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CLLL MLM88AnL



-Learnlng Cb[ecL-
_ Cell membranes
_ asslve LransporL
_ Acuve LransporL
_ LndocyLosls and exocyLosls
Membrane and Cell 1ransporL
All cells are surrounded by a
plasma membrane.
Cell membranes are composed of
a llpld bllayer wlLh globular
proLelns embedded ln Lhe bllayer.
Cn Lhe exLernal surface,
carbohydraLe groups [oln wlLh
llplds Lo form glycollplds, and wlLh
proLelns Lo form glycoproLelns.
1hese funcuon as cell ldenuLy
markers.
!"#$% '()*$+ '(%,"
ln 1972, S. Slnger and C. nlcolson proposed Lhe
lluld Mosalc Model of membrane sLrucLure

4
Extracellular fluid
Carbohydrate
Glycolipid
Transmembrane
proteins
Glycoprotein
Peripheral
protein
Cholesterol
Filaments of
cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
hosphollplds
ln phosphollplds, Lwo of Lhe -CP groups on glycerol are [olned Lo
fauy aclds. 1he Lhlrd -CP [olns Lo a phosphaLe group whlch [olns, ln
Lurn, Lo anoLher polar group of aLoms.
1he phosphaLe and polar groups are hydrophlllc (polar head) whlle
Lhe hydrocarbon chalns of Lhe 2 fauy aclds are hydrophoblc (nonpolar
Lalls).
3
Structural formula Space-filling model Phospholipid symbol
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
Fatty acids
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
H
y
d
r
o
p
h
o
b
i
c

t
a
i
l
s

H
y
d
r
o
p
h
i
l
i
c

h
e
a
d

C
l
y
c
e
r
o
l

1
w
o

f
a
u
y

a
c
l
d
s

h
o
s
p
h
a
L
e

g
r
o
u
p

6
!"#$%"#&'%'($
Hydrophilic
heads
Hydrophobic
tails
ECF WATER
ICF WATER
hosphollpld 8llayer
Malnly 2 layers of phosphollplds, Lhe non-polar Lalls polnL lnward and
Lhe polar heads are on Lhe surface.
ConLalns cholesLerol ln anlmal cells.
ls uld, allowlng proLelns Lo move around wlLhln Lhe bllayer.
7
Polar
hydro-philic
heads
Nonpolar
hydro-phobic
tails
Polar
hydro-philic
heads
Membrane ComponenLs
SLerold CholesLerol
Wedged beLween phosphollpld molecules ln Lhe plasma membrane of anlmal
cells.
AL warm LemperaLures (such as 37C), cholesLerol resLralns Lhe movemenL of
phosphollplds and reduces uldlLy.
AL cool LemperaLures, lL malnLalns uldlLy by prevenung ughL packlng.
1hus, cholesLerol acLs as a LemperaLure buer for Lhe membrane, reslsung
changes ln membrane uldlLy as LemperaLure changes.
8
Cholesterol
9
Membrane ComponenLs
Membrane carbohydraLes
lnLeracL wlLh Lhe surface molecules of oLher cells, faclllLaung cell-cell recognluon
Cell-cell recognluon ls a cells ablllLy Lo dlsungulsh one Lype of nelghborlng cell
from anoLher
Membrane roLelns
A membrane ls a collage of dlerenL proLelns embedded ln Lhe uld maLrlx of Lhe
llpld bllayer
erlpheral proLelns are appendages loosely bound Lo Lhe surface of Lhe membrane
lnLegral proLelns peneLraLe Lhe hydrophoblc core of Lhe llpld bllayer
Many are Lransmembrane proLelns, compleLely spannlng Lhe membrane
Glycoprotein
Carbohydrate
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton
Cholesterol Peripheral
protein
Integral
protein
Glycolipid
Fibers of
extracellular
matrix (ECM)
N-terminus
C-terminus
! Helix
CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE
*+&& ,+-./01+ 23145#1
Cell membrane separaLes Lhe
componenLs of a cell from lLs
envlronmenL-surrounds Lhe cell
CaLekeeper" of Lhe cell-regulaLes
Lhe ow of maLerlals lnLo and ouL
of cell-selecuvely permeable
Cell membrane helps cells malnLaln
homeosLasls-sLable lnLernal
balance
1ransporL
Across Cell
Membrane -
1he ConcepL
asslve 1ransporL
uluslon
laclllLaLed
uluslon
Csmosls
!0$$'6+ 7/01$%#/7
1. Moves molecules from a
[high] to [low] in order to
establish equilibrium.
2. The molecules may or may
not need to use a protein
channel or carrier.
8456+ 7/01$%#/7
Active transport
moves molecules
from [low] to
[high], AGAINST
the concentration
gradient and this
process requires
energy in the form
of ATP.
Slmple uluslon?
- uluslon ls Lhe movemenL of small parucles across a selecuvely permeable
membrane llke Lhe cell membrane unul equlllbrlum ls reached.
- 1hese parucles move from an area of hlgh concenLrauon Lo an area of low
concenLrauon.
- !"#$%&' )*+,!& -.!".-%' */)!0!/1' 2*3# *).-1' $/#)%+!/' *&- 4+%*

ouLslde of cell
lnslde of cell
Net diffusion Net diffusion
Equilibrium
16
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion Equilibrium
Equilibrium
Csmosls?
uluslon of Lhe solvenL
across a semlpermeable
membrane.
ln llvlng sysLems Lhe
solvenL ls always waLer,
so blologlsLs generally
dene osmosls as Lhe
dluslon of waLer across
a semlpermeable
membrane:

