PERCEPTIONS OF POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION 1998

Report on Preparatory Research

Jonathan Bradshaw, David Gordon, Ruth Levitas, Sue Middleton, Christina Pantazis, Sarah Payne, Peter Townsend

Townsend Centre or !nternational Poverty Research "niversity o Bristol # $oodland Road Bristol BS# %T& Septe'(er %))#

Contents
List of Contributors Acknowledgements Executive Su C$!%te" 1 !"# ii iii % * %* +, -% -* -, -)

De&initions o& Conce%ts &o" t$e Pe"ce%tions o& Pove"t# !n' Soci!( Exc(usion David Gordon *e!su"in+ Inco e in t$e Breadline Britain 1998 Su"ve# David Gordon -en'e" !n' Pove"t# in t$e ne. Breadline Britain Su"ve# Sarah Payne and Christina Pantazis Pove"t# !n' *ent!( 0e!(t$ in t$e Breadline Britain Su"ve# Sarah Payne C"i e !n' Fe!" o& C"i e Christina Pantazis A"e! De%"iv!tion Christina Pantazis Soci!( Exc(usion in t$e Ne. Breadline Britain Su"ve# Ruth Levitas Revisin+ t$e Breadline Britain 4uestions5 Re(ev!nt Fin'in+s &"o t$e -"ou% Discussions Sue iddleton Re%o"t on t$e *ORI O ni6us Su"ve# Test o& Ne. 4uestions David Gordon and Christina Pantazis D"!&t 4uestionn!i"e &o" t$e Su"ve# on Pove"t# !n' Soci!( Exc(usion A%%en'ix 15 Det!i(s o& t$e P"o%ose' C$!n+es to t$e 4uestionn!i"e !n' Sou"ces &o" t$e Ne. 4uestions A%%en'ix II5 S$o.c!"'s

C$!%te" ) C$!%te" , C$!%te" / C$!%te" 1 C$!%te" 2 C$!%te" 3 C$!%te" 8

./*

C$!%te" 9 C$!%te" 17

#% %%* %+%

List o& Cont"i6uto"s

Pro essor Jonathan Bradshaw 0 Depart'ent o Social Policy and Social $or1, "niversity o 2or1 Dr David Gordon 0 School or Policy Studies, "niversity o Bristol Dr Ruth Levitas 0 Depart'ent o Sociolo3y, "niversity o Bristol Dr Sue Middleton 0 Centre or Research in Social Policy, "niversity o Lou3h(orou3h Christina Pantazis 0 School or Policy Studies, "niversity o Bristol Dr Sarah Payne 0 School or Policy Studies, "niversity o Bristol Pro essor Peter Townsend 0 School or Policy Studies, "niversity o Bristol

ii

Ac8no.(e'+e ents
The !readline !ritain in the "##$s Survey was unded (y London $ee1end Television 4L$T5 with additional undin3 ro' the Joseph Rowntree 6oundation and was carried out (y Mar1etin3 and 7pinion Research !nternational 4M7R!58 !t was conceived and desi3ned (y Joanna Mac1 and Stewart Lansley or Do'ino 6il's, with the help o Brian Gosschal1 o M7R!8 The Joseph Rowntree 6oundation has supported this pro9ect as part o its pro3ra''e o research and innovative develop'ent pro9ects, which it hopes will (e o value to policy 'a1ers and practitioners8 The acts presented and the views e:pressed in this report are, however, those o the authors and not necessarily those o the 6oundation8 $e would li1e to than1 Bar(ara Ballard ro' the Joseph Rowntree 6oundation or her advice, encoura3e'ent and support throu3hout this pro9ect8 $e would also li1e to than1 B9;rn <aller;d o the "niversity o "'e=, Tony Manners, Linda Mur3atroyd and June Bow'an at the 7 ice or &ational Statistics, Richard Berthoud and Jonathan Gershuny at the "niversity o >sse:, Ric1 Davies o Swansea "niversity, Glen Bra'ley o <eriot $att "niversity and Michael Bitt'an at the "niversity o &ew South $ales or their help ul advice8 $e would also li1e to than1 Brian Gosschal1, Mar1 Speed and Sarah Birtles ro' M7R! or their help ul co''ents and their wor1 on the 7'ni(us ?uestions8 <elen @nderson edited, typed and or'atted this report8

A The !readline !ritain in the "##$s Survey is Copyri3ht o M7R! and Do'ino 6il's A The %))* "B Ti'e "se Survey 4Module %%, Ti'e "se5 in the %PCS %mnibus is Crown Copyri3ht

iii

Executive Su

!"#

9!c8+"oun' !n 7cto(er %)),, the JR6 $or1, !nco'e and Social Policy Co''ittee discussed a proposal or a pro9ect to replicate the !readline !ritain surveys o %)#- and %))C, the interviews or which were carried out (y M7R!8 The co''ittee elt that a lar3er sa'ple should (e used and that new indicators o deprivation andDor social e:clusion needed to (e developed to 'odernise and stren3then the research8 @ccordin3ly, a resh proposal was drawn up (y the tea' in three universities 4Bradshaw et al, Dece'(er %)),58 The tea' undertoo1 4i5 to revisit all ele'ents o the survey instru'entation to re lect the latest scienti ic thin1in3 in preparin3 indicators o social e:clusion as well as poverty and deprivation and, in particular, to operationalise the notions o a(solute and overall poverty accepted (y %%, countries a ter the %))* $orld Su''it on Social Develop'entE 4ii5 to hold up to %# 3roup discussions in the &orth, Midlands and South o >n3land to e:plore how people de ine poverty and social e:clusionE develop and test new indicators o poverty and social e:clusion, and test ele'ents o the redesi3ned survey instru'entationE 4iii5 to test the newly 3enerated indicators o poverty and social e:clusion in one o the re3ular M7R! o'ni(us surveysE and 4iv5 to pilot the new Fuestionnaire or the survey, includin3 the new indicators o perceived social necessities8 P"o+"ess The irst three o these a(ove underta1in3s have (een co'pleted8 These are reported (elow and the ourth has (een prepared and discussed with M7R!8 @ new Fuestionnaire has (een devised and is attached to this report8 The tea' now reco''ends delay in conductin3 the pilot interviews usin3 the ull Fuestionnaire until this can (e done in con9unction with the launch o a national survey8 &ot all the unds 'ade availa(le or the preparatory research have there ore (een co''itted8 @ ter re errin3 e:tensively to survey 'ethodolo3ies o the %)#Cs and %))Cs in di erent countriesE discussin3 how new indicators could (e incorporated into the FuestionnaireE e:a'inin3 the results o the preparatory ocus 3roup research 4 ollowin3 the su('ission o a pro3ress report in @pril %))# (y Sue Middleton o the Centre or Research in Social Policy, "niversity o Lou3h(orou3h5 and preparin3, in dra t, the ull Fuestionnaire, the tea' a3reed that pilotin3 the ull Fuestionnaire should (e co'(ined with the national survey at the second sta3e o research8 @pproval or unds to achieve this purpose is there ore sou3ht8 The total cost o pilotin3 the new Fuestionnaire itsel would (e less in those circu'stances8 ! undin3 is secured or wor1 on the 'ain sta3e, the interviewers recruited to pilot the survey Fuestionnaire could 3o strai3ht on to apply the revised national Fuestionnaire8 The tea' too1 the view that this would represent (etter use o total resources 'ade availa(le8

T$e Re%o"t on t$e P"e%!"!to"# St!+e The research tea' ca'e to the ollowin3 conclusions in relation to its ter's o re erenceG 4i5 Revie.in+ conce%ts !n' es%eci!((# o%e"!tion!( 'e&initions o& %ove"t#: 'e%"iv!tion !n' soci!( exc(usionG Two distinct lists o socially approved necessities have (een drawn up 0 one 'aterial and one social8 This ul ils the tea'Hs purpose to provide 'ore resilient de initions o the 1ey concepts, which can (e replicated scienti ically in di erent countries8 The results o 'easure'ent have to (e de'onstra(ly valid and not hypothetical or ad'inistratively convenient8 The second list has also (een desi3ned to provide criteria or the notion o social e:clusion8 $e consider this procedure innovatory, as well as (uildin3 on the >uropean and @ustralian research ite'ised in the ori3inal proposal8 !n particular, the tea' has sou3ht to stren3then the childhood deprivation inde: used in MiddletonHs wor1 as a (asis or 'easure'ent o poverty a'on3 children8 4ii5 Distin+uis$in+ ;!6so(ute; !n' ;ove"!((; %ove"t#G Drawin3 on e:peri'ental research in Britain in %)), 4Townsend, Gordon, Bradshaw and Gosschal1, %)),5 and the CRSP pilot, a set o Fuestions desi3ned to esta(lish the e:tent o (oth or's o poverty in the "B and also provide the (asis or wider application in other countries, has (een drawn up8 This is reviewed in the (ody o the report8 So'e in the tea' have recently o(tained >SRC support to or3anise a series o >uropean scienti ic con erences with the o(9ective, a'on3 other thin3s, o thrashin3 out a >uropean consensus on this su(9ect8 More than %CC >uropean social scientists have a3reed to play a part in the pro3ra''e8 Me'(ers o the tea' are also see1in3 support or pilot research on the e:tent o a(solute and overall poverty in @ rica8 4iii5 0!" onisin+ +ove"n ent !n' Eu"o%e!n et$o'o(o+iesG The or', scope and content o indicator Fuestions used in the proposed Fuestionnaire re lect success ul practice in so'e o the 'a9or surveys in the "B and elsewhere in >urope8 7ne i'portant e:a'ple is the >uropean Co''unity <ousehold Panel8 This is also intended to achieve scienti ic and statistical consensus in what principal 'ethodolo3ies should (e applied in uture investi3ations internationally as well as nationally o poverty, deprivation and social e:clusion8 4iv5 I %"ovin+ t$e e!su"e o& inco eG The desi3n o (oth the Fuestionnaire and the survey procedures have (een re0'odelled to 3ive 3reater priority to the accuracy o the 'easure o inco'e8 More in or'ation is also (ein3 sou3ht a(out assets, ree and su(sidised services and inco'e in 1ind to allow the inco'e 'easure to (e (roadened and chec1ed8 @s discussed in the (ody o the report, the inco'e (ands currently used as standard in the "B 7 ice o &ational Statistics surveys have (een adopted or purposes o co'para(ility8 4v5 A'!%tin+ t$e 198, !n' 1997 et$o'o(o+ies to 1998G The tea' point out that 'odernisation o survey 'ethod is di icult to reconcile with relia(le 'easure'ent o trends8 6or e:a'ple, conte:t can in luence answers to sin3le Fuestions, even when these Fuestions are identical with those put in previous years8 <owever, the pro(le' is a a'iliar one to statisticians 4 or e:a'ple in distin3uishin3 econo'ic 3rowth ro' in lation5 and the tea' has drawn up a Fuestionnaire which deli(erately reproduces the IcontinuityI Fuestions in the early sta3es o the interview and 1eeps the' to3ether in a or' as representative as possi(le o the %)#- and %))C predecessors8

4vi5 C$!n+in+ t$e Breadline Britain <uestionn!i"eG The %)#- !readline !ritain study pioneered the HconsensualH or Hperceived deprivationH approach to 'easurin3 poverty which has since (een widely adopted (y other studies (oth in Britain and a(road8 The results ro' the last survey in %))C are now (eco'in3 dated, hence the need or a new survey to provide (aseline data on the e:tent o poverty in Britain8 The research tea' have decided to retain the (asic structure o the %))C !readline !ritain Fuestionnaire (ut also 'a1e a nu'(er o si3ni icant i'prove'ents8 Speci ically, they willG %8 develop and test out new ways o identi yin3 those e:periencin3 e:clusion ro' the li e o society due to lac1 o resources, includin3 necessities desi3ned to represent (etter the notion o social e:clusion8 +8 revise the Fuestions on the li estyles and livin3 standards o children8 -8 operationalise the notions o a(solute and overall poverty accepted (y %%, countries a ter the %))* $orld Su''it on Social Develop'ent8 .8 adopt the 7 ice o &ational Statistics har'onised Fuestion wordin3s where appropriate8 *8 drop the Fuestions that do not wor1 and add so'e o the deprivation Fuestions ro' the >uropean Co''unity <ousehold Panel Survey8 /8 i'prove the inco'e Fuestions8 &one o these chan3es will prevent the survey results (ein3 co'pared with those ro' other countries or the earlier !readline !ritain surveys8 The ull report sets out the reasons or the conclusions reached8

C$!%te" 1 De&initions o& Conce%ts &o" t$e Pe"ce%tions o& Pove"t# !n' Soci!( Exc(usion
David Gordon =$!t is Pove"t#> Poverty is a widely used and understood concept (ut its de inition is hi3hly contested8 The ter' JpovertyK can (e considered to have a cluster o di erent overlappin3 'eanin3s dependin3 on what su(9ect area or discourse is (ein3 e:a'ined 4Gordon and Spic1er, %))#58 6or e:a'ple, poverty, li1e evolution or health, is (oth a scienti ic and a 'oral concept8 Many o the pro(le's o 'easurin3 poverty arise (ecause the 'oral and scienti ic concepts are o ten con used8 !n scienti ic ter's, a person or household in Britain is JpoorK when they have (oth a low standard o livin3 and a low inco'e8 They are not poor i they have a low inco'e and a reasona(le standard o livin3 or i they have a low standard o livin3 (ut a hi3h inco'e8 Both low inco'e and low standard o livin3 can only (e accurately 'easured relative to the nor's o the personKs or householdKs society8 @ low standard o livin3 is o ten 'easured (y usin3 a deprivation inde: 4hi3h deprivation eFuals a low standard o livin35 or (y consu'ption e:penditure 4low consu'ption e:penditure eFuals a low standard o livin358 7 these two 'ethods, deprivation indices are 'ore accurate since consu'ption e:penditure is o ten only 'easured over a (rie period and is o(viously not independent o availa(le inco'e8 Deprivation indices are (roader 'easures (ecause they re lect di erent aspects o livin3 standards, includin3 personal, physical and 'ental conditions, local and environ'ental acilities, social activities and custo's8 4See also Chapter , o this volu'e relatin3 to de initions o social e:clusion58 6i3ure %8% 4overlea 5 illustrates the relationship (etween low inco'e, low standard o livin3 and poverty throu3h the use o an Jo(9ectiveK poverty lineDthreshold8 This can (e de ined as the point that 'a:i'ises the di erences 6et.een the two 3roups 4JpoorK and Jnot poorK5 and 'ini'ises the di erences .it$in the two 3roups 4JpoorK and Jnot poorK58 "n ortunately, this can (est (e done usin3 'ultivariate statisticsi 4which 'a1es it hard to e:plain5 since there are no accurate eFuivalisation scales 4$hite ord, %)#*E Buh'an et al, %)##E De Los M Naidi, %)),58 6or scienti ic purposes (road 'easures o (oth inco'e and standard o livin3 are desira(le8 Standard o livin3 includes (oth the 'aterial and social conditions in which people live and their participation in the econo'ic, social, cultural and political li e o the country

"sually so'e variant o the General Linear Model is used such as Discri'inant analysis, M@&7L@ or Lo3istic Re3ression dependin3 on the nature o the data8 )

Fi+u"e 1?15 De&inition o& %ove"t#

Standard of Living
High Optimal Position of the Poverty Threshold Poverty Threshold Set Too High Not Poor Poor

Poverty Threshold Set Too Low

Low Low Income High Income

Income

This Jscienti icK concept o poverty can (e 'ade universally applica(le (y usin3 the (roader concept o resources instead o 9ust 'onetary inco'e8 !t can then (e applied in developin3 countries where (arter and Jinco'e in 1indK can (e as i'portant as cash inco'e8 Poverty can then (e de ined as the point at which resources are so seriously (elow those co''anded (y the avera3e individual or a'ily that the poor are, in e ect, e:cluded ro' ordinary livin3 patterns, custo's and activities8 @s resources or any individual or a'ily are di'inished, there is a point at which there occurs a sudden withdrawal ro' participation in the custo's and activities sanctioned (y the culture8 The point at which withdrawal escalates disproportionately to allin3 resources can (e de ined as the poverty line or threshold 4Townsend, %),)E Townsend and Gordon, %)#)58 D#n! ics o& Pove"t# 6ro' the previous de inition, it is clear that peopleDhouseholds with a hi3h inco'e and a hi3h standard o livin3 are not poor whereas those with a low inco'e and a low standard o livin3 are poor8 <owever, two other 3roups o peopleDhouseholds that are Jnot poorK can also (e identi ied in a cross0sectional 4one point in ti'e5 survey, such as !readline !ritainG Peo&le'households with a low income but a high standard of living8 This 3roup is not currently poor (ut i their inco'e re'ains low they will (eco'e poor 0 they are currently sin1in3 into poverty8 This situation o ten arises when inco'e alls rapidly 4e838 due to 9o( loss5 (ut people 'ana3e to 'aintain their li estyle, or at least a ew 'onths, (y drawin3 on their
%C

savin3s and usin3 the assets accu'ulated when inco'e was hi3her8 Peo&le'households with a high income but a low standard of living8 This 3roup is currently Jnot poorK and i their inco'e re'ains hi3h their standard o livin3 will rise O they have risen out o poverty8 This 3roup is in the opposite situation to the previous 3roup8 This situation can arise when the inco'e o so'eone who is poor suddenly increases 4e838 due to 3ettin3 a 9o(5, however, it ta1es ti'e (e ore they are a(le to (uy the thin3s that they need to increase their standard o livin38 !nco'e can (oth rise and all aster than standard o livin38 @ cross0sectional JpovertyK survey can provide so'e li'ited (ut use ul in or'ation on the dyna'ics o poverty since it is possi(le not only to identi y the JpoorK and the Jnot poorK (ut also those sin1in3 into poverty 4i8e8 peopleDhouseholds with a low inco'e (ut a hi3h standard o livin35 and those escapin3 ro' poverty 4i8e8 peopleDhouseholds with a hi3h inco'e (ut a low standard o livin35 Poverty is, (y de inition, an e:tre'ely unpleasant situation to live in so it is not surprisin3 that people 3o to considera(le len3ths to avoid it and try very hard to escape ro' poverty once they have sun1 into it8 There ore, a cross0sectional poverty survey ou3ht to ind that the 3roup o households sin1in3 into poverty was lar3er than the 3roup escapin3 ro' poverty since, when inco'e alls people will try to delay the descent into poverty (ut, i the inco'e o a poor person increases, she will Fuic1ly try to i'prove her standard o livin38 6i3ure %8+ illustrates this conceptG Fi+u"e 1?)5 D#n! ics o& %ove"t#
Income and Standard of Living
High Income Standard of Living

