NUMBER SYSTEM

1. GCD x LCM = Product of two numbers.

2. GCD (n1,n2) . LCM (n1, n2) = n1,n2

3. HCF of two or more fractions

HCF of Numerators

LCM of Denominators
4. LCM of two or more fractions

LCM of Numerators
HCF of Denominators

5. No. of Divisors n = (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) where p, q & r are the power of the prime

factors
6. Sum of Divisors SN =

[(a p+1 1) (b q+1 1) (c r +1 1)]

(a 1) (b 1) (c 1)]

Where a, b & c are the prime factors and

p, q & r are their powers

7. Co - prime or Relatively Prime Numbers:

Two or more numbers that do not have a common factor are known as

co - prime or relatively prime. In other

words, these numbers have a highest

common factor of unity.

8. Prime Numbers: a) There are 25 prime numbers from 1 to 100. b) There are 4 single digit prime numbers.

c) No.1 is neither prime nor composite.

d) No. 2 is the only even prime number.

9. DIVISIBILITY RULES:

Divisibility by 2 : Even number.

Divisibility by 3 : Sum of its digits is

divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4 : The last two digits are divisible by 4. Divisibility by 5 : The last digit is 0 or 5.

Divisibility by 6 : Simultaneously divisible by 2 and 3. Divisibility by 7 : Unit digit is doubled and subtracted from number after omitting unit digit. Divisibility by 8 : The last 3 digits of the number are divisible by 8. Divisibility by 9 : The sum of the digits is

divisible by 9.

Divisibility by 11: The difference of the sum of the digits in the odd places and the sum of the

digits in the even places is

zero or is divisible by 11.

Divisibility by 12: Simultaneously divisible

by 4 and 3.

10. Certain Rules: a) Of n consecutive whole numbers a, a+1, .. a+n-1, one and only one is divisible by n. b) 3n will always have an even number of tens. (eg. 2 in 27, 8 in 81, 24 in 243, and so on.) c) A sum of 5 consecutive whole numbers will always be divisible by 5.

d) The difference between 2 numbers i.e. (x y) - (y x) will be divisible by 9. e) The square of an odd number when divided by 8 will always leave a remainder of 1. f) The product of 3 consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 6. g) The product of 3 consecutive natural numbers the first of which is even is divisible by 24.

h) Products: Odd x odd = odd Odd x even = even Even x even = even i) All numbers not divisible by 3 when squared and divided by 3 leave a remainder of 1. J) The product of any n consecutive integers (numbers) is divisible by n! k) If p and q are two integers then (p + q)! Is divisible by p! q!.

l) Any number written in the form 10n 1 is divisible by 9. m) ( p + 1) n / p will always give a remainder of 1. n) For any natural number: n3 - n is divisible by 6.

11. Remainder Theorem:

If ax, bx and cx are the remainders when a, b and c are respectively divided by n, then it can be said that the expression [(ax x bx x cx) / n] will give the same remainder as given by [(a x b x c)/n].

The last digit i.e. the digit in the unit place is given by : Power Rule for 2 2, 4, 8, 6 Power Rule for 3 3, 9, 7, 1 Power Rule for 4 4, 6 Power Rule for 5 5 Power Rule for 6 6 Power Rule for 7 7, 9, 3, 1 Power Rule for 8 8, 4, 2, 6 Power Rule for 9 9, 1, 9, 1 For any natural number n, n5 has the same unit digit as n has.

BINARY SYSTEM

1. Decimal to Binary Conversion: Step 1: divide the number by 2

Step 2: divide quotient of step 1 by 2.

Continue the process till we get

quotient = 0 and remainder = 1

Step 3: Then, the remainders from down

upwards written from left to right

give binary number.

2. Binary or any Number to Decimal:

Step 1: Write the binary number or any other number = x Step 2: Write the weights 20, 21, 22, or x0, x1, x2 . Under the digits starting from unit digit. Step 3: Multiply it by concerned number. Step 4: Add the weights.

PERCENTAGE

Percentage change =

Change Original

X 100

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