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Thermodynamics

Mr. Rodichok AP Physics

1st Law of Thermodynamics


Definition The change in internal energy of a system is related to the heat and work done on and by the closed system. U = internal energy U = Q + W Q = heat W = work Q is + for heat added to the system W is + for work done on the system Most problems are pistons W=Fx W = - P V
Week 11 Thermodynamics

Formula Sign conventions Typical Format Work for piston

P= F /A

Solving for F and substituting yields

Example of 1st Law


Example In your cars engine the gas ignites adding 2500 J of heat to the cylinder at the same time 1800 J of work is being done by the gas on the piston in the cylinder. What is the change in internal energy? Q = + 2,500 J W = - 1,800 J Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics U = Q + W = 2,500 J - 1,800 J U = 700 J

If two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object they are in thermal equilibrium with one another.

Thermal Equilibrium

Objects are at the same temperature.

Week 11 Thermodynamics

PV Diagrams
PV Diagram
Pressure is on y-axis and Volume is on x-axis Graphical method of representing the 1st Law (U = Q + W) Pressure (N / m2 or Pa)

Volume (m3)
Process Cycle One curve is represented as gas goes from one state to another state. Multiple process (usually 3 or 4) for the gas to return to the original state. Represents the heat engines full cycle.
Week 11 Thermodynamics

PV Diagrams (contd)
B Pressure (N / m2 or Pa) A

Volume changes Work Net Work Temperature

Volume (m3) Gas is expanding when a process has a + x direction (-Work) Gas is contracting when a process has a x direction (+Work)

The area between the process line and the x axis The area contained inside a closed cycle. Temperature increases as the process goes away from the origin of the graph. PV PV Find temperature by using PV = nRT or 1 1 = 2 2 T1 T2
Week 11 Thermodynamics

New Terms for Thermodynamics


Isothermal Process Temperature is held constant.

U = 0 so Q = - W
Isobaric Process

Pressure is held constant.

Q = ncT amount of heat transferred in process Molar specific heat at constant pressure cp = 5/2 R Isochoric Process Volume is held constant P W = 0 so U = Q Molar specific heat at constant volume cv = 3/2 R Adiabatic Process The heat transfer (Q) is zero, the system is insulated. Very fast process can be approximated as adiabatic.
Week 11 Thermodynamics

New Terms
Reversible Process The process can return to the original state by running the process in reverse. The process cannot return to the original state by running the process in reverse. All real world processes are irreversible. The disorder in a substance. Entropy in a natural process always increases.

Irreversible Process

Entropy

Week 11 Thermodynamics

2nd Law of Thermodynamics


2nd Law of Thermodynamics An engine can only use a portion of the available heat to perform work. Applications of 2nd Law Heat engines: car engines, power plants Heat engines reversed: refrigerators, air conditioners
Work (W)

Heat Engine

Hot Temperature Reservoir TH (heat source) QH

Engine

Cold Temperature Reservoir TC or TL (heat sink) QC or QL

Always need a change in temperature

Engine uses the change in internal energy due to the temperature difference to produce work Work output from the engine W = QH QL
Week 11 Thermodynamics

Engines
Efficiency of the engine The amount of work compared to the input energy (heat) e = engine efficiency e= W W = work QH QH = input heat (energy) Example A motorcycle engine has an efficiency of 22% and produces a maximum power rating of 50 hp (1hp = 746 watts). a) What is the rate of heat input into the engine per second? b) What is the heat output from the engine in 10 seconds?

Week 11 Thermodynamics

Carnot Engine
Carnot Engine The ideal engine (physics wonderland) e = 1 - TL TH W = QH QL

Cycles Isothermal expansion (U = 0) 1. 2. 3. 4. Adiabatic expansion (Q = 0) Isothermal compression (U = 0) Adiabatic compression (Q = 0)

Week 11 Thermodynamics

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