Not Poor Sin#ing into poverty

Not Poor

Poverty Threshold

$lim%ing o&t of poverty

Low

Poor

"

Time
Between ti'e C and % the household has (oth a hi3h standard o livin3 4dotted line5 and a hi3h inco'e 4solid line5G it is Jnot poorK8 @t ti'e %, there is a rapid reduction in inco'e 4e838 due to 9o( loss, the end o seasonal contract inco'e, divorce or separation, etc5, however, the

%%

householdKs standard o livin3 does not all i''ediately8 !t is not until ti'e + that the householdKs standard o livin3 has also allen (elow the JpovertyK threshold8 There ore, (etween ti'e % and ti'e +, the household is Jnot poorK (ut is sin1in3 into poverty 4i8e8 it has a low inco'e (ut a relatively hi3h standard o livin358 @t ti'e -, inco'e (e3ins to rise rapidly, althou3h not as ast as it previously ell8 This is (ecause rapid inco'e increases usually result ro' 3ainin3 e'ploy'ent (ut there is o ten a la3 (etween startin3 wor1 and 3ettin3 paid8 Standard o livin3 also (e3ins to rise a ter a (rie period as the household spends its way out o poverty8 <owever, this la3 'eans that there is a short period when the household has a hi3h inco'e (ut a relatively low standard o livin38 By ti'e *, the household a3ain has a hi3h inco'e and a hi3h standard o livin38 7n the (asis o this discussion, it is possi(le to update 6i3ure %8% to 3ive a 'ore realistic picture o 'ove'ents into and out o poverty8 6i3ure %8- illustrates this8 Fi+u"e 1?,5 *ove ents into !n' out o& %ove"t#
Standard of Living
High Not Poor Poor

Ho&seholds descending into poverty Ho&seholds rising o&t of poverty

Low Low Income

Optimal Position of the Poverty Threshold

Income

High Income

!n 6i3ure %8-, the sizes o the 3roups 'ovin3 into and out o poverty have (een e:a33erated or clarity8 <owever, it is clear that 'ove'ents into and out o poverty tend to occur close to the P and 20a:es and there is little 'ove'ent across the poverty threshold at the centre o the 3raph8 <ouseholds in Britain typically (eco'e poor when their inco'e alls precipitously ollowed (y a 3radual decline in their standard o livin38 <ouseholds rarely slide into poverty (ecause their inco'e and standard o livin3 declines 3radually to3ether8 Si'ilarly, 'oves out o poverty tend to ollow a rise in inco'e ollowed (y a rise in standard o livin38 !t would (e rarer or (oth inco'e and standard o livin3 to rise 3radually to3ether8

%+

D#n! ic De&initions o& Pove"t# The division o the population into two 3roups, the JpoorK and Jnot poorK, is o(viously an over0si'pli ication which ta1es no account o the len3th o ti'e spent livin3 in poverty8 Research in >urope and @'erica, usin3 crude inco'e0(ased poverty lines, has shown that, althou3h at any one ti'e a lar3e nu'(er o households 'ay e:perience low inco'es, or 'any this e:perience 'i3ht (e or only a relatively (rie period8 The !readline !ritain in the "##$(s survey ound that, althou3h +CQ o households were poor, only .Q o respondents had (een poor in the past J'ost o the ti'eK8 @lthou3h poverty in Britain is widespread, virtually no(ody in Britain lives continuously in poverty or very lon3 periods o ti'e8 The wel are state 'ay not prevent households ro' slippin3 into poverty (ut o ten it does appear to (e success ul at preventin3 the' allin3 so ar that they cannot escape ro' poverty at a later date8 Studies on inco'e dyna'ics led Duncan et al 4%))-5 to su33est thatG )the static dichotomy of &oor *s not &oor is very misleading and needs to be re&laced by at least four dynamic categories of economic &osition + &ersistent &overty, transition &overty, the economically vulnerable and the financially secure-R $e intend to atte'pt to try to esti'ate the size o these 3roups in the new study, as accurately as possi(le 3iven the cross0sectional survey desi3n8 This 'ay (e possi(le i a cross0sectional analysis li1e the one descri(ed a(ove is co'(ined with the answers to a Fuestion on the history o poverty, such as the 'odi ied ?uestion %, as1ed in the %))C survey8
413 Loo8in+ 6!c8 ove" #ou" (i&e: $o. o&ten $!ve t$e"e 6een ti es in #ou" (i&e .$en #ou t$in8 #ou $!ve (ive' in %ove"t# 6# t$e st!n'!"'s o& t$!t ti e> &ever Rarely 7ccasionally 7 ten Most o the ti'e DonHt 1now *%* %) # . %

!n addition, a new Fuestion will (e as1edG

Is t$e"e !n#t$in+ t$!t $!s $!%%ene' "ecent(# in #ou" (i&e o" is (i8e(# to $!%%en in t$e ne!" &utu"e .$ic$ .i(( !&&ect #ou" st!n'!"' o& (ivin+ o" inco e> 2es, reduce 'y standard o livin3 2es, increase 'y standard o livin3 2es, increase 'y inco'e 2es, reduce 'y inco'e &o DonKt 1now

These Hhistory o povertyH Fuestions will help to identi y Duncan et al(s our Hdyna'icH poverty 3roupsG

%-

.he &ersistent &oor- Those households currently poor and that have (een poor in the past J'ost o the ti'eK andDor Jo tenK8 .ransition &overty- Those currently poor (ut who have only (een poor in the past JrarelyK or JoccasionallyK8 .he economically vulnerable- Those currently not poor (ut who have (een poor in the past JoccasionallyK, Jo tenK or J'ost o the ti'eK8 $e could also include those with a low inco'e and a hi3h standard o livin3 and those with a low standard o livin3 (ut a hi3h inco'e 4see previous discussion5 in this 3roup8 .he financially secure- Those households not currently poor and that have never (een poor in the past8 T$e @Su6AectiveB Pove"t# LineCT$"es$o(' This can (e derived ro' the answers to the Mini'u' !nco'e ?uestions 4M!?58 !t can (e either the avera3e a'ount 3iven in answer to this Fuestion or the a'ount o inco'e o those in J(ud3etary (alanceK, usin3 either the SPL or CSP 'ethods 4see Townsend et al, %)), or discussion58 DA6so(uteD !n' DOve"!((D Pove"t# $e (e3an ro' the (asis o the M7R! Fuestions as1ed (y Townsend et al 4%)),5 which have su(seFuently (een 'odi ied (ased on the results ro' the ocus 3roup research 4see Chapter #58 @ ter the $orld Su''it on Social Develop'ent in Copenha3en in %))*, %%, countries adopted a declaration and pro3ra''e o action which included co''it'ents to eradicate Ia(soluteI and reduce IoverallI poverty, drawin3 up national poverty0alleviation plans as a priority 4"&, %))*58 @(solute poverty was de ined (y the "& as /a condition characterised by severe de&rivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information- 0t de&ends not only on income but also on access to services-/ 4"&, %))*, p8 *,5 7verall poverty was considered to ta1es various or's, includin3 /lack of income and &roductive resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods1 hunger and malnutrition1 ill health1 limited or lack of access to education and other basic services1 increased morbidity and mortality from illness1 homelessness and inade2uate housing1 unsafe environments and social discrimination and e3clusion- 0t is also characterised by lack of &artici&ation in decision+ making and in civil, social and cultural life- 0t occurs in all countries4 as mass &overty in many develo&ing countries, &ockets of &overty amid wealth in develo&ed countries, loss of livelihoods as a result of economic recession, sudden &overty as a result of disaster or conflict, the &overty of low+wage workers, and the utter destitution of &eo&le who fall outside family su&&ort systems, social institutions and safety nets-/ 4"&, ibid, p8*,5 Too little attention see's to have (een 3iven in %))* and %))/ to the a3ree'ent reached at the
%.

Copenha3en Su''it on Social Develop'ent 4"&, %))*E "&, %))/ and see the co''entary in Townsend, %))/58 The su''it was called (ecause 'any 3overn'ents were (eco'in3 restive with the lac1 o pro3ress in reducin3 the 3ap in livin3 standards (etween rich and poor countries and, despite the wor1 o the international inancial a3encies, the 3rowth o roc10 (otto' or's o poverty8 @t the sa'e ti'e, there were other, associated, pro(le's o une'ploy'ent and social disinte3ration that were cla'ourin3 or eFually ur3ent attention (y 3overn'ents8 @(solute poverty 'eans (ein3 so poor that you are deprived o (asic hu'an needs8 !n order to avoid a(solute poverty, you need enou3h 'oney to cover all these thin3sG adeFuate dietE housin3 costsDrentE heatin3 costsE clothin3E adeFuate sanitation acilities 4sewa3e rates and water rates5E access to (asic health careE access to educationDschoolin38 !n order to avoid overall poverty, you need to have enou3h 'oney not only to cover all thin3s 'entioned in the a(solute poverty list a(ove, (ut enou3h 'oney to ensure that you are a(le toG live in a sa e environ'entDareaE have a social li e in your local areaE eel part o the local co''unityE carry out your dutiesDactivities in the a'ily and nei3h(ourhood and at wor1E 'eet essential costs o transport8 Inco e !n' Resou"ces The ter' JresourcesK is o ten used in poverty studies (ut it is seldo' discussed in detail8 !t is o ten assu'ed to (e synony'ous with JusualK inco'e in industrialised nations li1e Britain8 <owever, the concept o resources is (roader than 9ust JcurrentK or JusualK cash inco'e8 !nco'e in 'any poverty studies is o ten used to re er only to the 'ain co'ponent o 'onetary inco'e or 'ost households 0 i8e8 wa3es and salaries or (usiness inco'e8 7thers use the ter' widely to include all receipts includin3 lu'p su' receipts and receipts that draw on the householdHs capital8 The de inition and 'easure'ent o inco'e is such an i'portant concept that it is dealt with in detail in a separate section8 Soci!( Exc(usioni This concept is dealt with in detail in Chapter ,8 Social e:clusion as a discourse e'er3ed in 6rance durin3 the %),Cs and has since spread across the rest o >urope8 The Co''ission o the >uropean Co''unity 4now "nion5 started to use the concept in the %)#Cs and it is now widely applied (y (oth social scientists and politicians8 <ow to interpret the concept is nevertheless unclear and the de inition o the concept varies a'on3 countries, di erent school
i

This section is lar3ely (ased on the edited su('issions (y Ruth Levitas, B9;rn <aller;d and others in Gordon and Spic1er, %))#8 %*

o thou3hts and di erent e:perts and researchers 4Silver, %)).58 The 1ey te:t in the 3enesis o social e:clusion does not actually use the ter' (ut see1s to rede ine poverty as an o(9ective condition o relative deprivation where individuals, a'ilies or 3roups lac1 the resources or participation in the custo'ary activities o the society to which they (elon3G S.heir resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family that they are, in effect, e3cluded from ordinary living &atterns, customs and activities5H 4Townsend, %),), p8-%58 !n this initial or'ulation, poverty is a lac1 o resources 4inco'e, wealth, housin35 and social e:clusion a co''on conseFuence o poverty8 This de inition is accepted (y, or e:a'ple, the British Child Poverty @ction GroupG S&eo&le live in &overty when they are e3cluded from &artici&ating in the acce&ted way of life in the society in which they live because of the low level of their resource5 H 47ppenhei', %))-, p8vii58 $hat constitutes social e:clusion is there ore dependent upon 9ud3e'ents (oth within and about society in assessin3 the accepted necessarily way o li e and adeFuate participation8 &ota(ly, the Fuestion o participation 3oes (eyond the levels o consu'ption a orded to those with restricted resources8 Goldin3 4%)#/5 addresses e:clusion ro' leisure pursuits, political li e, inancial institutions and the new entertain'ent and co''unication technolo3ies, while Lister 4%))C5 writes a(out e:clusion ro' citizenship8 This (road approach is also re lected in the "nited &ations @3enda +%8 !n less precise usa3e, social e:clusion is so'eti'es used as synony'ous with poverty8 This has a dou(le draw(ac18 6irstly, it o(scures the possi(ility, noted (y Townsend, that there 'ay (e circu'stances in which restricted resources do not produce social withdrawal and isolation8 Secondly, there 'ay (e other causes o e:clusion and 'ar3inalisation 0 such as disa(ility 0 which are not solely related to lac1 o resources8 @lthou3h social e:clusion is so'eti'es used only as a su(stitute or poverty, 'any researchers have tried to esta(lish a distinction (etween poverty and social e:clusion8 So'eti'es it is ar3ued that poverty is a narrow concept dealin3 with pro(le's that are directly related to econo'ic resources, while social e:clusion deals with a (road ran3e o Fuestions dealin3 with individuals inte3ration in the society8 This 'eans that )e3clusion includes &overty, &overty does not include e3clusion5 4Delors cited in @(raha'son, %))/58 !t is also ar3ued that poverty is a static pheno'enon, dealin3 solely with peopleKs econo'ic situation at one point o ti'e, while social e:clusion represents a dyna'ic perspective ocusin3 on the processes that leads to a situation o e:clusion and, or that 'atter, poverty 4Roo', %))*58 @ third distinction turns the ar3u'ent the other way around, ar3uin3 that social e:clusion represents an e:tre'e or' o poverty8 The socially e:cluded are the worst o , the poorest a'on3 the poor 4@(raha'son, %))/58 Thus, the distinctions (etween poverty and social e:clusion are not always easy to interpret and they do not 3ive a uni or' picture o the di erences8 !t can also (e ar3ued that they to a si3ni icant de3ree are (ased on a caricature o the concept o poverty 4&olan and $helan, %))/58 <owever, in >uropean "nion docu'ents in the %))Cs, social e:clusion has a 'uch narrower 'eanin3 than that outlined a(ove, (ein3 ocused on une'ploy'ent, or e:clusion ro' paid wor18 !t is considered a pro(le' less (ecause o the conseFuences or individuals than (ecause it threatens social cohesion8 !ts opposite is not participation (ut inte3ration and inte3ration throu3h paid wor18 Social e:clusion is thus increasin3ly (ein3 used as virtually synony'ous
%/

with une'ploy'ent8 @lthou3h une'ploy'ent is a 'a9or cause o poverty, and thus o social e:clusion, this usa3e is ar 'ore restrictive8 !t also has political i'plications, since it su33ests that social e:clusion can (e addressed only throu3h e'ploy'ent policy and not throu3h i'proved wel are provision or throu3h initiatives ai'ed directly at increasin3 a ran3e o or's o social participation8 Re&e"ences
@(raha'son, P8 4%))/5 Social 63clusion in 6uro&e4 %ld 7ine in new !ottles8 Paper presented at >S6 Con erence +/0-C March, %))/, Blarney, !reland8 Buh'an, B8, Rainwater, L8, Sch'aus, G8 and S'eedin3, T8 4%)##5 >Fuivalence Scales, $ell0(ein3, !neFuality and PovertyG Sensitivity >sti'ates @cross Ten Countries "sin3 the Lu:e'(our3 !nco'e Study Data(ase8 Review of 0ncome and 7ealth --, +, %%%*0%%.+8 De Los, B8 and Naidi, M8@8 4%)),5 >Fuivalence Scale Sensitivity o Poverty Statistics or Me'(er States o the >uropean Co''unity8 Review of 0ncome and 7ealth .-, -, -%)0---8 Duncan, G8J8, Gusta sson, B8, <auser, R8, Sch'auss, G8 Messin3er, <8 Mu els, R8, &olan, B8 and Ray, J8C8 4%))-5 Poverty Dyna'ics in >i3ht Countries8 8ournal of Po&ulation 6conomics /, +%*0 +-.8 Goldin3, P8 4%)#/5 63cluding the &oor- London, CP@G8 Gordon, D8 and Spic1er, P8 4%))#5 .he 0nternational Poverty Glossary8 Ned Boo1s, in press8 Lister, R8 4%))C5 .he 63clusive Society4 Citizenshi& and the &oor, London, CP@G8 &olan, B8 and $helan, C8T8 4%))/5 Resources, De&rivation and Poverty8 London, Clarendon Press8 7ppenheirn, C8 4%))-5 Poverty- .he 9acts- London, CP@G8 Roo', G8 4>d85 4%))*5 !eyond the .hreshold4 .he Bristol, The Policy Press8 easurement and Analysis of Social 63clusion-

Silver, <8 4%)).5 Social >:clusion and Social SolidarityG Three Paradi3's8 0nternational Labour Review, %--, *0/, *-%0,#8 Townsend, P8 4%),)5 Poverty in the "nited :ingdom, <ar'ondsworth, Pen3uin8 Townsend, P8 and Gordon, D8 4%)#)5 Low !nco'e <ouseholds, emorandum of 6vidence to the ;ouse of Commons Social Services Committee, *,), .*0,-8 4@lso pu(lished as Townsend, P8 and Gordon, D8 4%))%5 $hat is >nou3hT &ew >vidence on Poverty @llowin3 the De inition o a Mini'u' Bene it, !n @lder, M8, Bell C8, Clasen, J8 and Sin ield, @8 4>ds85 .he Sociology of Social Security8 >din(ur3h, >din(ur3h "niversity Press, pp-*0/)85 Townsend, P8 4%))/5 A Poor 9uture4 Can we Counteract Growing Poverty in !ritain and Across the 7orld, London, Le'os and Crane8 Townsend, P8, Gordon, D8, Bradshaw, J8 and Gosschal1, B8 4%)),5 Absolute and %verall Poverty in !ritain in "##<4 7hat the Po&ulation .hemselves Say4 !ristol Poverty Line Survey- Statistical Monitorin3 "nit Report &o8 #, "niversity o Bristol8 "nited &ations 4"&5 4%))*5 .he Co&enhagen Declaration and Programme of Action4 7orld Summit for Social Develo&ment =+"> arch "##?, &ew 2or1, "nited &ations Depart'ent o Pu(lications8 "nited &ations 4"&5 4%))/5 Special !ssue on the Social Su''it, Copenha3en, /0%+ March %))*, Social Policy and Progress, a review pu(lished (y the "nited &ations, Lol %, &o %, &ew 2or1, "nited &ations Depart'ent o Pu(lications8 $hite ord, P8 4%)#*5 @ 6a'ilyHs &eedsG >Fuivalence Scales, Poverty and Social Security8 Research Paper &o8 +,, Develop'ent Division, @ustralian Depart'ent o Social Security, Can(erra8