Lower
concentration
of solute (sugar)
Higher
concentration
of sugar
Same concentration
of sugar
Selectively
permeable mem-
brane: sugar mole-
cules cannot pass
through pores, but
water molecules can
More free water
molecules (higher
concentration)
Water molecules
cluster around
sugar molecules
Fewer free water
molecules (lower
concentration)
Water moves from an area of higher
free water concentration to an area
of lower free water concentration

Osmosis
Csmosls
AS Biology, Cell membranes and
Transport
19
Cell membrane
partially
permeable.
Inside cell
Outside cell
VERY High conc.
of water
molecules. High
water potential.
VERY Low conc.
of water
molecules. High
water potential.
Sugar molecule
DILUTE SOLUTION
CONCENTRATED SOLUTION
Csmosls
AS Biology, Cell membranes and
Transport
20
Cell membrane
partially
permeable.
Inside cell
Outside cell
High conc. of
water molecules.
High water
potential.
Low conc. of
water molecules.
High water
potential.
OSMOSIS
Csmosls
AS Biology, Cell membranes and
Transport
21
Cell membrane
partially
permeable.
Inside cell
Outside cell
OSMOSIS
EQUILIBRIUM. Equal water concentration on each side.
Equal water potential has been reached. There is no net
movement of water
Csmouc ressure
22
Csmouc pressure of a soluuon ls Lhe pressure
needed Lo keep lL ln equlllbrlum wlLh pure
P20.
1he hlgher Lhe concenLrauon of soluLes ln a
soluuon, Lhe hlgher lLs osmouc pressure.
1onlclLy ls Lhe ablllLy of a soluuon Lo cause a
cell Lo galn or lose waLer - based on Lhe
concenLrauon of soluLes
1onlclLy
23
lf 2 soluuons have equal [soluLes], Lhey are called lsoLonlc
lf one has a hlgher [soluLe], and lower [solvenL], ls hyperLonlc
1he one wlLh a lower [soluLe], and hlgher [solvenL], ls hypoLonlc
Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O H
2
O
Lysed
Normal Shriveled

In Biology we usually talk about the SOLUTIONS tonicity, NOT the cells!
*MEMORY TRICK: If you eat a lot of sugar (ie: solute) you get HYPER.
The solution with a lot of solute is called HYPEROSMOTIC.
Click
laclllLaLed uluslon?
- laclllLaLed uluslon ls Lhe movemenL of larger molecules llke
glucose Lhrough Lhe cell membrane - larger molecules musL be
helped"
- roLelns ln Lhe cell membrane form channels for large
molecules Lo pass Lhrough
- roLelns LhaL form channels (pores) are called proLeln channels

ouLslde of cell
lnslde of cell
9&34#$+ -#&+43&+$
If molecules are POLAR, CHARGED, or TOO LARGE they
need a protein the help them across the membrane
EXAMPLES: sugars, amino acids, ions, nucleotides .
Acuve 1ransporL
_ Acuve LransporL ls Lhe movemenL of
molecules from :;< 7# =>9= concenLrauon.
? @1+/AB '$ /+C3'/+( as molecules musL be
%3-%+( 0A0'1$7 Lhe concenLrauon gradlenL.
_ roLelns LhaL work as pumps are called
%/#7+'1 %3-%$D
E >#1$ (llke na+ and k+ ln cells, and lodlne)
and $3A0/$, 0-'1# 04'($, 134&+#5(+$...
ouLslde of cell
lnslde of cell
-#&+43&+$
F; @F@G9H F@@I@I:
uluslon
Csmosls
laclllLaLed uluslon
@F@G9H F@@I@I:
Acuve 1ransporL
8F8:;9HJ




LnuCC?1CSlS vS LxCC?1CSlS
lood ls moved '17# 7"+
4+&& by @1(#4B7#$'$


WasLes are moved #37
#K 7"+ 4+&& by
@L#4B7#$'$
- @1(#4B7#$'$ 01( @L#4B7#$'$ ls Lhe mechanlsm by whlch
6+/B &0/A+ -#&+43&+$ (such as food and wasLes) geL lnLo
and ouL of Lhe cell

! @1(#4B7#$'$: (Lndo" means M'1N).
! LndocyLosls ls Lhe Laklng ln of molecules or parucles by
'160A'105#1 of Lhe cell membrane formlng a veslcle.
! 1hls /+C3'/+$ +1+/ABD
Lx: WhlLe 8lood Cells,
whlch are parL of
Lhe '--31+
$B$7+-, surround
and engulf
bacLerla by
+1(#4B7#$'$.

LxocyLosls
@L#4B7#$'$: (Lxo" means M#37N.)
8everse of endocyLosls
Cell dlscharges maLerlal ! 1hls ls
where a cell /+&+0$+$ 7"+ 4#17+17$
of a veslcle ouLslde of Lhe cell.
- 1hese conLenLs may be O0$7+$P
%/#7+'1$P "#/-#1+$, or some
oLher producL for secreuon.
- 1hls also /+C3'/+$ +1+/ABD
LxocyLosls
veslcle moves Lo cell surface
Membrane of veslcle fuses
MaLerlals expelled
Lxample: veslcles from Lhe 9#&A' fuse wlLh Lhe plasma membrane
and Lhe proLelns are released ouLslde of Lhe cell.