFORMED = 378

Fig.3.9 Damper Distribution with Height

37

3.5.3 Dampers Locations
Dampers are installed in central bay as shown in Figures 3.10, 3.11 & 3.12.

Fig.3.10 3-Story Building

Damper location
Damper location

38


3.5.4 Total Analysis Performed
By using damper properties described in Table 3.2, and using damper variation described
in Table 3.3 and shown in Figures 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 & 3.12, total number of 379 analysis
have been performed for observing behavior of Hysteretic, Friction, Viscous and Visco-
elastic dampers.

3.6 Computer Program Used
ETABS 9.7.2 is used for analysis purpose, which is a product of Computer & Structures
Inc. Buildings are modeled by using graphical user interface (GUI). Modeling involves
defining grid system, beam, column, Hysteretic, Friction, Viscous and Visco-elastic
damper and time history data. Following is the step-by-step procedure explaining the
modeling, analysis and design process.
Damper location

39

3.6.1 Defining Grid System
After opening new file, grid system is defined by giving x, y and z coordinates. To define
grid system, select new model command from the file menu and choose an option to
initialize the model to access the building plan grid system and storey data definition.
Then choose the custom grid spacing option in the grid dimensions and enter the spacing
of your system. Different types of structural objects like, steel deck, staggered truss, flat
slab, flat slab with perimeter beams, waffle slab, two way or ribbed slab and grid only can
be selected. But for our case we will select grid only option. Similarly units can be
selected according to choice, as SI system has been used in this research, there for units
are kN-m. The building in analyzed in 2-D bay, the number of bays in x-direction are
three, while the number of bay in Y-direction is one, height of building is varied to 3, ,5
& 10 storeys respectively.

Fig.3.13. Defining Grid System

Option
for grid system

40

3.6.2 Defining Frame Sections
To define the frame sections, select the option of frame sections from the define menu.
Go to add property drop down list select the type of your section e.g. (circle,
rectangular, tube etc.) and give the dimensions and material type and at the end specify
the frame section type whether it is column or beam.

Fig.3.14 Defining Frame Section

3.6.3 Defining Hysteretic Damper
The building frames have been analyzed in Latest Engineering software, ETABS Non-
linear version 9.7.2. Link support properties of the model are defined, the link support
property used to define Hysteretic damper is PLASTIC1. The Hysteretic dampers are
modeled in ETABS by assigning a panel zone with a non-linear link element property
diagonally to the column base at each floor. The link element uses the property of uni-
axial spring i.e. PLASTIC1 and therefore this provide beam-brace connectivity with
nonlinear shear behavior in the 1-2 plane, in U1 direction. The link elements undergo
shear deformation, under this arrangement and the displacements are transferred between
the frames. A single rigid diaphragm is allocated to each floor level, which connects the
objects at each floor. No axial force will occur in the beam members because of this rigid
diaphragm. Therefore a rigid zone factor of 1 is assigned to all members. Figure 3.15
shows that the value of post yield stiffness ratio is taken as 0.99% in both the models. For
hysteretic damper only yield force value will be taken.

41

Fig.3.15 Force-Displacement Relationship & Defining Hysteretic Damper

3.6.4 Defining Friction Damper
linear version 9.7.2. Link support properties of the model are defined, the link support
property used to define Friction damper is PLASTIC. The Friction dampers are modeled
in ETABS by assigning a panel zone with a non-linear link element property diagonally
to the column base at each floor. The link element uses the property of uni-axial spring
i.e. PLASTIC1 and therefore this provide beam-brace connectivity with nonlinear
behavior shear in the 1-2 plane, in U1 direction. The link elements undergo shear
deformation, under this arrangement and the displacements are transferred between the
frames. A single rigid diaphragm is allocated to each floor level, which connects the
shows the value of post yield stiffness ratio is taken as 0.99% in both the models. For
Friction damper stiffness as well as yield force value will be taken.