%,

C$!%te" ) *e!su"in+ Inco e in t$e Breadline Britain 1998 Su"ve#

David Gordon Int"o'uction The 'ost serious wea1ness o the atte'pts o the %)#- and %))C !readline !ritain surveys to esti'ate poverty resulted ro' their HpoorH 'easure'ent o household inco'e8 !n al'ost all households, the 'easure'ent o deprivation was 'ore relia(le 4and also pro(a(ly 'ore accurate5 than the 'easure'ent o inco'e8 This 'eant that a deprivation poverty line 4lac1in3 three or 'ore necessities5 was used rather than a co'(ined inco'e and deprivation poverty line 4where poverty is de ined as havin3 (oth a low inco'e and low standard o livin358 @ 'a9or tas1 o the ne:t Survey will (e to try to i'prove the 'easure'ent o inco'e in ter's o (oth Fuality and response rate8 T$e P"o6(e 7(tainin3 accurate and co'plete in or'ation on inco'e ro' households has lon3 (een considered to (e one o the 'ost intracta(le pro(le's acin3 British social survey researchers8 Survey researchers o ten clai' thatG /&eo&le are more willing to talk about their se3ual behaviour than about their financial affairs and even if they are willing to talk they may not have the necessary knowledge to answer the 2uestions/ 4Martin, %))C5 This perception 'ay in part (e a historical truth resultin3 ro' class (ased di erences within British society to discussin3 inancial a airs8 !n the past, inancial 'atters were only considered to (e a HproperH topic o conversation (etween a suitor and his prospective ather0in law in HupperH and Hupper 'iddleH class a'ilies8 <owever, Hwor1in3H class households were o ten 'ore orthco'in3 and indeed the $el are State reFuired disclosure o inancial 'atters in order to clai' 'eans0tested (ene its8 This historical caricature o British society 'ay contain an ele'ent o truth (ut it is not apparent that it re'ains true in the late %))Cs8 There is un ortunately a 3reat lac1 o co'parative research into the e ectiveness o di erent survey 'ethods in o(tainin3 inco'e in or'ation in Britain8 This is also one area o survey 'ethodolo3y where research indin3s ro' other countries are o only li'ited value to the British conte:t8 The 'ain British research results have (een pu(lished in SCPRHs 8oint Centre for Survey ethods @ewsletter and 7&SHs Survey ethodology !ulletin8 Su !"# o& Rese!"c$ Fin'in+s

Research on the %),, Survey of %lder 7orkers and Retirement ortuitously allowed a co'parison to (e 'ade (etween the answer 3iven (y -% couples 4who had (een interviewed separately5 to identical Fuestions on the a'ilyKs sources o inco'e 4divided into %C cate3ories58 There was disa3ree'ent in three cases 4out o the -%58 !n one case, the hus(and 3ave an e:tra inco'e source and in two cases the wi e did 4Par1er, %)#C58

%#

!n %)#-, the London Borou3h o <ac1ney carried out a detailed 'eans tested (ene its survey o +,C,, households8 @ screenin3 Fuestionnaire was used with all households and an in0depth, one hour lon3 detailed inancial Fuestionnaire with */C low inco'e Hclai'in3 unitsH8 The survey ound that one o the advanta3es o ocusin3 on people in lower inco'e 3roups was that respondents Iknew their own income accurately, although they did not necessarily know their &artners incomeI8 <owever, only /Q o interviews needed to (e discarded (ecause o inco'plete inancial in or'ation 4Ritchie, %))C58 7PCS tried to co'pare the results o the usual 3ross household inco'e results ro' the %)#/ General <ousehold Survey 4G<S5 and the %)#*D#/ &ational Travel Survey 4&TS58 The G<S access inco'e (y as1in3 a detailed set o over *C inco'e Fuestions ro' each household 'e'(er whereas the &TS si'ply as1s the in or'ant into which inco'e (and their household alls8 The detailed inco'e Fuestions in the G<S result in a lower response rate or inco'e than the si'ple &TS Fuestion 4G<S ,%Q, &TS #/Q58 !nco'e results divided into / (ands were co'pared or su(03roups (ased on %% varia(lesE e838 nu'(er e'ployed in the household, nu'(er o cars, wor1in3 status o <7<, nu'(er o adults, nu'(er o children, len3th o residence, address type, S>G o <7<, nu'(er o persons, a'ily structure and tenure8 Ta(le +8% (elow shows the results ro' one person and one0car households8 T!6(e )?15 Inco e 'ist"i6ution &o" oneE%e"son $ouse$o('s !n' oneEc!" $ouse$o('s Inco e -"ou% A F0i+$estG 9 C D E F FLo.estG TOTAL Base One Pe"son 0ouse$o(' G<S Q &TS Q +8# +8* -8. -8# #8* #8/ %.8C %+8/ %/8+ %*8# **8% */8, %CC >,"$A %CC >,A>" One C!" 0ouse$o(' G<S Q &TS Q %)8* %)8. +C8# +C8+-8, ++8% %)8/ +C8. %%8, %-8. .8, .8%CC A,"<> %CC A,#>A

The co'parison showed thatG Ithe &ercentage of one+&erson households falling into each income grou& is not significantly different in the two surveys- .he same is true for one+car households- .he above analysis was carried out for the eleven variables listed above- .he results obtained from this analysis were generally as similar as the e3am&les shown in .able "I 4Belly, %))C5 The si'ple &TS Fuestion see'ed to (e as 3ood or classi icatory purposes as the detailed G<S inco'e Fuestions 4Belly, %))C58 !n %))%, 7PCS conducted an e:peri'ent to co'pare 'easures o 3ross inco'e derived ro' the sa'e individuals and households usin3 a si'ple (anded inco'e Fuestion as well as the detailed set 4*CU5 inco'e Fuestions 46oster and Lound, %))-58 The test Fuestions were as1ed o all respondents to the ourth Fuarter o the %))CD)% G<S, which ran ro' January to March
%)

%))%, and were inserted in the G<S schedule directly (e ore the usual inco'e section8 The three test Fuestions each involved use o a show card and were (ased on Fuestions used in the Survey o >n3lish <ousin38 !n or'ants were irst as1ed to indicate which o a nu'(er o possi(le sources o inco'e they personally received8 Those who had any source o inco'e were then shown a card on which +C inco'e (ands were listed, with values correspondin3 to (oth wee1ly and appro:i'ate annual a'ounts, and as1ed into which 3roup their 3ross inco'e ell8 Gross inco'e was descri(ed as inco'e (e ore deductions or !nco'e Ta:, &ational !nsurance etc8 The third Fuestion was concerned with household inco'e8 !n households co'prisin3 two or 'ore adults, it was usually as1ed o the head o household (ut could (e answered (y the spouse8 !n sin3le person households, the inco'e o the individual was ta1en to (e the total inco'e or the household8 The inco'e (ands used were the sa'e as or individual inco'e8 This e:peri'ent showed that (anded inco'e Fuestions achieve a 'uch hi3her response rate or all types o household than detailed inco'e Fuestions 4Ta(le +8+58 T!6(e )?)5 0ouse$o(' inco e "es%onse "!tes usin+ 'i&&e"ent
0ouse$o(' T#%e St!n'!"' -0S Inco e #.Q ,.Q *+Q ,-Q Test 4uestions <ousehold ?uestion )-Q #,Q #CQ #,Q Su' o !ndividual !nco'es )-Q )-Q ##Q )+Q

et$o's
!ase

7ne @dult Two @dults ThreeU @dults @ll <ouseholds

=<$ ",>=$ B?# >,AC#

$hen the standard G<S inco'e 'easure was coded into inco'e (ands and the results co'pared, /)Q o individuals were in the sa'e inco'e (and8 Si'ilarly, /*Q o households were in the sa'e inco'e (and usin3 the household inco'e Fuestion and /,Q o households were in the sa'e inco'e (and i the su' o individual (anded inco'es was used to de ine household inco'e8 The correspondence (etween the detailed and test Fuestions was 'uch 3reater or low inco'e and s'all households than it was or lar3e andDor rich households8 This results ro' the di iculty o as1in3 one household 'e'(er to esti'ate the inco'e o others rather than usin3 in or'ation collected ro' the individual personally8 &evertheless, the distri(ution o 3ross household inco'e as 'easured (y the three 'ethods was e ectively identical 4Ta(le +8- overlea 58

+C

T!6(e )?,5 -"oss .ee8(# $ouse$o(' inco e5 Co %!"ison o& &"e<uenc# 'ist"i6utions &o" St!n'!"' -0S V!"i!6(e !n' Test 4uestions
.otal Gross 7eekly 0ncome of all Adults in the ;ousehold All ;ouseholds Standard G<S !nco'e Test ?uestions <ousehold ?uestion Q Less than V/C V/C W V%CC V%CC WV%.C V%.C WV+CC V+CC WV-CC V-CC WV.CC V.CC WV*CC V*CC WV/CC V/CC or 'ore !ase E "$$F %C %) %C %. %. %C , %+ ",<A< Q %C %. %C %C %* %%C / %>,$<# Su' o !ndividual !nco'es Q %C %) %C %* %+ %% / %. >,"#C ;ouseholds of AD Adults Standard G<S Test ?uestions !nco'e <ousehold Su' o ?uestion !ndividual !nco'es Q Q Q 0 % . * %% %# %) %C -% >A# C . , %. %, %# %% +/ A?" C % + , %. %* +C %C -C B$>

The study concluded that the (anded inco'e section was success ul in providin3 'easures o individual and household inco'e that co'pared well with those (ased on a lon3er and 'ore detailed inco'e section8 The si'ple (anded Fuestions also resulted in 'ar1edly hi3her response rates8 The analysis su33ests that the household Fuestion wor1s less well or lar3er households, particularly those o three or 'ore adults, (ut this can (e overco'e (y co'(inin3 the responses to the test Fuestion on individual inco'e where the in or'ation is availa(le or all adults in the household 46oster and Lound, %))-58 T$e )771 Census !n' Eu"o%e!n 0!" onis!tion The possi(ility o includin3 an inco'e Fuestion in the +CC% Census 4as reFuired (y "nited &ations Census 3uidelines5 has led to so'e recent research (y 7&S into si'ple (ut accurate ways o 'easurin3 inco'e8 @ nu'(er o co3nitive interview studies have (een underta1en to e:plore respondents understandin3 and reaction to (anded inco'e Fuestions 4Sy1es and Manners, %))#E Sy1es, %))#58 The other recent develop'ent is that 7&S ound itsel to (e in a 'inority o one in avourin3 >uropean har'onisation on 3ross rather than net household inco'e8 The %))/ >urostat $or1shop on <ar'onisation o Survey Concepts decided in principal to use 'onetary net inco'e as the har'onised inco'e concept 47&S, %)),58 Considerin3 the results o the research studies and these recent develop'ents, it would see' desira(le to use a 'odi ied set o Fuestions ro' the %))C !readline !ritain survey in addition to a 'odi ied version o trial har'onised net inco'e Fuestions8 These Fuestions need to (e as1ed at the (e3innin3 o the survey a ter a (rie socio0 de'o3raphic section8 ! respondents re use to answer the inco'e Fuestions, then the interview

+%

should (e ended8 This will ensure a %CCQ response rate or inco'e on the ully co'pleted Fuestionnaires as well as (asic socio0de'o3raphic data on the respondents who re used to answer inco'e Fuestions8 NE= 9ENEFITS AND INCO*E SECTION
*ODIFIED 4UESTION F4,7G ;ow many &eo&le in this household at &resent receiveG FREAD OUTG @one 6a'ily Credit !nco'e Support Jo( See1ers @llowance <ousin3 Bene it Council Ta: Bene it $idowHs Bene it Sic1 PayD(ene it !ncapacity Bene it @ttendance @llowance Disa(ility Livin3 @llowance 7ther disa(ility (ene it @ State Retire'ent Pension @n occupationalDprivate Pension NE= 4UESTION5 .his card shows various &ossible sources of income- Can you &lease tell me which kinds of income HAI you and H!I your household receiveG C%D6 ALL .;A. APPLJ HaI Jou >arnin3s ro' e'ploy'ent or sel 0e'ploy'ent Child (ene it MaintenanceDChild Support !nterest ro' savin3s, dividends, etc8 Student LoanDGrant Social 6und Loan 7ther 1inds o re3ular allowance ro' outside the household @ state (ene its on the previous card @ pension on the previous card 7ther (ene its or pensions 7ther sources o inco'e e838 rent HbI Jour ;ousehold %ne .wo .hree D @o answer

++

NE= 4UESTION 7ill you &lease look at this card and tell me which grou& re&resents your total income from all these sources after taking o 0ncome .a3, @ational 0nsurance and any contribution towards a &ensionG S<7$ C@RD " >&T>R B@&D &"MB>R

$>>BL2 % + . * / , # ) %C %% %+ %%. %* %/ %, %# %) +C +% ++ ++. +* +/ +, +# +) -C -% -+ Less than V%C V%C less than V+C V+C less than V-C V-C less than V.C V.C less than V*C V*C less than V/C V/C less than V,C V,C less than V#C V#C less than V)C V)C less than V%CC V%CC less than V%+C V %+C less than V %.C V %.C less than V %/C V %/C less than V %#C V %#C less than V+CC V+CC less than V++C V++C less than V+.C V+.C less than V+/C V+/C less than V+#C V+#C less than V-CC V-CC less than V-+C V-+C less than V-.C V-.C less than V-/C V-/C less than V-#C V-#C less than V.CC V.CC less than V.*C V.*C less than V*CC V*CC less than V**C V**C less than V/CC V/CC less than V/*C V/*C less than V,CC V,CC or 'ore

M7&T<L2 Less than V.V.- less than V#/ V#/ less than V %-C V %-C less than V %,V%,- less than V+%, V+%, less than V+/C V+/C less than V-CV-C- less than V-., V-., less than V-)C V-)C less than V.-V.-- less than V*+C V*+C less than V/C, V/C, less than V/)V/)- less than V,#C V,#C less than V#/, V#/, less than V)*V)*- less than V%,C.C V%,C.C less than V%,%+, V%,%+, less than V%,+%V%,+%- less than V%,-CC V%,-CC less than V%,-#, V%,-#, less than V%,.,V%,.,- less than V%,*/C V%,*/C less than V%,/., V%,/., less than V%,,-V%,,-- less than V%,)*C V%,)*C less than V+,%/, V+,%/, less than V+,-#V+,-#- less than V+,/CC V+,/CC less than V+,#%, V+,#%, less than V-,C-V-,C-- or 'ore

@&&"@L Less than V*+C V*+C less than V%,C.C V%,C.C less than V%,*/C V%,*/C less than V+,C#C V+,C#C less than V+,/CC V+,/CC less than V-,%+C V-,%+C less than V-,/.C V-,/.C less than V.,%/C V.,%/C less than V.,/#C V.,/#C less than V*,+CC V*,+CC less than V/,+.C V/,+.C less than V,,+#C V,,+#C less than V#,-+C V#,-+C less than V),-/C V),-/C less than V%C,.CC V%C,.CC less than V%%,..C V%%,..C less than V%+,.#C V%+,.#C less than V%-,*+C V%-,*+C less than V%.,*/C V%.,*/C less than V%*,/CC V%*,/CC less than V%/,/.C V%/,/.C less than V%,,/#C V%,,/#C less than V %#,,+C V%#,,+C less than V%),,/C V%),,/C less than V+C,#CC V+C,#CC less than V+-,.CC V+-,.CC less than V+/,CCC V+/,CCC less than V+#,/CC V+#,/CC less than V-%,+CC V-%,+CC less than V--,#CC V--,#CC less than V-/,.CC V-/,.CC or 'ore

+-

4!nco'e V-/,.CC or 'ore annually5 Could you &lease look at the ne3t card and give me your total income, A9.6R deductions, as an annual amount from this cardG S<7$ C@RD L >&T>R B@&D &"MB>R @&&"@L !&C7M>

% + . * / , # ) %C %% %+ %%. %* %/ %, %# %) +C +% ++ ++. +* +/ +, +# +) -C

V-/,.CC less than V-,,CCC V-,,CCC less than V-#,CCC V-#,CCC less than V-),CCC V-),CCC less than V.C,CCC V.C,CCC less than V.%,CCC V.%,CCC less than V.+,CCC V.+,CCC less than V.-,CCC V.-,CCC less than V..,CCC V..,CCC less than V.*,CCC V.*,CCC less than V./,CCC V./,CCC less than V.,,CCC V.,,CCC less than V.#,CCC V.#,CCC less than V.),CCC V.),CCC less than V*C,CCC V*C,CCC less than V**,CCC V**,CCC less than V/C,CCC V/C,CCC less than V/*,CCC V/*,CCC less than V,C,CCC V,C,CCC less than V,*,CCC V,*,CCC less than V#C,CCC V#C,CCC less than V#*,CCC V#*,CCC less than V)C,CCC V)C,CCC less than V)*,CCC V)*,CCC less than V%CC,CCC V%CC,CCC less than V%C*,CCC V %C*,CCC less than V %%C,CCC V %%C,CCC less than V %%*,CCC V%%*,CCC less than V%+C,CCC V %+C,CCC less than V %+*,CCC V %+*,CCC less than V %-C,CCC

-% -+ --. -* -/ -, -# -) .C .% .+ ... .* ./ ., .# .) *C *% *+ **. ** */ *, *# *) /C

V%-C,CCC less than V%-*,CCC V%-*,CCC less than V%.C,CCC V%.C,CCC less than V%.*,CCC V%.*,CCC less than V%*C,CCC V%*C,CCC less than V%**,CCC V%**,CCC less than V%/C,CCC V%/C,CCC less than V%/*,CCC V%/*,CCC less than V%,C,CCC V%,C,CCC less than V%,*,CCC V%,*,CCC less than V%#C,CCC V%#C,CCC less than V%#*,CCC V%#*,CCC less than V%)C,CCC V%)C,CCC less than V%)*,CCC V%)*,CCC less than V+CC,CCC V+CC,CCC less than V+%C,CCC V+%C,CCC less than V++C,CCC V++C,CCC less than V+-C,CCC V+-C,CCC less than V+.C,CCC V+.C,CCC less than V+*C,CCC V+*C,CCC less than V+/C,CCC V+/C,CCC less than V+,C,CCC V+,C,CCC less than V+#C,CCC V+#C,CCC less than V+)C,CCC V+)C,CCC less than V-CC,CCC V-CC,CCC less than V-+C,CCC V-+C,CCC less than V-.C,CCC V-.C,CCC less than V-/C,CCC V-/C,CCC less than V-#C,CCC V-#C,CCC less than V.CC,CCC V.CC,CCC or 'ore

+.

