1.

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
2. (a - b)2 = a2 2ab +b2

3. (a2 - b2) = (a + b) (a b)
4. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc +2ca 5. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) 6. (a b)3 = a3 b3 3ab (a b)

7. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2) 8. a3 b3 = (a b) ( a2 + ab + b2)

9. a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca)

10. a4 - b4 = (a + b) (a b) (a2 + b2)

11. a4 + b4 = (a2 -2 ab + b2) (a2 +2 ab + b2)

12. (a4 + a2b2 + b4) = (a2 ab + b2) (a2 +ab +b2)

1. General form: ax2 +bx +c =0

where a, b, c are real a=0

2. There are two roots or solutions for a

quadratic equation.

3. The roots / solutions can be found by

Factorization Method or Formula Method.

4. Formula Method:
The solutions are x = (- b b2 4ac) / 2a

5. Nature of the roots: The nature of the roots depends upon the value of b2 4ac. Therefore b2 4ac denoted by is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation
Discriminant
> 0 and a perfect square

Nature of the roots

Real, distinct & rational

> 0 and not a perfect square Real, distinct & irrational

=0
<0

Real, rational & equal

Unreal (complex or imaginary)

6. Relation between roots and coefficients:

If and are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c =0

then a) Sum of roots + = b/a

= - (coefficient of x ) / ( coefficient of x2 )
b) Product of roots = c/a = constant term / coefficient of x2 c) Formula for forming an equation with known roots: If and are the roots then the corresponding quadratic equation is, x2 x (sum of the roots) + (product of the roots) = 0 i.e. x2 x ( + ) + () = 0

Arithmetic Progressions:
n = No. of terms a = first term d = Common difference(c.d) 1. nth term =a+(n-1) d

2. Sum of n terms = n/2 [2a + (n - 1) d] = n/2 (a + l)

or n / 2 [1st term +last term]

Special Sequences:
3. Sum of n natural numbers

n = 1+2+3++n = [ n (n + 1) ] / 2
4. Sum of squares of first n natural numbers

n2 =12+22+32+..+n2 = [ n (n + 1)(2n + 1)] / 6

5. Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers n3 = 13+23+33++n3 = [n (n + 1) / 2] 2

Geometric progressions:
6. nth term of G.P = a rn -1 where r = common ratio 7. Sum of n terms of G.P

Sum = a (rn-1) / (r 1)
Sum = a (1- rn) / (1 r)

for r > 1
for r < 1

Sum to infinity = a / (1 r)

for r < 1

Harmonic Progression: 8. a1, a2, a3 are in H.P. if 1/a1, 1/a2, 1/a3 are in A.P.

For further information contact:

INFOSYS, WIPRO, SATYAM, CTS, TCS, HCL