42

Fig.3.16 Force-Displacement Relationship & Defining Friction Damper

3.6.5 Defining Viscous Damper
linear version 9.7.2. Link support properties of the model are defined and the link support
property used to define viscous damper is DAMPER. The Viscous dampers are modeled
in ETABS by assigning a panel zone with a non-linear link element property diagonally
to the column base at each floor. The link element uses the property of uni-axial spring
i.e. DAMPER and therefore this provide beam-brace connectivity with nonlinear behavior
shear in the 1-2 plane, in U1 direction. The link elements undergo shear deformation,
under this arrangement and the displacements are transferred between the frames. A
single rigid diaphragm is allocated to each floor level, which connects the objects at each
floor. No axial force will occur in the beam members because of this rigid diaphragm.
Therefore a rigid zone factor of 1 is assigned to all members. Figure 3.17 shows the value
of post yield stiffness ratio is taken as 0.99% in both the models. For viscous damper only
damping constant will be given.

43

Damper Displacement, u

Fig.3.17 Force-Displacement Relationship & Defining Viscous Damper

3.6.6 Defining Visco-elastic Damper
linear version 9.7.2. Link support properties of the model are defined and the link support
property used to define Visco-elastic damper is DAMPER. The Visco-elastic dampers are
modeled in ETABS by assigning a panel zone with a non-linear link element property
diagonally to the column base at each floor. The link element uses the property of uni-
axial spring i.e. DAMPER and therefore this provide beam-brace connectivity with
nonlinear behavior shear in the 1-2 plane, in U1 direction. The link elements undergo
shear deformation, under this arrangement and the displacements are transferred between
the frames. A single rigid diaphragm is allocated to each floor level, which connects the
shows the value of post yield stiffness ratio is taken as 0.99% in both the models. For
Visco-elastic damper stiffness along with damping constant will be given.

44

Fig.3.18 Force-Displacement Relationship & Defining Visco-elastic Damper

3.6.7 Defining time history data
For defining the time history, go to time history function from the define menu and from
drop down list select the option function from file. Give the path of input file and mention
the ground excitation time interval. Figure 3.19 shows the El-Centro time history function
at the time interval of .02 sec. It is noticeable that, free vibration analysis is carried out to
obtain natural frequencies while time history and response spectrum analysis that will
appear shortly, are carried out to obtain response of structure.

45

Fig.3.19 El-Centro Time History function

After modeling and defining the load cases the building is subjected to Time Histories.
The natural time period, displacements, frequency, acceleration, velocity, effective
stiffness and initial stiffness of buildings is determined. Variation in these factors
corresponding to changes in stiffness of building (Stiffness Ratio) will help to comment
on the vibration and damage in the building.

46

Chapter 4

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

4.1 General
In the previous chapters theoretical background and methodology of analyzing dampers
was discussed. Also the theoretical equations for the dampers discussed in the previous
sections had provided a way of calculations the properties of damper devices and
estimating the damping these devices will provide. However, due to difficulties in
defining the strain energy of the most of actual structures, the damping for the devices
calculated in such way is at best a very approximate. In this chapter three prototype
buildings with heights of 3, 5 and 10 storeys respectively, each of concrete fame, were
used for the study. The prototypes buildings taken in this research were designed for low
seismic zone and the performance of these buildings were evaluated with different
damper devices for earthquake corresponding to a high seismic zone. The main objective
of this research was to determine which types of dampers and their configuration could
improve the performance of buildings or structures so as to be satisfactory for the higher
seismic zones.

4.2 Response of Buildings without Dampers
The purpose of all passive energy dissipation devices is generally same, they convert the
kinetic energy from external sources or loads into heat energy. It is necessary to be
mentioned that, the prototype buildings is modeled with and without different types of
dampers, and then, the response of structure is compared within the different models. The
seismic behavior of the building, free vibration and time history analyses have been
considered to be performed. In order to determine the behavior of buildings, response of
as-designed buildings was analyzed for increasing level of viscous damping from 0% to
40% and effect of increasing damping value is studied on drift, displacement and base
shear.