4&ote i any 'e'(er o the household is in receipt o housin3 (ene it, !nco'e Support or Jo( See1ers @llowance then interviewer M"ST 3ive the ollowin3 pro'ptG Can 0 Kust check that this figure includes money HbenefitI that you receive for your rent'housing costsIG 4! there is a spouseDpartner5 Does Hs&ouse'&artnerI have any se&arate income of their ownG 4! yes5 7hich grou& re&resents Hs&ouse'&artnerLsI total income from all these sources after deductions for 0ncome .a3, @ational 0nsurance and any contribution towards a &ensionG 4! inco'e V-/,.CC or 'ore annually5 Could you &lease look at the ne3t card and give me Hs&ouse'&artnerLsI total income, after deductions, as an annual amount from this cardG 4! HdonHt 1nowH or re usal o(tained when as1in3 a(out either respondentHs or spouseDpartnerHs inco'e5 7ould it be &ossible for you to tell me which grou& re&resents the total income of you and Hs&ouse'&artnerI taken together, after any deductionsG 4! 9oint inco'e (and is V-/,.CC annually or 'ore5 Could you &lease look at the ne3t card and give me that total income taken together as an annual amount from this cardG 4! 'ore than two adults in household or two adults who are not respondent and partner5 Can 0 Kust check, does anyone else in the household have a source of incomeG 4! yes5 And now thinking of the income of the household as a whole, which of the grou&s on this card re&resents the total income of the whole household after deductions for 0ncome .a3, @ational 0nsurance and any contributions &eo&le make towards a &ensionG *ODIFIED 4UESTION5 4,1 Do you or does your s&ouse'&artner get 8ob Seekers Allowance, the old 0ncome Su&&ort, nowadays or notG 0f yes, for how long have you'has he'she been getting itG 2es, or up to - 'onths 2es, or up to / 'onths 2es, or up to %+ 'onths 2es, or over a year &o &o answer

ASH 4,)

*ODIFIED 4UESTION5 4,) ;ave you or your s&ouse ever received 8ob Seekers Allowance or 0ncome Su&&ort, or notG 2es, in the last year 2es, in the last * years 2es, 'ore than * years a3o 4e:cept as a student5 &o, never &o answer !6 !& $7RB, @SB ?-*ODIFIED 4UESTION 4,, Do you or your s&ouse' &artner contribute to an occu&ational'&rivate &ension scheme or notG aI bI Jou Partner %5 2es +5 &o )5 DonHt 1now

The 7&S har'onised net inco'e Fuestions have (een 'odi ied or the ollowin3 reasonsG
+*

%8 Re erences to <ead o <ousehold have (een chan3ed to Respondent, since the concept o <ead o <ousehold is (eco'in3 increasin3ly pro(le'atic and o du(ious i'portance8 !n 'any households, it has ceased to have any 'eanin38 +8 7&SHs co3nitive interviewin3 studies 4Sy1es and Manners, %))#E Sy1es, %))#5 showed that a 'a9or reason or inaccuracy in respondentHs net inco'e esti'ates was that they si'ply or3ot a(out so'e o their sources o inco'e8 !n particular, people so'eti'es or3ot a(out or didnHt include interest ro' savin3s, child (ene it, housin3 (ene it or student loans8 There ore, three Fuestions are as1ed (e ore the (anded inco'e FuestionsE on (ene its received (y the household 'e'(ers, on the respondentHs sources o inco'e and on the sources o inco'e received (y all household 'e'(ers8 These Fuestions are pri'arily desi3ned to 'a1e the respondents thin1 a(out (oth their own and their householdHs sources o inco'e8 -8 Many low inco'e households that are in receipt o housin3 (ene it have their rent paid directly to their landlord i8e8 they never see the <ousin3 Bene it they receive and so they so'eti'es or3et to include it in their net inco'e esti'ates 4Sy1es, %))#58 <owever, these households will al'ost certainly 1now how 'uch their rent is since the <ousin3 Bene it syste' e ectively reFuires the' to do so8 There ore, an interviewer pro'pt has (een added to the 7&S protocol to chec1 that respondents in receipt o <ousin3 Bene it have included this in their net inco'e esti'ate8 Re&e"ences
6oster, B8 and Lound, C8 4%))-5 @ Co'parison o ?uestions or Classi yin3 !nco'e8 Survey ethodology !ulletin -+, %0,8 Belly D8 4%))C5 Total household inco'e as 'easured (y General <ousehold Survey and &ational Travel Survey8 Survey ethodology !ulletin +,, %.0%#8 Martin, J8 4%))C5 @s1in3 @(out MoneyG >SRC Survey Methods Se'inar Series8 8oint Centre for Survey ethods @ewsletter, %C, +, +8 7&S 4%)),5 ;armonised Survey %ut&uts + Government Statistical Service Mser Consultation "##< 8 London, 7&S8 Par1er, S8 4%)#C5 Co'parison o SpousesH @nswers to !dentical ?uestions8 Survey !ulletin %C, -+0--8 ethodology ethods

Ritchie, J8 4%))C5 Pro(le's in as1in3 a(out 'oneyG a case study8 8oint Centre for Survey @ewsletter, %C, ,0)8

Sy1es, $8 4%))#5 ;armonised Nuestions for Government Social Surveys4 Nualitative 6valuation of Nuestions Relating to 6ducational Attainment and @et ;ousehold 0ncome8 "npu(lished report to 7&S8 Sy1es, $8 and Manners, T8 4%))#5 @ ?ualitative >valuation o ?uestions Relatin3 to >ducational @ttain'ent and <ousehold !nco'e8 Survey ethodology !ulletin .+, %C0%)8

+/

A%%en'ix to C$!%te" )5 De&initions o& Inco e

!nco'e is a 1ey concept in al'ost all de initions and studies o poverty8 <owever, Jinco'eK is an e:tre'ely di icult concept to de ine and a3ree upon8 The ter' is so'eti'es used loosely to re er only to the 'ain co'ponent o 'onetary inco'e or 'ost households 0 i8e8 wa3es and salaries or (usiness inco'e8 7thers use the ter' widely to include all receipts includin3 lu'p su' receipts and receipts that draw on the householdHs capital8 Classically, inco'e has (een de ined as the su' o consu'ption and chan3e in net worth 4wealth5 in a period8 This is 1nown as the ;aig+Simons a&&roach 4see Si'ons, %)-# in @t1inson and Sti3litz, %)#C, p+/C58 "n ortunately, this approach ails to distin3uish (etween the day0to0day Jlivin3 wellK and the (roader H3ettin3 richH aspects o individual or household inances 4in technical ter's, it ails to distin3uish (etween current and capital receipts58 There are a nu'(er o international or3anisations that have provided 3uidelines on de inin3 and 'easurin3 inco'e8 The "nited &ations provides two ra'ewor1sG the %))- Syste' o &ational @ccounts 4"&, %))+5 and 3uidelines on collectin3 'icro0level data on the econo'ic resources o households 4"&, %),, and %)#)58 The !nternational La(our 7r3anisation 4!L75 has also produced 3uidelines on the collection o data on inco'e o households, with particular e'phasis on inco'e ro' e'ploy'ent 4!L7, %),%G %))+ and %))-58 Recently, 4January %)),5 the @ustralian Bureau o Statistics 4@BS5 tried to 3et an international a3ree'ent on de initions o inco'e, consu'ption, savin3 and wealth8 The @BS 4%))*5 has proposed the ollowin3 de initionG )income com&rises those recei&ts accruing Hin cash and in+kindI that are of a regular and recurring nature, and are received by the household or its members at annual or more fre2uent intervals- 0t includes regular recei&ts from em&loyment own business and from the lending of assets- 0t also includes transfer income from government, &rivate institutions and other households- 0ncome also includes the value of services &rovided from within the household via the use of an owner+occu&ied dwelling, other consumer durables owned by the household and un&aid household work- 0ncome e3cludes ca&ital recei&ts that are considered to be an addition to stocks, and recei&ts derived from the running down of assets or from the incurrence of a liability- 0t also e3cludes intra+household transfers-5 Townsend 4%),)E %))-5 has ar3ued that (road de initions o inco'e should (e used, particularly i international co'parisons are to (e 'ade8 !t is crucial, when co'parin3 individual or household inco'es o people in di erent countries, that account is ta1en o the value o 3overn'ent services in, or e:a'ple, the ields o health, education and transport 4>vandrou et al, %))+58 "n ortunately, 'any econo'ic studies o poverty use relatively narrow de initions o inco'e such as wa3es and salaries or (usiness inco'e8 !nternational co'parisons (ased on narrow de initions o this 1ind can (e 'isleadin3 and o only li'ited use8 4SourceG Gordon, D8 and Spic1er, P8 %))#, .he 0nternational Poverty Glossary8 Ned Boo1s, in press5

+,

Re&e"ences
@ustralian Bureau o Statistics 4@BS5 4%))*5 A Provisional 9ramework for ;ousehold 0ncome, Consum&tion, Saving and 7ealth 8 Can(erra, @ustralian Govern'ent Pu(lishin3 Service8 >vandrou, M8, 6al1in3ha', J8, <ills, J8 and Le Grand, J8 4%))+5 The Distri(ution o $el are Bene its in Bind8 7elfare State Programme Discussion Pa&er 7SP'=C , London, LS>8 !L7 4%),%5 Sco&e, ethods and Msers of 9amily 63&enditure Surveys, Re&ort 0004 .welfth 0nternational Conference of Labour Statisticians, Geneva8 !L7 4%))+5 Re&ort "4 General Re&ort 9ifteenth 0nternational Conference of Labour Statisticians, Geneva8 !L7 4%))-5 Re&ort of the Conference4 9ifteenth 0nternational Conference of Labour Statisticians, Geneva8 Si'ons, %)-# Townsend, P8 4%),)5 Poverty in the Mnited :ingdom, London, @llen Lane and Pen3uin, and Ber1eley, "niversity o Cali ornia Press8 Townsend, P8 4%))-5 .he 0nternational Analysis of Poverty, Milton Beynes, <arvester $heatshea 8 "nited &ations 4"&5 4%),,5 Provisional Guidelines on Statistics of the Distribution of 0ncome, Consum&tion and Accumulation of ;ouseholds, Studies in ethods, Series M, &o8 /%8 &ew 2or18 "nited &ations 4"&5 4%)#)5 @ational ;ousehold Survey Ca&ability Program4 ;ousehold 0ncome and 63&enditure Surveys4 A technical study, &ew 2or18 "nited &ations 4"&5 4%##+5 Revised System of @ational Accounts HProvisionalI @u3ust %))+ 4to (e presented to and adopted at the +,th session o the Statistical Co''ission, 6e(ruary0March %))-58

+#

+)

C$!%te" , -en'e" !n' Pove"t# in t$e Ne. Breadline Britain Su"ve#

Sarah Payne and Christina Pantazis !readline !ritain in the "##$s included a chapter which ocused speci ically on the relationship (etween 3ender and poverty and e:plored the e:tent to which the data collected had helped to 'easure the di erent e:perience o poverty and deprivation or 'en and wo'en 4Payne and Pantazis, %)),58 $e were a(le to loo1 at current and li e0lon3 e:perience o poverty, or each se:, and also at the ways in which perceptions o necessities di ered or each se:8 4See also Chapter # o this volu'e which deals with the results o the 3roup discussions relatin3 to 3ender poverty58 The results were interestin38 The Fuestion on history o poverty and present e:perience o poverty revealed that wo'en were 'ore li1ely to report the'selves as havin3 e:perienced poverty in the past and also that 'ore wo'en than 'en reported the'selves as poor at the ti'e o the survey8 <owever, these were Fuestions relyin3 on sel 0reportin3 o (ein3 poor, rather than poverty 'easured usin3 the !readline !ritain inde:8 The Fuestions concernin3 ite's seen as necessities ound that there were si3ni icant di erences (etween 'en and wo'en in the perception o what is seen as necessary in 'odern Britain8 $o'en were 'ore li1ely than 'en to see as necessities ite's which related to their childcare and do'estic responsi(ilities, whilst 'en were 'ore li1ely than wo'en to see as necessities ite's which related 'ore to leisure and to lu:ury 3oods8 The 'ost o(vious 3ap in the %))C Survey, as a result o the 'ethodolo3y adopted, is that the data on levels o poverty e:perienced, 'easured (y the inde: on necessities, re ers to households and not to individuals and this re'ains restricted (y what Pahl 4%)#)5 has descri(ed as the econo'ists J(lac1 (o:K vision o intra0household (ehaviour8 $e 1now whether a household is JpoorK, usin3 this 'easure, (ut not whether people within the household su er di erent levels o deprivation8 <owever, research which has unpac1ed the J(lac1 (o:K su33ests that assu'ptions o ineFuality within the household are alse and ailin3 to 3o (eyond the household as the level o investi3ation prevents an e:ploration o these ineFualities 4Land, %)#-E Pahl, %)#)E $ilson, %)#,E Brannen and $ilson, %))%58 6ood, in particular, has (een shown to (e shared uneFually within households, where resources are constrained 4Charles and Berr, %)#,E Graha', %))-58 $o'en report not heatin3 a ho'e while they are on their own, especially durin3 the day 4Crai3 and Glendinnin3, %))C58 Private transport is 'ore reFuently used (y 'en than their partners 4Payne, %))%58 Goin3 (ac1 to the !readline !ritain Fuestions, this pro(le' 'ainly relates to ?%% 4old survey5 where the respondent is as1ed to say whether they have a list o ite's, with our di erent shu le(oard responses possi(le8 <owever, loo1in3 at these ite's shows that in act the list includes a 'i:ture o ite's which are household ite's and which could not sensi(ly (e as1ed o each individual 0 the re ri3erator, or e:a'ple, is a not owned (y an individual (ut shared within the household and we do not need to worry a(out di erences within the household8 @ nu'(er o other ite's 0 two 'eals a day, or e:a'ple, or a war' waterproo coat 0 are 'ore o(viously individually consu'ed8 !n the ori3inal wordin3 o ?%%, there is no 'ention o who the respondent is answerin3 or 0 i three out o our people in the household have a war' coat, is the answer yes or noT $hilst it is li1ely that respondents thou3ht o their own

-C

e:perience, this 'ay not (e true either or every respondent or even or the sa'e respondent throu3hout the Fuestionnaire8 Thus, a respondent 'i3ht switch ro' tal1in3 a(out hersel 4in relation to the coat, or e:a'ple5, her children 4in relation to new clothes5 and her partner, in relation to the Fuestions on ood8 !n the ne:t !readline !ritain survey, the Fuestion can (e phrased so as to 'a1e it clear that the respondent is to 3ive her or his own e:periences, rather than thin1 o others within the household8 !t 'ay (e si'pler to re0order the list so as to divide the' into Jindividually consu'edK and JsharedK ite's8 Two Fuestionnaires will (e used where the initial respondent has a partner and this 'eans that in each case it can (e clear that the Fuestionnaire is as1in3 a(out their own e:perience8 !n addition, the Fuestion o car ownership and car use reFuires a sli3htly di erent approach, as the way in which a car is shared in the household is co'ple:8 Research shows that wo'en are less li1ely to have access to private cars even within car0ownin3 households8 6or so'e wo'en, this is (ecause o not havin3 a drivin3 licence (ut this applies 'ore o ten to older wo'en8 @'on3st youn3er a3e 3roups, a 3reater proportion o who' can drive, the car is less o ten availa(le to the' at ti'es when they 'ay want to use it (ecause the car is used (y their partner or travellin3 to wor18 !t is availa(ility o private transport when it is reFuired that allows participation in social activities and leisure (ut also which ena(les so'e childcare and do'estic wor1 to (e carried out 'ore easily8 !n the ne:t survey it is this availa(ility which should (e stressed and, althou3h the ori3inal Fuestion on havin3 a car should (e retained, a urther Fuestion inserted later as1s a(out access to a car to develop this point8 <owever, there are urther 3ender di erences in the e:perience and i'pact o poverty8 The central issue see's to (e that survey 'ethods used to date have (een lar3ely unsuccess ul in capturin3 di erences in the intra0household e:perience o poverty which have (een de'onstrated (y Fualitative research such as the wor1 o Pahl 4%)#)58 There are three 'ain areas o di iculty8 The irst 0 that 'en and wo'en see' to have a di erent understandin3 o poverty and o the thin3s which are necessary to avoid poverty 0 has (een discussed a(ove and ollows on ro' the %))C study8 The second di iculty relates to household division o inancial resources8 So'e 'en see' to ind it di icult to reco3nise that they have personal spendin3 'oney or that thin3s are (ou3ht (y their partner which are or the 'anKs personal use8 Men o ten see 'oney which their partner spends on the children as (ein3 the wo'anKs own personal spendin3 'oney8 !n addition, research has de'onstrated an i'portant di erence (etween responsi(ility or 'ana3in3 resources when unds are short, which is 'ore o ten wo'enKs responsi(ility within the household8 Conversely, when resources are less constrained, it is 'ore o ten 'en who have power to decide on purchasin38 !n order to study this in 'ore depth, a new set o Fuestions have (een developed which ocus on household divisions o 'oney and responsi(ility or 'oney and these will (e included in the second, shorter, Fuestionnaire or JpartnersK8 The third ele'ent o this 3endered e:perience is that wo'en and 'en 'ay each (ehave di erently in ti'es o shorta3e and wo'en in particular 'ay (e 'ore li1ely to 3o without certain necessities in order that the householdKs needs are 'et8 Rather than co'plicate the Fuestion on necessities early in the study with urther detail a(out this, a new set o Fuestions have (een devised which as1 respondents to indicate which out o a list o 1ey ti'es they would 3o without i 'oney was ti3ht and which they could least do without8 Respondents are also as1ed which o these ite's they have 3one without recently 4see Chapter )58 By as1in3 this o (oth respondents in a two0person household, we can e:plore the 3endered di erences in
-%

