Electromagnetism: an introduction

MAXWELLs EQUATIONS
GIVEN E, Electric field [V/m] H, Magnetic field [A/m]

E
[C/m2]

B, Magnetic Flux density, [T = Wb/m2]

D, Electric Flux density Je, Current density [A/m2]
e,

Electric Charge density [C/m3]

H t D e B 0

t D Je

Moreover, B and D fields depend on E and H fields through constitutive relations of the media where they propagate.

In vacuum or in an isotropic media: D= E, B= H where is the permittivity while [H/m] is the permeability.

[F/m]

When frequency = 0 (stationary fields), E field and H field are uncoupled E B 0 t I=V/R H D Je Je V t
I V C Only B field Induced by the current loop

Only E field inside capacitor induced by the Voltage V

FIELD SOURCES ARE ELECTRIC CURRENTS

E H t

t D Je

P E, H

Following Maxwells equations, a non stationary current I inside any wire generates in P a Magnetic field H and an Electric field E

Z
r

Er

RADIATION PROPERTIES OF A SHORT DIPOLE ANTENNA Short dipole antenna = Short dl wire with a current I. More complex wired antennas can be seen as a set of elementary dipole antennas

dl

Er
Idl 2 Z0 4
1 3 2

2e cos

2 2

e
2 4 3

j 0r 3

2 2 j 2

1 1

2
2

e sin

5 2

For a given frequency, the structure of the Electric field radiated from a short dipole antenna strictly depends on r/ value
Er 2e cos
1 2 2

e sin

5 2

(r/ )-1 (r/ )-2 (r/ )-3

For a given frequency, the structure of the Electric field radiated from a short dipole antenna strictly depends on r/ value
Er 2e cos
1 2 2

Er

2e cos

2 2

e sin

5 2

e sin

5 2

(r/ )-3

(r/ )-1 (r/ (r/ )-3 )-2 (r/ )-2 (r/ )-1

NEAR FIELD ZONE (r/ <<1) STATIONARY or NON RADIATIVE FIELD Electrotecnics formulations to solve such problems (think about to 50 Hz electric sources: f = 50 Hz = 6000 km the radiated field does not vary inside typical circuits length!) Electric Field and Magnetic field are independent With reference to the small dipole antenna, both Er and E Electric field components coexist

P
r I3 I2

RADIATIVE FIELD (r/ > 1) With reference to the small dipole antenna, Er Electric field component vanishes for r/ >> 1 Raileigh zone (r<< D2/(2 ) ) Fresnel zone (D2/(2 ) <r< 2D2/ )

D I1

Fraunhofer or FAR FIELD zone (2D2/ << r)

FAR FIELD or Fraunhofer zone

P r I3 Conditions r>> r>2D2/ Ex. Microwave communications: f=1GHz, I1 =30 cm

I2

The following IMPEDANCE RELATION (planar wave) can be written

E
Z0

H Z0 r
vacuumimpedance 120

E
B

RADIATED FIELD ZONES for the feeder of a parabolic antenna (HORN ANTENNA with d /2)
2d2/ 15 cm f=1GHz =30 cm

d2/(2 ) 3 cm

d Zona di Rayleigh Zona di Fresnel

Zona di Fraunhofer

RADIATED FIELD ZONES for the PARABOLIC ANTENNA

Attention: POLARIZATION ASPECTS

The radiated Electromagnetic field is a VECTORIAL FIELD.

Vertical linear polarization

E B

Horizontal linear polarization

B E

Anti Clockwise circular polarization

E E

Clockwise circular polarization