47

4.2.1 Effect of Damping on Drift & Base Shear

Fig.4.1Graph b/w Drift & Increasing Damping Ratio

Fig.4.2 Graph b/w Base Shear & Increasing Damping Ratio

0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
3 Storey-Drift 5 Storey-Drift
10 Storey-Drift
Damping (% of Critical)
D
r
i
f
t

(
m
/
m
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
3 Storey-Baseshear
5 Storey-Baseshear
10 Storey-Baseshear
Damping (% of Critical)
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)

48

Maximum drift in all three prototype buildings as viscous damping is increased from 0%
to 40% is shown in Figure 4.1. The figure shows the drift behavior tends to decrease with
the increasing damping value. For El-Centro 1940 earthquake record maximum effect for
the 10 storey building but also increased damping reduce drifts for all types of buildings.
Under this level of earthquake loading, the variation in the effect of the viscous damping
is a feature of non-linearity of these structures. The effect of viscous damping on the base
shear is shown in Figure 4.2. For base shear in structures there is much less variation than
the case of drifts. It is because of the fact that beam hinging mechanism is formed in each
building and the base shear is limited by the strength of this mechanism. The beam
reaches to yield moment under the initial loading phase and deforms to plastic rotation of
0.008 radians. The beam moment decreases when the load is released but it does not
reach its negative moment capacity. Consequently, the hysteretic loop does not close and
the free vibration causes the beam to vibrate along its elastic stiffness curve.

4.2.2 Effect of Damping on Displacement

Fig.4.3 Graph b/w Time & Displacement (3-Storey Building)

-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3 Storey 5%Damping
3 Storey 25%Damping

49


-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
5 Storey 5%Damping
5 Storey 25%Damping
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10 Storey 5%Damping
10 Storey 25%Damping

50

Figure 4.3, 4.4 & 4.5 shows the effect of roof displacements is studied by increasing the
damping, from 5 to 25% for the El Centro record, on roof displacements, which shows
throughout the record, the roof displacement more significantly reduces the permanent set
occurring in 3 and 10 storey buildings,.

4.3 Response of Buildings with Dampers
The purpose of installing passive energy devices into a building is normally to decrease
building displacements under moderate or high seismic loads, as building deformations
are very important to observe during earthquake, and so efficiency of these dampers is
mainly calculated by the degree to which these deformations are reduced. Other important
issues that might be included are floor accelerations and base shear.

4.3.1 Effects of Damping Parameter on Displacement
The main objective of installing passive energy devices into buildings is normally to
reduce building deformations under seismic loads, therefore the significance of these
dampers is mainly measured by degree to which these deformations are reduced.

4.3.1.1 Hysteretic Damper

Fig.4.6 Graph b/w Displacement & Damping Parameter (3-Storey Building)
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
H U-3 Storey Displacement
H T-3 Storey Displacement
H R-3 Storey Displacement
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)

51


100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)

52

The hysteretic damper reduces displacement for all types of building and all types of
displacements as shown in Figures 4.6, 4.7 & 4.8. Some hysteretic dampers are
indistinguishable from a structural member, such as the yielding brace, they act as a
structural member. The purpose of installing hysteretic dampers in buildings is to
dissipate energy more dominantly than the strength and/or added stiffness. Hysteretic
dampers are usually designed in such a way that they yield before the existing structure.
For 3-storey building displacement reduces 15.9% for uniform distribution, 6.94% for
triangular distribution and 12.61% for reverse triangular distribution. Similarly for 5-
storey building displacement reduces 17.73% for uniform distribution, 8.68% for
triangular distribution and 14.29% for reverse triangular distribution. Hysteretic dampers
are most effective for 10-storey building which reduces displacement 38.36% for uniform
distribution, 22.95% for triangular distribution and 32.20% for reverse triangular
distribution. For all types of buildings triangular distribution is more effective than
uniform and reverse-triangular distributions.