what is 3iven up in order to 'a1e ends 'eet8 There re'ains a di iculty in that it can (e hard to unpic1 these di erences when partners are interviewed to3ether and the pro(le' will (e to try and interview respondents separately wherever possi(le8 7ne su33estion which has (een used success ully in other surveys is that interviewers could wor1 in pairs8 !n this way, they can o ten 3et (oth interviews done at the sa'e ti'e in di erent roo's8 The %))C Survey also included a Fuestion on provisions o an occupational pension (ut this could not (e used in the analysis o 3ender di erences due to the wordin3 o the ori3inal Fuestion8 Pension provision is a vital aspect o poverty ris1s in old a3e and wo'en are less li1ely to have such provision on their own account 4Joshi and Davies, %))+58 This increases wo'enKs inancial dependence on their partners and increases wo'enKs ris1s o poverty in old a3e (oth as a result o relationship (rea1down or where their partnerKs pension turns out to (e inadeFuate8 The Fuestion on occupational pension in the new survey has (een altered to as1 a(out the respondentKs own pension provision and their partnerKs pension provision (ut re'ains Fuite strai3ht orward8 6inally, in order to (e a(le to 'easure the nu'(ers o 'en and wo'en, as opposed to households o di erent 1inds, livin3 in poverty as 'easured (y the !readline !ritain inde:, we need to e:tend the de'o3raphic Fuestions at the end o the survey8 !n the earlier version, the de'o3raphic Fuestions ocused on household type (ut in or'ation was not collected on nu'(er o 'ale and e'ale adults in each household8 Such in or'ation would allow co'parison on the data ro' this survey with others and would allow esti'ates o the proportion o adult wo'en and 'en nationally livin3 in circu'stances o poverty8 !n conclusion, it is i'portant to re'e'(er that this survey is not an ideal tool or 'easurin3 wo'enKs e:perience o poverty and deprivation and the ways in which this 'i3ht di er ro' 'enKs e:periences, as this would reFuire 'ore co'ple: Fuestions8 <owever, airly si'ple chan3es to the e:istin3 Fuestionnaire would acilitate 3reater co'parison with other surveys, (oth here and a(road, while retainin3 co'para(ility with the %))C version8 Re&e"ences
Brannen, J8 and $ilson, G8 4>ds85 4%)#,5 Give and .ake in 9amilies4 Studies in resource distribution London, @llen M "nwin8 Charles, &8 and Berr, M8 4%)#,5 Just the way it isG Gender and a3e di erences in a'ily ood consu'ption, !n Brannen, J8 and $ilson, G8 4>ds5 Give and .ake in 9amilies4 Studies in resource distribution, London, @llen M "nwin8 Crai3,G and Glendinnin3, C8 4%))C5 Parentin3 in Poverty8 Community Care, +., ,, +.0+*8 Glendinnin3,C and Millar, J8 4>ds85 4%))+5 7omen and Poverty in !ritain4 the "##$s, <e'el <e'pstead, <arvester $heatshea 8 Graha', <8 4%))-5 ;ardshi& and health in womenLs lives, <e'el <e'pstead, <arvester $heatshea 8 Joshi, <8 and Davies, <8 4%))+5 Pensions, divorce and wivesK dou(le (urden8 0nternational 8ournal of Law and .he 9amily, /, +#)0-+C8 Land, <8 4%)#-5 Poverty and 3enderG the distri(ution o resources within the a'ily, !n Brown, M8 4>d85 .he Structure of Disadvantage, London, <eine'ann8 Pahl, J8 4%)#)5 oney and arriage, Basin3sto1e, Mac'illan8

-+

Payne, S8 4%))%5 7omen, ;ealth and Poverty4 An 0ntroduction, <e'el <e'pstead, <arvester $heatshea 8 Payne, S8 and Pantazis, C8 4%)),5 Poverty and Gender, !n Gordon, D8 and Pantazis, C8 4>ds85 !readline !ritain in the "##$s, @ldershot, @sh3ate8 $ilson, G8 4%)#,5 MoneyG Patterns o responsi(ility and irresponsi(ility in 'arria3e, !n Brannen, J8 and $ilson, G8 4>ds85, Give and .ake in 9amilies4 Studies in resource distribution, London, @llen M "nwin8

--

C$!%te" / Pove"t# !n' *ent!( 0e!(t$ in t$e Breadline Britain Su"ve#

Sarah Payne The %))C !readline !ritain survey as1ed a nu'(er o Fuestions on 'ental health and poverty and these were analysed in the inal report and the version pu(lished (y @ve(ury8 These Fuestions should (e repeated in the new survey with so'e additions, or reasons outlined (elow8 There is increasin3 evidence o an association (etween poor 'ental health and the e:perience o poverty and deprivation whether at the individual level or the ecolo3ical level 4Bur3ess et al, %))+E Jar'an, %))+E Ba''erlin3 and 7KConnor, %))-58 There is also a 3rowin3 (ody o literature e:plorin3 the association (etween suicide, parasuicide and deprivation 4Gunnell et al, %))*E Con3don, %))/58 Less research has (een carried out which loo1s 'ore speci ically at what 'i3ht (e ter'ed social e:clusion, althou3h there are si3ni icant pieces o wor1 around the e:perience o various or's o discri'ination and, in particular, racis' and se:is' 46ernando, %))*E Littlewood and Lipsed3e, %)##E Miles, %)##E "ssher, %))%58 7ne o the di iculties in the research has lon3 (een the issue o Jdri tK8 This theory su33ests that the 3reater proportion o psychiatric ad'issions ro' poorer areas and hi3her levels o o(served psychiatric sy'pto's is the result o inward 'i3ration which is pro'pted (y poor 'ental health, either due to decreasin3 inco'e or to Jdisinte3rationK which 'eans that people with 'ental health pro(le's are attracted to such areas8 !ncreasin3ly, research has ocused on 'ulti0 actorial e:planations which accepts the possi(ility o so'e dri t 4Mui9en and Broo1in3, %)#)5, whilst also ac1nowled3in3 that, particularly at the lower levels o sy'pto'olo3y, dri t is less li1ely to occur8 The relationship (etween poverty, deprivation and 'ental health will always (e a co'ple: one to e:plore usin3 survey data, due to the di iculties over the 'easure'ent o 'ental healthD'ental illness8 The %))C Survey used Fuestions on 'ental health which were (ased on the respondentKs own perceptions o their 'ental health and the i'pact o poverty8 The value o this approach is that it avoids cliniciansK de initions o 'ental health 0 sel 0perceived 'ental ill0health is a 3ood re lection o how people view their 'ental health and the way this is a ected (y livin3 circu'stances and the e:perience o e:clusion8 Sel 0assess'ent also avoids pro(le's o (ias in psychiatric 'odels o 'ental health 4 or e:a'ple, there is so'e Fuestion over the hi3h levels o psychiatric ad'ission with dia3noses o schizophrenia a'on3st youn3 @ ro0Cari((ean 'en58 The ne3ative aspect o the Jsel 0assess'entK Fuestion is that the sti3'a associated with 'ental ill0health 'ay result in an under0reportin3 o 'ental illness8 <owever, the %))C !readline !ritain survey did not as1 a(out all 'ental health pro(le's (ut only those seen, (y the respondent, as (ein3 caused (y povertyDdeprivation 0 this 'ay have encoura3ed 3reater reportin3, thou3h it is hard to say8 $e ran a test o the relia(ility o ?%#, used in the %))C version o the survey, which as1ed the respondent whether they had e:perienced a ran3e o e ects as a result o (ein3 poor8 The relia(ility test used 0 Cron(achKs Coe icient @lpha 0 3ave an overall coe icient alpha score o C8,*/., which indicates a hi3h de3ree o relia(ility or these Fuestions8 !ndividually, the Fuestions had the ollowin3 scoresG

-.

T!6(e /?15 Re(i!6i(it# !n!(#sis on %e"son!( 'i&&icu(ties <uestion F418G &"o Breadline Britain su"ve#
Scale Mean i !te' Deleted Bein3 depressed Relations with riends Relations with a'ily Bein3 (ored 6eelin3 loo1ed down on 6eelin3 a ailure Lac1 o hope Lettin3 down a'ily 7verall Coe icient alpha X C8,*/. 8.,,# 8/%C# 8*)%. 8*C)8*)-, 8*,#, 8*+,8**,Corrected !te' Total Correlation 8*-)8-,,* 8.+/% 8--CC 8*%+% 8*C/, 8.*%% 8..%. @lpha i !te' Deleted 8/#,# 8,+.+ 8,%-+ 8,-,% 8,C%C 8/),/ 8,C/. 8,C,*

t$e 1997

<owever, the ori3inal Fuestion ro' %))C could (e shortened to two (asic Fuestions relatin3 to sel 0report o depression andDor isolation due to lac1 o 'oney8 The essential ele'ents in this Fuestion are the sel 0reported nature and also that the respondent attri(uted these pro(le's to lac1 o 'oney8 To add to this 'easure'ent, however, it would (e valua(le to include a 'easure which is not (ased on sel 0report8 "sin3 one o the standardised interview schedules devised (y clinicians, would stren3then the analysis o this area o the survey8 Such a schedule would also ena(le co'parison with other studies and other 3roups8 7ne approach is to use the short version o the General <ealth ?uestionnaire 4G<?5 which has a 3ood pedi3ree and has (een tested on a nu'(er o occasions 4Gold(er3 and $illia's, %)##E Gold(er3 et al, %)),58 The Short G<? 4G<? %+5 has (een used in the <ealth Survey or >n3land 4%))*5 which 3ives a 3ood (ench'ar1 co'parison sa'ple8 !t has also (een used (y other studies, includin3 the @von0 (ased @LSP@C study which ollows parents o children (orn in %))%0)+, has valua(le socio0 de'o3raphic data, 'aterial on deprivation and had an ori3inal sa'ple o around %.,CCC8 $ith the G<? %+, a threshold score o . or 'ore will (e used to identi y respondents with a possi(le psychiatric disorder 4See @ppendi: to this Chapter58 Re&e"ences
Bur3ess, P8M8, Joyce, C8M8, Pattison, P8>8 and 6inch, S8J8 4%))+5 Social !ndicators and the prediction o psychiatric inpatient service utilisation8 Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric 6&idemiology +,, #-0).8 Con3don, P8 4%))/5 Suicide and parasuicide in LondonG a s'all area study8 Mrban Studies --, %, %-,0 %*#8 6ernando, S8 4>d85 4%))*5 London, Routled3e8 ental ;ealth in a ulti+ethnic society4 A multi+disci&linary handbook ,

Gold(er3, D8 and $illia's, P8@8 4%)##5 "sers Guide to General <ealth ?uestionnaire 4&>>R0&elson58 Gold(er3, D8, Gater, R8, Sartorious, &8, "stun, T8, Piccinelli, M8, Gue9e, 78 and Rutter, C8 4%)),5 The validity o two versions o the G<? in the $<7 study o 'ental illness in 3eneral health care8 Psychological edicine, +,, %, %)%0%),8 Gunnell, D8, Peters, T8, Ba''erlin3, R8 and Broo1s, J8 4%))*5 Relation (etween parasuicide, suicide,
-*

psychiatric ad'issions and socio0econo'ic deprivation8 !ritish Jar'an, B8 4%))+5 Predictin3 psychiatric ad'ission rates8 !ritish

edical 8ournal -%%, ++/0+-C8

edical 8ournal -C., %%./0%%*%8

Ba''erlin3, R8M8 and 7KConnor, S8 4%))-5 "ne'ploy'ent rate as a predictor o psychiatric ad'ission8 !ritish edical 8ournal, -C,,%*-/0)8 Littlewood, R8 and Lipsed3e, M8 4%)##5 Psychiatric !llness a'on3st BritainKs @ ro0Cari((eans8 !ritish edical 8ournal +)/, )*C0)*%8 Miles, @8 4%)##5 7omen and ental 0llness, <e'el <e'pstead, <arvester $heatshea 8 Mui9en, M8 and Broo1in3, J8 4%)#)5 Mental <ealth, !n $hile, @8 4>d85 ;ealth in the 0nner CityLondon, <eine'ann8 "ssher, J8 4%))%5 7omen(s $heatshea 8 adness4 isogyny or mental illnessG <e'el <e'pstead, <arvester

-/

A%%en'ix to C$!%te" / S$o"t -ene"!( 0e!(t$ 4uestionn!i"e F-04 1)G

0!ve #ou "ecent(#>

%8 Been a(le to concentrate on what youKre doin3T +8 Lost 'uch sleep over worryT -8 6elt you were playin3 a use ul part in thin3sT .8 6elt capa(le o 'a1in3 decisions a(out thin3sT *8 6elt constantly under strainT /8 6elt you couldnKt overco'e your di icultiesT ,8 Been a(le to en9oy your nor'al day0to0day activitiesT #8 Been a(le to ace up to your pro(le'sT )8 Been eelin3 unhappy and depressedT %C8 Been losin3 con idence in yoursel T %%8 Been thin1in3 o yoursel as a worthless personT %+8 Been eelin3 reasona(ly happy, all thin3s considered

Better than usual &ot at all More so than usual More so than usual &ot at all &ot at all More so than usual More so than usual &ot at all &ot at all &ot at all More so than usual

Sa'e as usual &o 'ore than usual Sa'e as usual Sa'e as usual &o 'ore than usual &o 'ore than usual Sa'e as usual Sa'e as usual &o 'ore than usual &o 'ore than usual &o 'ore than usual @(out sa'e as usual

Less than usual Rather 'ore than usual Less use ul than usual Less so than usual Rather 'ore than usual Rather 'ore than usual Less so than usual Less so than usual Rather 'ore than usual Rather 'ore than usual Rather 'ore than usual Less so than usual

Much less than usual Much 'ore than usual Much less use ul Much less capa(le Much 'ore than usual Much 'ore than usual Much less than usual Much less a(le Much 'ore than usual Much 'ore than usual Much 'ore than usual Much less than usualE

-,

C$!%te" 1 C"i e !n' Fe!" o& C"i e

Christina Pantazis @s well as see1in3 to 'easure the e:tent and nature o poverty, the %))C !readline !ritain survey atte'pted to esta(lish the e:tent to which the da'a3e to the lives o people livin3 in poverty is co'pounded (y social pro(le's such as cri'e and ear o cri'e 4Pantazis and Gordon, %)),58 The view held (y Mac1 and Lansley 4%)#*5 is that poor people su er disproportionately ro' victi'isation, as well ro' the e ects o victi'isation8 This idea has stron3 support ro' the Jnew realistK cri'inolo3ists who ar3ue that poor people are the disproportionate victi's o wor1in3 class cri'e 4Lea and 2oun3, %)#.58 The develop'ent o the local victi'isation survey as a 'ethod o tappin3 into the cri'es co''itted a3ainst poor people, wo'en, and ethnic 'inorities is one o the 'ain ways the Jnew realistK cri'inolo3ists have sou3ht to ta1e inner city cri'e 'ore seriously 4Binsey, %)#.E Jones, Maclean and 2oun3, %)#/E @nderson et al, %))C58 This view, that victi'isation is concentrated a'on3st the poorest 3roups, is also shared (y 3overn'ent policy0'a1ers8 The Depart'ent o the >nviron'entKs 4Do>5 Priority >states Pro9ect o the late %),Cs sou3ht to reduce cri'e and ear o cri'e on disadvanta3ed council estates throu3h i'proved 'ana3e'ent strate3ies 46oster and <ope, %))-58 More recently, resolvin3 the pro(le's o cri'e and disorder on BritainKs Jworst housin3 estatesK is one o the priorities o the Social >:clusion "nit8 The %))C !readline !ritain survey challen3ed this consensus on the relationship (etween poverty and victi'isation8 The data that was collected revealed that, whilst poor households e:perienced hi3h rates o ear o cri'e, their levels o victi'isation were not 'ar1edly dissi'ilar to the rest o the population8 6urther analyses o other data sets 4e838 the British Cri'e Survey and the General <ousehold Survey5 con ir'ed that poorer households do not e:perience disproportionately hi3her levels o cri'e8 !ndeed, the 'ain victi's o cri'e in poor areas were the (etter0o households rather than the poorer households and it has (een su33ested that previous studies e:a'inin3 the i'pact o poverty on victi'isation 'ay have su ered ro' the ecolo3ical allacy e838 that, since poor areas e:perience a hi3h level o cri'e, that poor individuals 'ust also su er ro' a lot o cri'e 4Pantazis and Gordon, %))#58 The Fuestions on cri'e and ear o cri'e will (e i'proved and e:tended in the new Survey, to include, or e:a'ple, do'estic violence and racial attac1s8 The new Survey will also re lect e'inist criticis's o national victi'isation surveys or their ailure to capture the ull e:periences o wo'en 4Stan1o, %))*58 7 particular i'portance here, are incidents o harass'ent which are essentially se:ual in nature8 @lthou3h they 'ay (e so'eti'es considered trivial, 'ost victi's o harass'ent e:perience several o these incidents in any one year 4Jones, Maclean and 2oun3, %)#/58 The e ect o such incidents, particularly the cu'ulative in luence, is certain to e:acer(ate ear, apprehension and avoidance (ehaviour8

Re&e"ences

-#

@nderson, S8, Grove S'ith, C8, Binsey, R8 and $ood, J8 4%))C5 .he 6dinburgh Crime Survey4 9irst Re&ort- >din(ur3h, Scottish 7 ice 4Central Research "nit Papers58 6oster, J8 and <ope, T8 4%))-5 ;ousing, Community and Crime4 .he 0m&act of the Priority 6states ProKect, <o'e 7 ice Research Study &o %-%, London, <MS78 Jones, T8, Maclean, B8 and 2oun3, T8 4%)#/5 .he 0slington Crime Survey8 @ldershot, Gower8 Binsey, R8 4%)#.5 9irst Re&ort of the Council8 erseyside Crime Survey8 Liverpool, Merseyside County

Lea, J8 and 2oun3, J8 4%)#.5 7hat is to be Done About Law and %rder G 4+nd edition5 London, Pluto Press8 Mac1, J8 and Lansley, S8 4%)#*5 Poor !ritain, London, Geor3e @llen M "nwin8 Pantazis, C8 and Gordon, D8 4%)),5 Poverty and Cri'e, !n Gordon, D8 and Pantazis, C8 4>ds85 !readline !ritain in the "##$s, @ldershot, @ve(ury8 Pantazis, C8 and Gordon, D8 4%))#5 Do the poor e:perience 'ore cri'e and 3reater ear than the richT, !n Dorlin3, D8 and Si'pson, L8 4>ds85 Statistics in Society, London, @rnold8 Stan1o, B8 4%))*5 $o'en, Cri'e and 6ear, .he Annals of the American Academy of Politics and Social Science, *-), ./0*)8 Tric1ett, @8, 7s(orn, D8R8, Sey'our, J8 and Pease, B8 4%))+5 $hat is Di erent a(out <i3h Cri'e @reasT !ritish 8ournal of Criminology -+, %, #%0#)8

-)

C$!%te" 2 A"e! De%"iv!tion

Christina Pantazis The %))C !readline !ritain survey included a s'all nu'(er o Fuestions on area deprivation, such as whether respondents perceived their area to (e dirty and unpleasant, whether it lac1ed pleasant and open spaces, and whether near(y houses were (oarded up8 These Fuestions were su(seFuently analysed in the conte:ts o local services 4Bra'ley, %)),5 and 'ental health 4Payne, %)),58 The i'portance o area deprivation has recently received hei3htened political e'phasis with the settin3 up o the Social >:clusion "nit 4S>"5, which has e'phasised the need to co'(at social e:clusion on BritainKs Jworst housin3 estatesK8 The S>" prioritises the need to resolve the pro(le's o poor housin3 conditions, cri'e, disorder, as well as une'ploy'ent, co''unity (rea1down, poor health, educational underachieve'ent and inadeFuate pu(lic transport and local services in deprived nei3h(ourhoods 4S>", %))#58 The section on area deprivation will (e e:panded in the new Survey and e orts have (een 'ade to ensure 3reater co'pati(ility with Fuestions ro' other surveys8 This tas1 has (een co'plicated (y the act that there e:ist two contrastin3 set o literaturesG i5 the ur(anDhousin3 literature and ii5 the cri'inolo3icalDvicti'olo3ical literature8 <ousin3 surveys 4e838 the >n3lish <ouse Condition Survey, the Survey o >n3lish <ousin35 have e:a'ined area deprivation (y as1in3 respondents a(out the condition o the nei3h(ourhood and the environ'ent8 More recent sweeps o housin3 surveys have also e:a'ined pro(le's arisin3 directly ro' nei3h(ours8 6or e:a'ple, the Survey o >n3lish <ousin3 4%))*D)/5 e:a'ined a whole ran3e o pro(le's e:perienced (y householders with their nei3h(oursG e838 noise, pro(le's with cars, do3s, children, vandalis', racial attac1s, dru3 dealin3, violence, ver(al a(use and disputes relatin3 to 3ardens and (oundaries8 !n contrast, the cri'inolo3icalDvicti'olo3ical literature co''ents on the characteristics o the area in ter's o JincivilitiesK 4e838 racist attac1s, drun1s and tra'ps5 and the e ects that these JincivilitiesK 'ay have on ear o cri'e and indeed on cri'e itsel 8 Much o the thin1in3 on incivilities ste's ro' the J(ro1en windowsK thesis which was developed in the "nited States (y $ilson and Bellin3 4%)#+5 and which has the support o the present <o'e Secretary, Jac1 Straw8 @ hi3h level o incivilities in an area is (elieved to in luence levels o ear a'on3st residents, which can lead to avoidance (ehaviour 4e838 avoid 3oin3 out at ni3ht, avoid wal1in3 down certain roads and avoid wal1in3 past certain types o people58 @voidance (ehaviour is considered to e:acer(ate cri'e in an area (ecause property and people are le t un3uarded8 Moreover, an area with a hi3h level o incivilities indicates a lac1 o social cohesion and co''unity involve'ent8 6urther'ore, it is this 1ind o thin1in3 which has contri(uted to the recent Jzero toleranceK policin3 policies and practices in Bin3s Cross and other parts o the "B, such as Middles(orou3h 46oo1s and Pantazis, orthco'in358 There is an additional issue at sta1e, when atte'ptin3 har'onisation with other surveys, that is relevant to the consideration o area characteristics8 >ven i we are a(le to a3ree on a list o indicators to 'easure area deprivation or area incivilities 4e838 noise, 3ra iti5, there are at least two ways in which we 'ay as1 respondents a(out the'8 Most surveys 4e838 the Survey o

.C

>n3lish <ousin3, the British Cri'e Survey5 as1 respondents how 'uch o a pro(le' are certain incidents, situations or people in their area8 6or e:a'ple, respondents in the British Cri'e Survey are as1ed the ollowin3 FuestionG Can you tell me how much of a &roblem are Oracist attacks( in your areaG This type o Fuestionin3 atte'pts to assess the e:tent to which the respondents perceive certain incidents 4e838 racial attac1s5 as a pro(le' in their area8 !t is less concerned with ascertainin3 the reFuency o racial attac1s in the respondentKs area8 There e:ist other surveys 4e838 the British Social @ttitudes Survey5 that are 'ore interested in esta(lishin3 reFuency8 6or instance, respondents are as1ed how co''on are certain types o people or incidents in their area8 The new Survey will incorporate (oth 'ethods8 Respondents will (e as1ed a(out their perceptions o certain situations 4e838 poor street li3htin3, lac1 o open pu(lic spaces5 and the reFuency o types o (ehaviour 4e838 (e33in35 and types o incidents 4e838 racist attac1s58 Re&e"ences
Bra'ley, G8 4%)),5 Poverty and local pu(lic services, !n Gordon, D8 and Pantazis, C8 4>ds85 !readline !ritain in the "##$s, @ldershot, @ve(ury8 6oo1s, G8 and Pantazis, C8 4 orthco'in35 Cri'inalisation o Pu(lic Displays o PovertyG <o'elessness, Be33in3 and the Street >cono'y, !n Marsh, @8 and Bennett, T8 4>ds-I ;omelessness4 63&loring the @ew .errain, Bristol, The Policy Press8 Payne, S 4%)),5 Poverty and 'ental health8 !n Gordon, D and Pantazis, C 4>ds85 !readline !ritain in the "##$s, @ldershot, @ve(ury8 Social >:clusion "nit 4S>"5 4%))#5 !ringing !ritain together4 a national strategy for neighbourhood renewal8 C' .C.*, London, The Stationery 7 ice8 $ilson, J8 and Bellin3, G8 4%)#+5 Bro1en $indows, .he Atlantic onthly, March, +)0-#8

.%

C$!%te" 3 Soci!( Exc(usion in t$e Ne. Breadline Britain Su"ve#

Ruth Levitas $ith the settin3 up o the Social >:clusion "nit 4S>"5 in Dece'(er %)),, the Fuestion o social e:clusion has (eco'e central to the social policies o the new La(our 3overn'ent8 The S>" itsel is initially concerned with truancy and school e:clusions and their contri(ution to cri'e and with reducin3 the nu'(ers o rou3h sleepers8 !t is also concerned with, or e:a'ple, the e:clusion o sections o the population ro' access to inancial services such as (an1s8 >:clusion is seen to a lict areas, rather than si'ply individuals8 The 3uidin3 principle o the S>" is that the 'ulti0di'ensional pro(le's o poverty and social e:clusion 4presu'ed to (e connected (ut not identical5 reFuire co0ordinated policy initiatives8 The re'it o the unit also includes developin3 indicators o success in co'(atin3 social e:clusion8 7ver the co'in3 years, esta(lishin3 appropriate 'easures o social e:clusion and 'onitorin3 their 'ove'ent will (e a 1ey issue in social policy8 ! !readline !ritain is to address Fuestions o poverty and disadvanta3e in this new conte:t, it needs to relate the' e:plicitly to the Fuestion o social e:clusion8 The pro(le's o operationalisin3 social e:clusion (e3in with the lac1 o a clear consensus as to its 'eanin38 The ter' ori3inated in 6rance in the %),Cs (ut, althou3h it is now widely used within and (eyond the >uropean "nion, there is no universally accepted de inition either theoretically or operationally8 There are a variety o overlappin3 national discourses a(out social e:clusion and, o ten co'petin3, versions within individual countries 4S7STR!S, %)),E Roo', %))*58 !n Britain, it is possi(le to detect three co'petin3 discourses 4Levitas, %))#E Silver, %)).58 4See also Chapter % o this volu'e or de initions58 The irst o these 4R>D5 is a redistri(utive discourse developed in critical social policy over the last twenty years which e'phasises the way in which poverty inhi(its or prevents social participation or the e:ercise o ull citizenship 4Townsend, %),)E Lister, %))C, %)),E $al1er and $al1er, %)),58 The ter' Hsocial e:clusionH 'ay (e pre erred to HpovertyH (ecause it re ers to a process rather than a state and (ecause it captures the 'ulti0di'ensional character o social disadvanta3e8 ! poverty is the Olack of material resources, es&ecially income, necessary to &artici&ate in !ritish society(, social e:clusion Orefers to the dynamic &rocess of being shut out, fully or &artially, from any of the social, economic, &olitical and cultural systems which determine the social integration of a &erson in society( 4$al1er and $al1er, %)),58 ! poverty is principally a(out the resources to which people 4do not5 have access, social e:clusion is pri'arily a(out what they are 4not5 ena(led to do8 $ithin R>D, poverty is seen as a 1ey cause o social e:clusion, althou3h ineFualities and discri'ination on the (asis o 3ender, ethnicity, 4dis5a(ility and se:ual orientation also contri(ute8 Since poverty and social e:clusion are partially 4thou3h not totally5 analytically distinct, the de3ree o their connection can (e esta(lished only throu3h an independent 'easure o e:clusion8 There are, however, two other discourses relatin3 to social e:clusion which di er (oth in their characterisation o social e:clusion itsel and in their assu'ptions a(out causation8 $hile they 'i3ht not dissent ro' the de inition a(ove, the e'phasis is not upon the relationship (etween poverty and social e:clusion8 !n S!D 4or the social inte3rationist discourse5, the e'phasis is on social inclusion or inte3ration throu3h paid wor18 The e'phasis on wor1 in the %))# Bud3et state'ent places it ir'ly within S!D, while the sa'e discourse can also (e ound in >" policy

.+

docu'ents and elsewhere8 The 1ey indicator o inclusionDe:clusion in this discourse is la(our 'ar1et attach'ent8 S!D narrows the ocus to one di'ension o e:clusion, while 3lossin3 over the ways in which paid wor1 'ay ail to prevent e:clusion 4(y (ein3, or e:a'ple, poorly paid5 or even cause it where lon3 or asocial hours or the nature o the wor1 itsel (loc1 other or's o social participation8 Moreover, in ocusin3 on paid wor1, S!D ne3lects the role o unpaid wor18 The third discourse, M"D 4'oral underclass discourse5 e'phasises 'oral and cultural causes o poverty and is 'uch concerned with the issue o dependency8 The 1ey indicator or M"D is that o the nu'(er or proportion o wor1in30a3ed households with no0one in wor1 4and this see's certain to (e one o the indicators chosen (y the S>"5 (ecause they are dependent on (ene its8 7thers, nota(ly De'os %)),D#, are pursuin3 the Fuestion o social e:clusion throu3h analysis o social networ1s and social capital8 @ co'prehensive 'easure o social e:clusion and its causes is (eyond the scope o a survey which 'ust retain continuity with its earlier versions and which is pri'arily a(out poverty8 <owever, 'any o the processes now descri(ed as social e:clusion are i'plicitly or e:plicitly reco3nised in the !readline !ritain approach to poverty8 6ollowin3 the (road de inition e'er3in3 ro' R>D, it is clear that 'uch o the e:istin3 in or'ation 3athered in the !readline !ritain survey touches on social e:clusion8 So'e Fuestions can (e e:panded and others added to 3ive at least a 'ini'al indication o participation in social, econo'ic, cultural and political syste's8 Moreover, 'uch o the in or'ation on la(our 'ar1et attach'ent and wor1less households is already 3athered in the !readline !ritain survey, acilitatin3 a co'parison (etween the three perspectives8 !t is di icult to 9usti y a speci ication o the nature and types o participation dee'ed necessary or JinclusionK at any 3iven ti'e and place, 9ust as it is or the level and Fuality o 'aterial resources dee'ed 'ini'ally su icient8 @ urther 'erit o incorporatin3 social e:clusion into the !readline !ritain survey is that it si'ultaneously o ers an opportunity to esta(lish what or's o participation are 4un5availa(le to individuals and a'ilies and how 'uch consensus there is a(out the i'portance o di erent di'ensions o e:clusion8 The shu le(oard Fuestions 'ay also (e developed to e:plore the contri(ution o di erent actors to social e:clusion, (y loo1in3 at the role o poverty, participation in paid and unpaid wor1 0 and relatin3 these to the 3reater sensitivity to Fuestions o 3ender (ein3 developed in the new survey8 Re&e"ences
De'os 4%)),D#5 .he 7ealth and Poverty of @etworks4 .ackling Social 63clusion , De'os Collection %+, London, De'os8 Levitas, R8 4%))#5 .he 0nclusive SocietyG Social 63clusion and @ew Labour , Mac'illan8 Lister, R8 4%))C5 .he 63clusive Society4 Citizenshi& and the Poor, London, CP@G8 Lister, R8 4%)),5 Citizenshi&4 9eminist Pers&ectives, Mac'illan8 Roo', G8 4%))*5 4>d85 !eyond the .hreshold, Bristol, Policy Press8 Silver, <8 4%)).5 Social >:clusion and Social SolidarityG Three Paradi3's, 0nternational Labour Review, %), +, %--0/-8 S7STR!S 4%)),5 Social Strategies in Risk Societies4 Social 63clusion in Com&arative Pers&ective , Sostris $or1in3 Paper %, London, "niversity o >ast London8 Townsend, P8 4%),)5 Poverty in the Mnited :ingdom, <ar'ondsworth, Pen3uin8

.-

$al1er, @8 and $al1er, C8 4%)),5 4>ds85 !ritain Divided4 .he Growth of Social 63clusion in the "#C$s and "##$s, London, CP@G8

..

.*

C$!%te" 8 Revisin+ t$e Breadline Britain 4uestions5 Re(ev!nt Fin'in+s &"o t$e -"ou% Discussions
Sue Middleton 9!c8+"oun' The Centre or Research in Social Policy 4CRSP5 has underta1en a series o 3roup discussions as part o the develop'ent phase or a new survey o poverty and social e:clusion in Britain8 The 3roups too1 place in two phases and participants in each 3roup are descri(ed in Ta(le #8%8 6ive o the ten 3roups in the irst phase were held in Leicester and the re'ainin3 ive in $inchester8 This was to ensure that di erences in the circu'stances o people livin3 in ur(an and rural areas could (e ta1en into account8 !n the second phase o the research, each o the three 3roups were 'i:ed in ter's o G the a'ily characteristics in Phase %E se:E and socio0econo'ic 3roup8 The ai' was to e:plore whether a3ree'ent could (e reached a(out necessities a'on3 people in widely di erin3 circu'stances8 T!6(e 8?15 -"ou% 'iscussions
P$!se 1 Pensioners Midlands South % % Lone Parents % % Couples with Children % % Couples without Children % % Sin3le % % P$!se ) Mi:ed -

Participants were pro essionally recruited and co'pleted the ollowin3 instru'entation prior to attendin3 their 3roup discussionG %8 CCCCCCCCa recruit'ent Fuestionnaire to collect (asic de'o3raphic in or'ation a(out the participant and their householdE +8 a sel 0co'pletion diary o ite's consu'ed, 1ept or one wee1E -8 a sel 0co'pletion inventory o clothes, urniture and other household eFuip'ent8 The 'ain ai' o the diary and inventory was to encoura3e participants to (e3in to consider their own livin3 standards, so that they could ne3otiate in the 3roups on the (asis o detailed 1nowled3e8 The 3roups covered a wide ran3e o topics relatin3 to poverty and social e:clusion8 @ ull report o the discussions will (e produced at a later date and will also (e used to co'ple'ent reports on the survey data, i it is co''issioned8 This short report concentrates on indin3s relevant to the develop'ent o the Fuestionnaire8

./

*et$o' in -"ou% Discussions !n the irst phase o the research 4ten 3roups5, participants ne3otiated and a3reed lists o ite's, activities and acilities which all adults in Britain should (e a(le to have and should not have to 3o without8 7nce the lists were co'plete, the 3roups were as1ed to consider whether all ite's are o eFual i'portance in avoidin3 poverty or whether so'e are 'ore i'portant than others8 &ine o the irst phase 3roups 4#C participants5, also co'pleted the irst part o the socially perceived necessities Fuestion ro' the previous !readline !ritain Fuestionnaire (y indicatin3 whether ite's are necessary or desira(le8 This was ollowed (y a discussion o ite's included in the list which should not (e there and ite's not included in the list which should (e there8 The irst phase 3roups also discussed the di'ensions o ti'e and 3ender in relation to poverty in 3eneral ter's8 Prior to the second phase o the research 4three 3roups5, the list o socially approved necessities was a'ended to include ite's which had e'er3ed as stron3 priorities in the irst phase8 The second phase 3roups also discussed the len3th o ti'e or which households and individuals could 3o without each ite' without slippin3 into poverty and whether 'ore wo'en or children were 'ore li1ely to 3o without each individual ite'8 Soci!((# Pe"ceive' Necessities E A'u(ts The ta(le (elow lists e:istin3 and su33ested new necessities 4includin3 so'e proposals ro' David Gordon58 @ll new ite's are in italics and ite's or deletion or a'end'ent are in upper case8 The list has (een divided into household and individual necessities 4second colu'n5 which will (e necessary i a Fuestionnaire is to (e ad'inistered to 'ore than one 'e'(er o a household8 !t has also (een divided into H ood, clothes, housin3H, H urniture and eFuip'entH and social ite's 4althou3h the orderin3 o these will need to (e considered prior to co'pletion o the Fuestionnaire58 The irst colu'n indicates the len3th o ti'e or which 'ost participants thou3ht it was accepta(le or each ite' to (e 3one without and relates to the ollow0up Fuestion to (e as1ed o those who do not have each ite'8
Foo'5 Two 'eals a day %ne good meal and two snacks every day Meat or ish or C<>>S> every other day 9resh fruit or fresh vegetables every day @ R7@ST J7!&T 7R !TS L>G>T@R!@& >?"!L@L>&T 7&C> @ $>>B @ P@CB>T 76 C!G@R>TT>S >L>R2 7T<>R D@2 C(ot$es5 @ DR>SS!&G G7$& Two pairs o all weather shoes &ew, not second hand, clothes @ war' waterproo coat @ IB>ST 7"T6!TI 67R SP>C!@L 7CC@S!7&S An outfit to wear for social or family occasions, such as &arties or weddings A&&ro&riate clothes to wear for Kob interviews 0ousin+5 <eatin3 to war' livin3 areas o the ho'e i it is cold !ndoor toilet, not shared with another household Bath, not shared with another household Da'p0 ree ho'e Fu"nitu"e !n' E<ui% ent5 Carpets in livin3 roo's and (edroo's in the ho'e T!M> @ @ @ @ ! or < ! ! ! !