4.3.1.2 Friction Damper


30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
F U-3 Storey Displacement
F T-3 Storey Displacement
F R-3 Storey Displacement
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)

53


80
90
100
110
120
130
140
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
400
450
500
550
600
650
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)

54

Figure 4.9, 4.10 & 4.11 shows that the friction damper reduces displacement for all types
of building and all types of displacements. Friction dampers are also most likely to be
placed in diagonal braces of building. Some friction devices are configures such that they
generate stable rectangular hysteresis while some friction devices are configured such that
they produce self-centering force and generate non-rectangular hysteresis loops. For 3-
triangular distribution and 15.27% for reverse triangular distribution. Unlike Hysteretic
dampers, friction dampers are more effective for 5-storey & 10-storey buildings, for 5-
storey buildings displacement reduces 30.41% for uniform distribution, 16.83% for
triangular distribution and 38.30% for reverse triangular distribution. For all types of
buildings triangular distribution is more effective than uniform and reverse-triangular
distributions.

4.3.1.3 Viscous Damper

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
V U-3 Storey Displacement
V T-3 Storey Displacement
V R-3 Storey Displacement
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)

55



0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)

56

Figure 4.12, 4.13 & 4.14 shows that the viscous dampers are effective for all types of
distributions and all types of buildings. Viscous dampers normally provide an opposing
force that is proportional to applied velocity than applied displacement. Low deformation
resistance occurs in viscous dampers when loads are applied gradually but this resistance
increases as the speed at which the deformations is applied increases. As velocity is out of
phase with the displacement, therefore such dampers are attractive from theoretical point
of view because. For 3-storey building displacement reduces 75.58% for
uniform distribution, 71.12% for triangular distribution and 72.58% for reverse triangular
distribution. For 5-storey buildings displacement reduces 83.34% for
uniform distribution, 72.62% for triangular distribution and 83.34% for reverse-
triangular distribution. Similarly for 10-storey building displacement reduces 80.94% for
distribution. For all types of buildings triangular distribution is more effective than
uniform and reverse-triangular distributions.

4.3.1.4 Visco-elastic Damper

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
VED U-3 Storey Displacement
VED T-3 Storey Displacement
VED R-3 Storey Displacement
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)

57


0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)

58

Figure 4.15, 4.16 & 4.17 shows that the like viscous dampers, visco-elastic dampers are
effective for all types of distributions and all types of buildings. For 3-storey building
displacement reduces 79.01% for uniform distribution, 72.31% for triangular distribution
and 77.66% for reverse triangular distribution. For 5-storey buildings displacement
reduces 85.31% for uniform distribution, 70.78% for triangular distribution and 82.16%
for reverse triangular distribution. Similarly for 10-storey building displacement reduces
81.59% for uniform distribution, 70.13% for triangular distribution and 78.51% for
reverse triangular distribution. For all types of buildings triangular distribution is more
effective than uniform and reverse-triangular distributions.

4.3.2 Effect of Damping Parameter on Base Shear
The proportion of the shear resisted and the total shear by structural system might be
significant depending on the deficiencies in structure. Some type of dampers, will add
force to the existing structural system, especially those installed in diagonal braces of
buildings, such dampers must oppose the vertical component of the force (axial force) in
the column, and hence they reduce the base shear. The structural system may be
overloaded by increased shear, for such type of systems, the total force is important.


Fig.4.18 Graph b/w Base Shear & Damping Parameter (3-Storey Building)
550
570
590
610
630
650
670
690
710
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
H U-3 Storey Base Shear
H T-3 Storey Base Shear
H R-3 Storey Base Shear
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)

59



1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)

60

Figure 4.18, 4.19 & 4.20 shows that the hysteretic damper reduces base shear for all types
of building and all types of variations. For 3-storey building base shear reduces 15.97%
for uniform distribution, 8.69% for triangular distribution and 13.81% for reverse
triangular distribution. Similarly for 5-storey building base shear reduces 25.25% for
distribution. Hysteretic dampers are most effective for 10-storey building which reduces
base shear 42.33% for uniform distribution, 28.91% for triangular distribution and
36.61% for reverse triangular distribution. For all types of buildings triangular
distribution is more effective than uniform and reverse-triangular distributions. The
stiffness and yield force are two main parameters of hysteretic dampers, these parameters
are normalized to the structure elastic force level and stiffness, which are somewhat
difficult to define for any except the simplest single storey structure.