$ M @ M @ @ @ @ @ M

! ! ! ! ! ! < < < < <

.,

B>DS 67R >L>R27&> !& T<> <7"S><7LD attresses and bedding for everyone in the household @ television Telephone Re ri3erator @ car Access to &ublic trans&ort @ washin3 'achine Re&lacing any worn out furniture Re&lace or re&air broken electrical goods such as refrigerator or washing machine Leisu"e !n' Soci!( Access to a garden or &ark @ ni3ht out once a ortni3ht @ ho((y or leisure activity @ holiday away ro' ho'e or one wee1 a year, not with relatives Cele(rations on special occasions such as Christ'as Presents or riends or a'ily once a year *isits to friends and'or family once a week 6riendsD a'ily round or a S&@CB once a $>>B Going to the &ub once a fortnight ;aving a daily news&a&er A small amount of money each week to s&end on yourself, not on the family 0e!(t$5 All medicines &rescribed by your doctor

@ M $ $ 2 @ @ M $ M M M 2 M M M M $ M

< < < < ! ! < < < < ! ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! ! !

A en' ents to t$e List Foo' 'Two meals a day' Groups proposed that HTwo 'eals a dayH should (e replaced with H7ne 3ood 'eal and two snac1s every dayH8 Two 'eals a day su33ested two lar3e coo1ed 'eals which participants elt was not part o the British li estyle nowadays8 <owever, this is di icult to operationalise (ecause o variations in understandin3 o Hsnac1H8 Most participants 'eant (rea1 ast and a sandwich or so'ethin3 si'ilar8 <owever, HBrea1 ast, one 3ood 'eal and a snac1H 'i3ht (e open to too 'uch 'isinterpretation 0 do we 'ean a traditional coo1ed (rea1 ast, or e:a'pleT 'Fresh fruit or fresh vegetables every day' Participants were unani'ous in includin3 this ite'8 <ealth education 'essa3es are o(viously reachin3 their tar3etY 'A roast joint or its vegetarian equivalent once a week' !t was su33ested that this ite' should (e deleted as it was considered to (e irrelevant in peopleHs lives today8 'Cigarettes' The 3roups reached al'ost unani'ous a3ree'ent that this should (e e:cluded8 C(ot$es 'A best outfit for special occasions' This was thou3ht to (e either unnecessary or wron3ly worded8 !t con9ured up or participants

.#

Lictorian i'a3es o children in sailor suits8 Two alternatives e'er3edG one related to the need to have appropriate clothin3 to participate socially, H@n out it to wear or social or a'ily occasions such as parties or weddin3sHE and the other to allow people to have the (est opportunity o securin3 wor1G H@ppropriate clothes to wear or 9o( interviewsH8 'A dressing gown' This was only elt to (e essential (y older wo'en8 @ll other participants elt that it should (e e:cluded ro' the list8 Fu"nitu"e !n' E<ui% ent 'Beds for everyone in the household' This should (e replaced (y H'attresses and (eddin3 or everyone in the householdH8 The 9usti ication was that H(edsH are not necessary 0 a 'attress on the loor is adeFuate8 <owever, sheets, pillows, Fuilts or (lan1ets are necessary or hy3iene and health8 'A car' @ccess to so'e or' o transport was a3reed to (e essential8 <owever, 'ost participants in Leicester elt that a car was not essential 0 access to pu(lic transport was su icient8 !n $inchester, a car was considered to (e essential lar3ely (ecause o the relative lac1 o pu(lic transport in the rural areas8 7perationalisin3 this is di icult8 !ncludin3 Haccess to pu(lic transportH is li1ely to cause con usion when people try to answer the HdonHt haveH Fuestions (ecause the 'ain reason is li1ely to (e HdonHt have, doesnHt e:istH, rather than HdonHt have, canHt a ordH8 !t is su33ested that a car is le t in and that the issue o transport is e:plored urther throu3h David GordonHs new Fuestions 4with a'end'ents 0 see urther (elow58 ' eplacing any worn out furniture' This is an i'portant addition to the list 4and e'er3ed as i'portant in the 3roups5, alon3 with a urther indicator which ! a' proposin3 4also arisin3 ro' the 3roups5G ' eplace or repair broken electrical goods such as refrigerator or washing machine' 7ne o the central thrusts o discussions a(out poverty in the 3roups 4con ir'in3 the indin3s o other Fualitative research, Do(son, et al, %)).E Be'pson, %))/5 was that (ein3 poor 'eans never havin3 any 'oney le t over to 'eet e'er3encies such as (ro1en washin3 'achines and o ten havin3 to 'a1e choices (etween, or e:a'ple, payin3 (ills and (uyin3 ood8 The pro(le' with (ein3 poor over a lon3 period is havin3 no 'oney to replace thin3s as they (eco'e worn out8 4See (elow or urther su33estions a(out e:plorin3 this58 Leisu"e !n' Soci!( 'Access to a garden or park' This was elt to (e essential or every individualHs 'ental health and well0(ein3 0 not si'ply or a'ilies with children8 'Friends or family round for a meal once a month' and '!isits to friends family once a week' Contact with riends and a'ily was e'phasised throu3hout all the discussions o necessities as (ein3 vital to survival8 Bein3 a(le to a ord to visit riends and relatives was at least as i'portant as riends and relatives co'in3 to visit8 Most participants su33ested that H riendsD a'ily round or a 'eal once a 'onthH is not how 'ost people live their lives 0 the provision o a cup o tea and a
.)

snac1 'ore re3ularly is 'ore relevant and i'portant8 'A hobby or leisure activity' @lthou3h we should 1eep this indicator, participants were concerned that it is too 3eneral8 <owever, in urther discussions 'en and wo'en could not a3ree on a 'ore speci ic indicator8 This is central to the e:ploration o 3ender poverty 4see urther (elow58 Two o DavidHs su33ested additional indicators provide a partial solution to this pro(le'G '"oing to the pub once a week' and 'A daily newspaper' >vidence ro' the 3roup discussions and discussions with Jac1ie Goode and Ruth Lister su33est that these two indicators are 3ood or 'easurin3 'ale e:clusion8 !t is 'ore di icult to ind indicators or wo'en who see' to de ine povertyDsocial e:clusion 'uch 'ore in ter's o their children8 'A small amount of money each week to spend on yourself# not on the family' see's to (e in poorer households what wo'en do not have and 'en do8 'All medicines prescribed by your doctor' @ccess to healthcare was one o the priorities in all o the 3roup discussions8 @s prescription char3es continue to rise it would (e worth includin3 this indicator8 7(viously so'e respondents will (e e:e'pt (ut analysis could allow or this8 Ti e The 1ey to the letters in the colu'n is as ollowsG @ $ M 2 necessary or people to have all throu3h their lives it wouldnHt 'atter i people went without or a wee1 or two (ut no lon3er it wouldnHt 'atter i people went without or a 'onth or two (ut no lon3er it wouldnHt 'atter i people went without or a year or two (ut no lon3er

!n su(seFuent discussions with the research tea', it was a3reed that ollowin30up each ite' which respondents do not have with a Fuestion a(out the len3th o ti'e 3one without would (e too ti'e consu'in38 !t is su33ested that we ollow up those ite's 'ar1ed @ which respondents say they 3o without 4necessary or people to have all throu3h their lives5 with a Fuestion a(out how lon3 they have (een without the ite'8 Soci!((# Pe"ceive' Necessities E C$i('"en The childrenHs inde:, drawn ro' the Small 9ortunes survey, was co'pleted (y all the 3roups with children 4Middleton et al, %)),58 !te's which participants elt could (e re'oved are in upper case8 !te's which can (e re'oved (ecause they are covered in the household list are in italics8
Three 'eals a day Toys 4e838 dolls, play i3ures, teddies, etc85 Leisure eFuip'ent 4e838 sports eFuip'ent or a (icycle5 >nou3h (edroo's or every child over %C o di erent se: to have hisDher own (edroo' A garden to &lay in So'e new, not second0hand or handed on, clothes @ carpet in their (edroo' @ ho((y or leisure activity *C

@ holiday away ro' ho'e at least one wee1 a year with herDhis a'ily Cele(rations on special occasions such as Christ'asD(irthday C7MP"T>R G@M>S @ HB>ST 7"T6!TH 67R SP>C!@L 7CC@S!7&S @ war' coat @ waterproo coat A bed and mattress to her'himself Boo1s o herDhis own @ (i1e, new or second hand Construction toys such as Duplo or Le3o >ducational 3a'es A television set in the home &ew, properly itted shoes @t least seven pairs o new underpants @t least our 9u'pers, cardi3ans or sweatshirts @ll the school uni or' reFuired (y the school @t least our pairs o trousers, le33in3s, 9eans or 9o33in3 (otto's Swi''in3 at least once a 'onth Play 3roup at least once a wee1 or pre0school a3ed children Goin3 on a school trip at least once a ter' or school a3ed children @t least *C pence wee1 to spend on sweets Meat, ish or cheese at least twice a day 6resh ruit at least once a day 6riends round or tea or a snac1 once a ortni3ht C7MP"T>R S"!T@BL> 67R SC<77L $7RB

The Fuestions to (e as1ed are si'ilar to the adult variantG L%n these cards are a number of different items which relate to childrenLs standard of living- Please would you indicate by &lacing the cards in the a&&ro&riate bo3 the living standards you feel all children should have in !ritain todayG !%P A is for items which you think are necessary which all children should be able to have and which they should not have to do without- !%P ! is for items which it may be desirable for children to have but are not necessary6ollow up is si'ilar to the our adult cate3oriesG Child4ren5 have and couldnHt do without, child4ren5 have and could do without, child4ren5 donHt have (ut donHt want, child4ren5 donHt have (ecause you canHt a ord8 !n Small 9ortunes, the Fuestion related only to the one individual child which was the su(9ect o the survey8 <owever, there is no di iculty with as1in3 it 3enerally a(out children in the household8 -en'e" Pove"t# 9!c8+"oun' There are di iculties in Hunpac1in3 the (lac1 (o:H o intra0household di erences in the e:perience o poverty and social e:clusion, particularly (etween 'en and wo'en 4see, or e:a'ple, Cantillon and &olan, %))# and Chapter -, this volu'e58 !n addition to e:plorin3 the 3roup discussions transcripts and returnin3 to so'e o the earlier literature and Fuestionnaires, discussions have (een held with Jac1ie Goode and Ruth Lister, 4Goode et al, %))#58 The central issue is that survey 'ethods used to date have (een lar3ely unsuccess ul in
*%

capturin3 di erences in the intra0household e:perience o poverty which have (een de'onstrated (y Fualitative research8 There are three 'ain areas o di icultyG irst, 'en and wo'en see' to have a di erent understandin3 o poverty and o the thin3s which are necessary to avoid povertyE second, so'e 'en see' to ind it di icult to reco3nise that they have personal spendin3 'oney, or their partner (uys thin3s which are or the 'anHs personal use (ut which are not classed as HpersonalH e:penditure8 Men o ten see 'oney which their partner spends on the children as (ein3 the wo'anHs own personal spendin3 'oney8 Third, it is al'ost i'possi(le to unpic1 these di erences when partners are interviewed to3ether8 In'ivi'u!( <uestionn!i"es !t is proposed that the new survey will include a second, shorter, Fuestionnaire or HpartnersH8 The pro(le' will (e to try and interview respondents separately wherever possi(le8 7ne su33estion which has (een 'ade, which has (een used success ully in other surveys, is that interviewers could wor1 in pairs8 !n this way they can o ten 3et (oth interviews done at the sa'e ti'e in di erent roo's8 Possi6(e <uestions There are a nu'(er o ways o assessin3 inancial 'ana3e'ent strate3ies within households8 The irst and si'plest 'i3ht (e to as1G 7ho has the main res&onsibility for making ends meet in your household'familyG Partner + male Partner + female 62ual res&onsibility %ther The pre erred alternative would (e to use the Fuestion ro' the SC>L! studyG Peo&le organise their household finances in different ways- 7hich of the methods on this card comes closest to the way in which you organise yoursG 0t doesnLt have to fit e3actly + you should choose the nearest one0 look after all the householdLs money e3ce&t my &artnerLs &ersonal s&ending moneyy &artner looks after all the householdLs money e3ce&t my &ersonal s&ending money0 am given a housekee&ing allowancey &artner looks after the rest of the moneyy &artner is given a housekee&ing allowance- 0 look after the rest of the money7e share and manage our household finances Kointly7e kee& our finances com&letely se&arate%ther Hwrite inI The ollowin3 suite o Fuestions are su33ested to e:plore di erences in livin3 standards (etween 'en and wo'enG 7hich of the things on this list do you &ersonally go without when money is tightG HR6AD %M.- C%D6 ALL .;A. APPLJI Clothes

*+

Shoes Cigarettes Alcohol 9ood %ccasional nights out with friends S&ending on a hobby or s&ort *isits to the &ub A holiday @ever go without oney never tight 7hich of the things on this list would you &ersonally find really difficult to give u& even if money was tightG H R6AD %M.- C%D6 ALL .;A. APPLJI Clothes Shoes Cigarettes Alcohol 9ood %ccasional nights out with friends S&ending on a hobby or s&ort *isits to the &ub A holiday @ever go without oney never tight And could you tell me ;%7 %9.6@ you personally have gone without each of these things in the last year because of shortage of moneyG R6AD %M.All year Clothes Shoes %ccasional nights out with friends Cigarettes Alcohol 9ood A hobby or s&ort *isits to the &ub A holiday A$% &F 'A T() *&!)$ &( +,-$)+,*. And what about your &artner, how often has he'she gone without each of these things in the last year because of shortage of moneyG R6AD %M./ All year Clothes Shoes %ccasional nights out with friends Alcohol Cigarettes
*-

%ften

Sometimes

@ever

%ften

Sometimes

@ever

9ood A hobby or s&ort *isits to the &ub A holiday And what about your childHrenI, how often has he'she'they gone without each of these things in the last year because of shortage of moneyG R6AD %M.All year Clothes Shoes 9ood A hobby or s&ort School tri&s or holidays A holiday not with school ;ow often do you go out in the evenings without your &artner on averageG 6very evening At least two or three times a week %nce a week %nce a fortnight %nce a month %nce every two or three months %nce every si3 months %nce a year Less than that @ever 09 6*6R G%6S %M. AL%@6 And when you go out without your &artner what do you doG HC0RCL6 ALL .;A. APPLJI *isit friends'relatives Go to the &ub alone Go to the &ub with friends'relatives .ake the children out somewhere Go to a social club'community centre Go to the cinema'theatre Go to a restaurant'cafe Go to a night+club Go to childLs school Go to church'tem&le'mos2ue'synagogue'other religious Go to night school'hobby Go to watch s&ort Go to &lay s&ort A6so(ute !n' Ove"!(( Pove"t# %ften Sometimes @ever

*.