500
550
600
650
700
750
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
F U-3 Storey Base Shear
F T-3 Storey Base Shear
F R-3 Storey Base Shear
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)

61


1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)

62

Figure 4.21, 4.22 & 4.23 shows that the friction dampers reduces base shear for all types
triangular distribution. Similarly for 5-storey building base shear reduces 25.85% for
distribution. Hysteretic dampers are most effective for 10-storey building which reduces
base shear 33.46% for uniform distribution, 18.23% for triangular distribution and
32.58% for reverse triangular distribution. For all types of buildings triangular
distribution is more effective than uniform and reverse-triangular distributions. Friction
dampers provide high damping in the initial cycles but this reduces in the subsequent
cycles. Hysteretic cycling is caused by the initial cycle decay but the damper is linear
elastic for successive cycles and hence damping reverts to that for the elastic structure.


0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
V U-3 Storey Base Shear
V T-3 Storey Base Shear
V R-3 Storey Base Shear
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)

63



0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)

64

Figure 4.24, 4.25 & 4.26 shows that the viscous dampers reduces base shear for all types
triangular distribution. Hysteretic dampers are most effective for 5 & 10-storey building,
for 5-storey building base shear reduces 40.9% for uniform distribution, 40.58% for
storey buildings base shear reduces 48.69% for uniform distribution, 53.45% for
triangular distribution and 48.55% for reverse triangular distribution. For all kind of
distributions and buildings it is clear that base shear values reduces up to damping
coefficient values of 5000 to 6000 kN/cm after that it become constant, this is because of
the fact that total force in the structure is increased due to damper forces but the
additional shears are resisted by dampers as a result they usually dont result in an
increase in the shear forces in the structural system. For all types of buildings triangular
distribution is more effective than uniform and reverse-triangular distributions.

4.3.2.4 Visco-elastic Damper

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
VED U-3 Storey Base Shear
VED T-3 Storey Base Shear
VED R-3 Storey Base Shear
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)

65


0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
VED U-5 Storey Base Shear
VED T-5 Storey Base Shear
VED R-5 Storey Base Shear
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
k
N
)

66

Figure 4.27, 4.28 & 4.29 shows that the visco-elastic dampers reduce base shear for all
types of building and all types of variations. For 3-storey building base shear reduces
29.50% for uniform distribution, 25.18% for triangular distribution and 28.78% for
reverse triangular distribution. Visco-elastic dampers are most effective for 5 & 10-storey
building, for 5-storey building base shear reduces 40.88% for uniform distribution,
45.69% for triangular distribution and 42.48% for reverse triangular distribution.
Similarly for 10-storey buildings base shear reduces 56.45% for uniform distribution,
57.29% for triangular distribution and 55.72% for reverse triangular distribution. For all
kind of distributions and buildings it is clear that base shear values reduces up to damping
coefficient values of 5000 to 6000 kN/cm after that it become constant, this is because of
the fact that damper forces increase the total force in the structure but the additional
shears are resisted by devices themselves and dont usually result in an increase in the
shear forces in the structural system. For all types of buildings triangular distribution is
more effective than uniform and reverse-triangular distributions.

4.3.3 Effect of Damping Parameter on Floor Acceleration
As a result of the major earthquake absolute accelerations occur in structure. In
conventional construction floor accelerations generally increase with the level/height of
building. The ability to provide effective isolation under a range of earthquake-motion
intensities is a main feature of passive energy dampers. The passive energy devices have
low stiffness and strength particularly where traditional isolation systems exhibit high
initial stiffness and strength, which is defined by its geometry and may therefore be
specified by the engineer. Floor accelerations are much significant in assessment of
existing buildings and structures as they define the forces acting on equipments, contents
and components of building. Floor accelerations may be able to cause damage to the
architectural facades, building contents, ductwork and partitions, piping, ceiling and
elevators. Acceleration transfer functions are computed by installing passive energy
dampers diagonally at each floor this is to investigate the effectiveness of the dampers
specimens to filter high-frequency acceleration. Dampers are installed diagonally in each
type of buildings and below Figures show the influence of floor accelerations on different
dampers type and for all types of variations.

67


Fig4.30 Graph b/w Acceleration & Damping Parameter (3-Storey Building)

Fig.4.31 Graph b/w Acceleration & Damping Parameter (5-Storey Building)
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
14000
14500
15000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
H U-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
H T-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
H R-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
30000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)

68


Figure 4.30, 4.31 & 4.32 shows that the hysteretic damper reduces floor accelerations for
all types of building and all types of variations. For 3-storey building floor accelerations
for reverse triangular distribution. Similarly for 5-storey building floor accelerations
reduces 20.78% for uniform distribution, 9.95% for triangular distribution and 16.87% for
reverse triangular distribution. For 10-storey building floor accelerations reduces 8.7% for
distribution. Hysteretic dampers are more effective for 3 & 5-storey building. For all
types of buildings Reverse-triangular distribution is more effective than uniform and
triangular distributions.

39000
39500
40000
40500
41000
41500
42000
42500
43000
43500
44000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)

69



12000
12500
13000
13500
14000
14500
15000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
F U-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
F T-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
F R-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)
25000
25500
26000
26500
27000
27500
28000
28500
29000
29500
30000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)

70


Floor accelerations are significant in assessment of building and structures as they
describe the forces on different equipments, contents and components. As for shears, the
accelerations are the maximum value from the earthquake normalized by the maximum
acceleration in the structure without dampers. Figure 4.30, 4.31 & 4.32 shows that the
friction damper reduces floor accelerations for all types of building and all types of
variations. For 3-storey building floor accelerations reduces 9.31% for uniform
distribution. Similarly for 5-storey building floor accelerations reduces 19.83% for
distribution. For 10-storey building floor accelerations reduces 7.68% for uniform
distribution. Hysteretic dampers are more effective for 5-storey building. For all types of
buildings Reverse-triangular distribution is more effective than uniform and triangular
distributions.

40000
40500
41000
41500
42000
42500
43000
43500
44000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)

71



4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
V U-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
V T-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
V R-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)

72

Fig.4.38Graph b/w Acceleration & Damping Parameter (10-Storey Building)

Figure 4.36, 4.37 & 4.38 shows that the viscous dampers reduce floor accelerations for all
types of building and all types of variations. For 3-storey building floor accelerations
for reverse triangular distribution. Hysteretic dampers are most effective for 5-storey
building, for 5-storey building floor accelerations reduces 75.61% for uniform
distribution. Similarly for 10-storey buildings floor accelerations reduces 45.77% for
distribution. For 3-storey buildings it is clear that floor accelerations values become
constant after damping coefficient values of 5000 to 6000 kN-sec/cm, therefore if floor
accelerations are important and we have to use viscous dampers in building than we
should use damping constant value less than 6000 kN-sec/cm. For all types of buildings
triangular distribution is more effective than uniform and triangular distributions.

20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)

73



0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
VED U-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
VED T-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
VED R-3 Storey Floor Acceleration
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)

74

Fig.4.41Graph b/w Acceleration & Damping Parameter (10-Storey Building)

Figure 4.39, 4.40 & 4.41 shows that the viscous dampers reduce floor accelerations for all
types of building and all types of variations. For 3-storey building floor accelerations
for reverse triangular distribution. Hysteretic dampers are most effective for 5-storey
building, for 5-storey building floor accelerations reduces 77.10% for uniform
distribution. Similarly for 10-storey buildings floor accelerations reduces 44.16% for
distribution. For 3-storey buildings it is clear that floor accelerations values become
constant after damping coefficient values of 5000 to 6000 kN-sec/cm, therefore if floor
accelerations are important and we have to use viscous dampers in building than we
should use damping constant value less than 6000 kN-sec/cm. For all types of buildings
triangular distribution is more effective than uniform and reverse-triangular distributions.

0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Damping Parameter
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
/
s
e
c
2
)

75

Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions
The outcomes and observations made from study of Seismic Performance if Buildings
with Passive Energy Dissipation Devices are as follows;

1. The optimum dampers for the 3 storey building are either Visco-elastic or Viscous
dampers in any of reverse-triangular or uniform distribution having damping
coefficient of 5000 kN-sec/m or higher. This will minimize the base shear and the
displacement. The damping coefficient value must be reduced to 4000 kN-sec/m
or less, if floor accelerations are important, but keeping low value of damping
coefficient will cause effectiveness in reducing displacements as a result shears
will also be much less.

2. Passive energy dissipation devices which are primarily effective for the 3-storey
buildings are also optimal for the 5-storey buildings. If less effectiveness in
decreasing shears and displacements is acceptable than the damper which are very
effective in controlling the floor accelerations are friction dampers with a low slip-
forces.

3. For the 10-storey building friction dampers are the most effective. High slip-force
friction dampers are mainly effective in decreasing shears and displacements but
at the same time floor accelerations will increase. Therefore, at the cost of
effectiveness in decreasing shears and displacements using low slip-forces for
friction dampers will reduce floor accelerations.

76

4. Generally for all types of dampers, reverse-triangular distributions were best for
controlling base shears, uniform distributions were best for controlling
displacements, and the triangular distributions were most effective in reducing
floor accelerations.

5.2 Recommendations
The recommendations based on study of Seismic Performance of Buildings by Using
Passive Energy Dissipation Devices are as follows;

1. Validation of the results predicted by the numerical analysis by implementation of
an experimental program.

2. Analysis using different shapes of dampers like, cross brace, chevron brace and
toggle brace can be performed.

3. Determination of most adequate device/combination of devices for intensity level
of seismic excitation and a particular structural application.

4. Development of basic procedures, design methodologies and software tools for
direct use of practitioners engineers.

5. Verification of results using hysteresis loops.

77

REFERENCES

[1] ACI Committee 318 (2005). Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318 02) and Commentary (318 R 05), ACI 318-05/318R-05,ACI,
Farmington Hills, Michigan.

[2] Amr. S. E. (2008). Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering. (1st ed).
Chichester, UK: Wiley.

[3] Anil. K. C. (2001). Dynamics of Structures, Theory and Applications to
Earthquake Engineering. (3rd ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2001.

[4] Azlan. A., Tan Chee. W. (2000). Response of High-Rise Buildings under Low
Intensity Earthquake. Japan-Turkey Workshop on Earthquake Engineering.

[5] FEMA 273 & 356 (Federal Emergency Management Agency) Washington, D.C

[6] Nishant. K. R., Reddy. G.R., Ramanujam. S., Venkatraj. V., and Agrawal. P.
(2009). Seismic Response Control Systems for Structures. Defense Science
Journal, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 239-251

[7] Pall, A. and Marsh, C. (1982). "Response of friction damped braced frames."
Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, 108 (6), 1313-1323.

[8] Uniform Building Code.(1997), International Conference of Building Officials
Volume 2, California

[9] Vassily. V., and Tina Pall. R. (2004). Hightech Seismic Design of Le Nouvel
Europa, Montreal. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. August 1-
6, 2004. Vancouver, B.C. Canada. Paper No. 2014.

Energy Dissipation Devices by Ali Murtaza Rasool

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SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS WITH PASSIVE

ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES

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