7ne o the ai's o the develop'ent phase or the survey was to e:plore urther the operationalisation o the "nited &ations de inition o a(solute and overall poverty8 The Fuestions developed (y Jonathan Bradshaw, Peter Townsend and David Gordon were co'pleted in all e:cept one o the %- 3roup discussions 4%C- people58 Participants were as1ed to co'plete the instru'ent Fuite early in the discussion, usually ollowin3 an introductory discussion o poverty in Britain8 !n the irst phase o the 3roups the instru'ent used was as ollowsG .he Mnited @ations and the Government of ""< countries wish to &re&are national &lans to get rid of &overty- .hey have agreed that &overty can be defined in two ways4 absolute &overty and overall &overty- .he definition of absolute and overall &overty are given on the ne3t &age + &lease read them to yourself then answer the 2uestions belowB0 V !> +ow many pounds a week# after ta1# do you think are necessary to keep a household such as the one you live in# out of AB$,*-T) poverty2 &er week ;ow far above or below that level would you say your household isG Please tick one bo3 only A lot above that level of income A little above About the same A little below A lot below that level of income DonLt know !A V !B ;ow many &ounds a week, after ta3, do you think are necessary to kee& a household such as the one you live in, out of %*6RALL &overtyG per wee1 ;ow far above or below that level would you say your household isG Please tick one bo3 only A lot above that level of income A little above About the same A little below A lot below that level of income DonLt know AB$,*-T) ',!) T3 Absolute &overty means being so &oor that you are de&rived of basic human needs- 0n order to avoid A!S%LM.6 &overty, you need enough money to cover all these things4 ">Aade2uate diet housing costs'rent1 water bills1
**

B?=<-

ade2uate sanitation facilities Hsewage dis&osal, flushing toilet, etc-I1 access to clean water1 access to basic health care1 access to education'schooling-

,!) A** ',!) T3 0n order to avoid %*6RALL &overty, you need to have enough money not only to cover all things mentioned in the A!S%LM.6 &overty list above, but enough money to ensure that you are able to4 ">ABlive in a safe environment'area1 have a social life in your local area1 feel &art of the local community carry out your duties'activities in the family and neighbourhood, and at work1 meet essential costs of trans&ort-

T$e De&initions !n 3eneral, participants elt that the de initions were 3ood8 Most interpreted the de initions HcorrectlyH, that is, the overall poverty line was seen as representin3 a hi3her standard o livin3 than the a(solute poverty line8 <owever, there was disa3ree'ent a(out which o the de initions had relevance or Britain8 So'e 3roups identi ied the a(solute poverty de inition with Hthird worldH poverty which did not happen here, whereas overall poverty was reco3nised as occurrin3 in Britain8 !t was said that a(solute poverty is Hnot allowedH to occur in Britain (ecause o State intervention8 This was particularly so in two o the 3roups, each o which included one person who had lived and wor1ed in @ rica8 Participants in the $inchester 3roups were also less li1ely to accept that a(solute poverty e:ists in Britain, particularly in their area8 7ther 3roups elt that the de inition was very relevant to Britain8 6or so'e 3roups the a(solute de inition represented those who are at the H(otto' o the pileH and who have little hope o H(etterin3 the'selvesH8 7verall poverty is a sta3e at which people have a chance o 'ovin3 out o poverty alto3ether8 7ne 3roup, the Leicester lone parents, saw a(solute poverty as how they were livin3 at the 'o'ent and overall as how they would li1e to (e a(le to live8 Participants identi ied so'e ele'ents as 'issin3 ro' the a(solute de inition8 @ll 3roups said that clothin3 and heatin3 had to (e added to the list in order or people in Britain to avoid a(solute poverty8 The 'a9ority o 3roups elt that 'eetin3 the essential costs o transport should (e 'oved ro' the overall to the a(solute de inition8 @(solute poverty could not (e avoided i people were una(le to 3et to shops to (uy ood, to doctors and hospitals or healthcare and to schools and colle3es or education8 7verall poverty was descri(ed variously as Hallowin3 people a li e rather than 9ust an e:istenceHE H3ivin3 'ore than 9ust survivalHE and Hsocial povertyH8 The a(ility to 1eep in contact with riends and relatives was elt to (e the crucial ele'ent o this de inition8 4This e'phasis on the i'portance o riends and relatives e'er3ed throu3hout the discussions85 People were less sure a(out Hhavin3 a social li e in your local areaH, particularly i this 'eant H(ein3 a(le to 3o down the pu( every ni3htH8 Despite not considerin3 the'selves as livin3 in overall poverty, 'any o the Leicester participants in particular elt that they did not have a social li e in their local area, which
*/

they interpreted as re errin3 to the speci ic nei3h(ourhood in which they lived rather than the City as a whole8 6or so'e, this was (ecause they had little contact with nei3h(ours or (ecause there was said to (e no social li e in their area8 7thers re erred to the need or a social li e as a 'atter o personal choice which not everyone wanted8 The part o the de inition re errin3 to H eelin3 part o the local co''unityH see'ed to have no resonance whatsoever8 People did not understand what it 'eant and it or'ed no part o their thin1in3 in settin3 the poverty lines8 Participants di ered in their interpretation o Hlivin3 in an area where you eel sa eH8 So'e thou3ht that this 'eant livin3 in an area which was ree ro' cri'e or where people could 3o out without earin3 cri'e8 This was particularly stron3 or people who had the'selves e:perienced cri'e 4(ur3lary, 'u33in3, vandalis'5 or who eared that they would (e the victi's o cri'e8 <owever, so'e participants de ined Hsa etyH as reedo' ro' war or natural disasters such as earthFua1es8 6or others, sa ety 'eant livin3 in houses which were structurally sound and had Hsa eH 3as and electricity supplies8 Ans.e"in+ t$e 4uestions !t too1 'ost respondents a lon3 ti'e to co'plete these Fuestions, an avera3e o appro:i'ately ive 'inutes8 Their di iculties arose or three 'ain reasons8 6irst, and crucial was the di iculty o dealin3 with housin3 costs8 So'e respondents si'ply included their current housin3 costs8 7thers were unsure a(out this, sayin3 that they would not (e a(le to a ord their current housin3 i they were si'ply avoidin3 a(solute poverty8 Participants who elt that they did not live in an area where they elt sa e were unsure whether to include the costs o (ein3 a(le to 'ove to a sa e area in their overall poverty line8 Those who owned their ho'es outri3ht, 'ainly retired participants, discussed whether they should include ele'ents or notional HrentH and 'aintenance8 Second, the approach to answerin3 the Fuestions di ered8 So'e si'ply wor1ed out appro:i'ately what their current out3oin3s were and either eFuated this with avoidin3 a(solute poverty or reduced the a'ount (y a su' which they elt represented Hlu:uryH spendin3 in their (ud3ets8 De(ates developed a(out whether the costs o insurance, runnin3 a car and (uyin3 ood at the 'ore e:pensive super'ar1ets should (e included8 7thers ad'itted to si'ply pluc1in3 a i3ure out o the air8 @ ew who were on !nco'e Support or who had a 3ood idea o current (ene it levels or a'ilies li1e theirs used these a'ounts8 They ocused on the di iculty o allowin3 su icient or the Hune:pectedH such as the washin3 'achine (rea1in3 down8 !n settin3 the overall poverty line, 'ost si'ply added a su' to the a(solute poverty line with very little thou3ht a(out the a'ount or how it was 'ade up8 6inally, those who tried to wor1 out their current out3oin3s (e ore answerin3 the Fuestion ound it di icult to co'e up with wee1ly or 'onthly i3ures or in reFuent e:penditure such as on clothin3 or water rates8 An!(#sis o& Res%onses The nu'(er o respondents who either did not or could not co'plete the our Fuestions is shown (elow8 &on0response, whilst low, apparently increased as they wor1ed throu3h the Fuestions8 T!6(e 8?)5 NonE"es%onse &
*,

B% 4@(solute Poverty Line5 B+ 47wn !nco'e in relation to B%5 B- 47verall Poverty Line5 B. 47wn !nco'e in relation to B-5

. , %% %*

@ co'parison o responses to the a(solute and overall poverty line Fuestions shows that 'ost responses were in the anticipated direction, that is with the overall poverty line set hi3her than the a(solute8 <owever, a s'all (ut si3ni icant 'inority o respondents either set the a(solute and overall lines at an eFual i3ure or set the a(solute poverty line at a level a(ove the overall8 T!6(e 8?,5 Co %!"ison o& !6so(ute !n' ove"!(( %ove"t# (ines @(solute less than overall @(solute eFual to overall @(solute 3reater than overall Reco en'!tion &o" 4uestionn!i"eCPi(otin+ N #C ) * I #* %C *

!n a'endin3 the Fuestions, ! have tried to reach a co'pro'ise (etween needin3 to 1eep a standard de inition which could (e used in other countries and producin3 Fuestions which respondents are a(le to answer 'ore easily and, hope ully, 'ore 'eanin3 ully8 @deFuate sanitation acilities and access to clean water have (een e:cluded ro' the a(solute de inition since we can assu'e that everyone in Britain has these and would not (e a(le to put a cost on the'8 Clothin3, heatin3 and transport have (een added8 H6eel part o the local co''unityH has (een e:cluded ro' the overall de inition8 evised 4uestion LPoverty is sometimes divided into two ty&es4 absolute and overall &overty0n order to kee& you and your family out of absolute &overty you need to have ade2uate housing, food, water, clothing, heating, lighting, cooking facilities, basic health care, access to education'schooling and to trans&ort" > 0gnoring housing costs, how many &ounds a week do you thing are necessary to kee& a household such as the one you live in out of A!S%LM.6 &overtyG ;ow far above or below that level would you say your household isG A lot above that level of income A little above About the same A little below A lot below that level of income 0n order to kee& your family out of overall &overty you need to have all of the things which kee& you out of absolute &overty A@D live in an area where you feel safe from crime1 have a social life if you want one1 be able to visit friends and relatives if you wish to*#

A B

0gnoring housing costs, how many &ounds a week do you thing are necessary to kee& a household such as the one you live in out of absolute A@D overall &overtyG ;ow far above or below that level would you say your household isG A lot above that level of income A little above About the same A little below A lot below that level of income

Soci!( Net.o"8s !n' Soci!( Su%%o"t The ollowin3 is (ased on 4and e:tended ro'5 a Fuestionnaire which we have used on a nu'(er o occasions in recruitin3 participants or 3roup discussions8 !t also draws on indin3s ro' the 3roups a(out the i'portance and types o social contact which people have8 Do you have a relative livingG 0n the same street 7ithin walking distance A short bus'car Kourney away 9urther than this @o HknownI relatives 4! has relatives5 ;ow often would you say you meet u& with a relative Hother than those living with youIG %nce a day .wo or three times a week %nce a week .wo or three times a month %nce a month Less often @ever 4Those who 'eet up with relatives so'eti'es5 7hat do you usually do when you meet u& with relativesG *isit them in their homes .hey visit your home Go sho&&ing Go to the &ub Go out for a meal Go to a club'other social venue Go to church'tem&le'synagogue'mos2ue'other &lace of worshi& %ther HS&ecifyI

*)

7ould you like to meet u& with relatives more often or notG Jes @o A@S76R @6P. NM6S.0%@

7hat is the main reason which &revents you from meeting u& with relatives more oftenG Lack of time Lack of trans&ort Lack of money %ther HS&ecifyI And how often, if ever, do you s&eak to relatives on the &honeG At least once a day .wo or three times a week %nce a week .wo or three times a month %nce a month Less often @ever And do you have friends livingG 0n the same street 7ithin walking distance A short bus'car Kourney away 9urther than this @o friends 4! has riends5 ;ow often would you say you meet u& with a friend or friendsG %nce a day .wo or three times a week %nce a week .wo or three times a month %nce a month Less often @ever 4Those who 'eet up with riends so'eti'es5 7hat do you usually do when you meet u& with friendsG *isit them in their homes .hey visit your home Go sho&&ing Go to the &ub Go out for a meal
/C

Go to a club'other social venue Go to church'tem&le'synagogue'mos2ue'other &lace of worshi& %ther HS&ecifyI 7ould you like to meet u& with friends more often or notG Jes @o @&S$>R &>PT ?">ST!7&

7hat is the main reason which &revents you from meeting u& with friends more oftenG Lack of time Lack of trans&ort Lack of money %ther HS&ecifyI And how often, if ever, do you s&eak to friends on the &honeG At least once a day .wo or three times a week %nce a week .wo or three times a month %nce a month Less often @ever ;as there been one or more days during the &ast week when you have not had a conversation with another adultG Jes @o Soci!( Su%%o"t @ new section on social support in the Fuestionnaire would 3ive us the opportunity to e:plore in detail the help which households 3et ro' and 3ive to other a'ily 'e'(ers and riends8 The i'portance o such support and, crucially, o reciprocity was e'phasised (y the 3roups8 0n the last twelve months which of the following have you done for family members Hnot living with youI or friendsG %ther family members 9riends Given them money Lent them money Given them food Lent them food Given them other things Hs&ecifyI Lent them other things Hs&ecifyI .aken them out for an evening !aby+sat in the evenings for them Looked after their children in the daytime
/%

And in the last twelve months which of the following have members of your family Hnot living with youI or friends done for youG %ther family members 9riends Given you money Lent you money Given you food Lent you food Given you other things Hs&ecifyI Lent you other things Hs&ecifyI .aken you out for an evening !aby+sat in the evenings for you Looked after your children in the daytime Attitu'es To.!"'s Pove"t# The concept o Hdeservin3H versus Hundeservin3H was very stron3 in the 3roupsH discussions o poverty and social e:clusion8 !t would (e valua(le to include so'e Fuestions on which 3roups o people are 'ost li1ely to (e poor and which are H'ostDleast deservin3H8 The ollowin3 is a co'(ination o 'y own Fuestions, (ased on indin3s ro' the 3roup discussions and adaptations o Fuestions ro' $i' Lan 7orschotHs survey o Dutch Pu(lic 7pinion on Social Security8 0Lm going to read you a list of &eo&le in different circumstances- 9or each could you tell me how likely you think it is that &eo&le in those circumstances will be &oor in !ritain todayG Please take your answer from this card- HALL%7 D%@L. :@%7I S;%7CARD *ery likely Likely @either likely or unlikely Mnlikely *ery unlikely ;ow likely is it thatQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQwill be &oorG 9amilies on low wages with children 9amilies on low wages without children Pensioners Joung single men Joung single women Disabled &eo&le Divorced mothers living alone 0mmigrants Children Joung single mothers living alone Mnem&loyed men Mnem&loyed women Refugees or asylum seekers 7idows And thinking about the same grou&s of &eo&le, for each should the government increase
/+

benefits, decrease benefits or kee& benefits at the level they are nowG HALL%7 D%@L. :@%7IC$i('"en !n' Sc$oo( 6indin3s ro' the Small 9ortunes survey show the e:tent to which parents e:perience repeated reFuests or 'oney ro' schools8 @n avera3e o al'ost V/ per wee1 was (ein3 spent (y parents o secondary a3ed children8 The evidence also su33ests that all parents, whatever their econo'ic circu'stances, see1 to 'eet these reFuests in order to ensure their child4ren5s ull participation in school li e8 @s part o the proposed new section on childrenHs education, ! su33est that a Fuestion is as1ed a(out the e:tent to which parents 'eet reFuests or 'oney ro' schools8 A&&ro3imately how often do you receive re2uests for money from the schoolHsI which your childHrenI attendG HPR% P. if necessary, 0 mean for things such as books, school tri&s, charity donations and so on-I Almost every day 6very two or three days At least once a week 6very two weeks At least once a term Less often than that @ever 09 6*6R R6C60*6 R6NM6S.S And how often, if ever, do you turn down these re2uests because you canLt afford to &ayG Always %ften Sometimes @ever Conc(usion The 3roup discussions have provided so'e use ul insi3hts into how people understand poverty in Britain today and have (een invalua(le in assistin3 the redesi3n o the Fuestionnaire8 !n depth analysis o the transcripts is on3oin3 and will (e reported at a later sta3e8

/-

Re&e"ences
Cantillon, S8 and &olan, B8 4%))#5 @re Married $o'en More Deprived than their <us(andsT 8ournal of Social Policy +,, +, %*%0%,%8 Do(son, B8, Beardsworth, @8, Beil, T8 and $al1er, R8 4%)).5 Diet, Choice and Poverty8 London, 6a'ily Policy Studies Centre8 Goode, J8, Callender, C8 and Lister, R8 4%))#5 Purse or 7allet4 Gender ine2ualities and income distribution within families on benefit, London, Policy Studies !nstitute8 Be'pson, >8 4%))/5 Life on a Low 0ncome8 2or1, 2PSDJoseph Rowntree 6oundation8 Middleton, S8 4%)),5 ;ousehold !udgetary re2uirements in 8ersey, CRSP $or1in3 Paper &o +)/a, Lou3h(orou3h "niversity8 Middleton, S8, @shworth, B8 @nd Braithwaite, !8 4%)),5 Small 9ortunes4 S&ending on children, childhood &overty and &arental sacrifice, 2or1, Joseph Rowntree 6oundation8

/.

/*

C$!%te" 9 Re%o"t on t$e *ORI O ni6us Su"ve# Test o& Ne. 4uestions
David Gordon and Christina Pantazis Int"o'uction !n order to pilot and test so'e o the new concepts and ideas in the proposed Survey o Poverty and Social >:clusion, three Fuestion 'odules were placed in the M7R! 7'ni(us survey8 This is a preli'inary report on the results and a 'ore detailed analysis will (e pu(lished elsewhere (y the research tea'8 <owever, the results that can (e achieved ro' an 7'ni(us survey are 'ore li'ited than those that would (e availa(le ro' the ull Survey o Poverty and Social >:clusion8 The three Fuestion 'odules in the 7'ni(us survey were desi3ned to testG &ew perception o necessities Fuestions 4?%58 Ti'e use 4?+58 !ntra household poverty 4?-58

The new perception o necessities Fuestions tested in 'odule ?% serve to pilot the (est Fuestions on perceptions o necessities that have (een developed in other >uropean surveys (ut have never (een as1ed in Britain (e ore8 @dditionally, a nu'(er o the Fuestions were desi3ned to try to detect di erences in perception that result ro' the di erent i'pact o poverty and social e:clusion on 'en and wo'en and the old and the youn38 The results ro' 'odule ?% 4see (elow5 showed that a lar3e 'a9ority o adults in Britain (elieve that it is necessary or people to have enou3h 'oney to participate in social nor's as well as to 'eet their physical needs8 @ 'a9ority o all social 3roups hold these (elie s8 There are however a nu'(er o interestin3 variations in the apparent stren3th o eelin3 (y socio0 de'o3raphic 3roup8 Ti'e use studies are relatively underdeveloped in Britain co'pared with @ustralia, Canada and 'any >uropean countries8 The 'odule ?+ Fuestions represent the irst atte'pt in Britain to test a si'pli ied set o ti'e use Fuestions that can (e used in a 3eneral social survey8 They are (ased on the stylised ti'e0activity 'atri: techniFue used in the Danish Ti'e and Consu'ption Pro9ect Survey in %)## 4B;r'endi, %))CE !&STR@$, %))*5 The results ro' 'odule ?+ 4see (elow5 showed that (oth 'en and wo'en in Britain spend on avera3e a(out ) hours each day wor1in3, either paid or unpaid8 $o'en and 'en spend on avera3e a(out %* hours each day on sleepin3, leisure and other activities8 <owever, the pattern o paid wor1, unpaid wor1, sleep and leisure activities di ers or 'en and wo'en8 $o'en spend 'ore ti'e doin3 unpaid wor1, sleepin3 and on personal care than 'en and 'en spend 'ore ti'e on paid wor1 and leisure activities outside the ho'e than do wo'en8 The inal Fuestion 'odule 4?-5 as1ed a(out the thin3s that respondents had 3one without in the previous year (ecause o shorta3e o 'oney8 This Fuestion was (ased on the results o the ocus 3roup discussions 4see Chapter #5 and was pri'arily intended to tap into the di erential e:periences o poverty8
//

The results ro' 'odule ?- 4see (elow5 showed that a lar3e proportion o British adults had 3one without (asic necessities at so'e point durin3 the past year due to a lac1 o 'oney8 >i3ht percent had 3one without ood and hi3her proportions had Jo tenK or Jso'eti'esK 3one without clothes 4..Q5, shoes 4--Q5 and heatin3 4%-Q58 Si'ilarly, +#Q had had to cut (ac1 on their use o the telephone and -%Q o the population had not (een a(le to ully participate in a'ily and other cele(rations (ecause o inancial di iculties8 T$e *ORI O ni6us Su"ve# @ nationally representative Fuota sa'ple o %,C%# adults were interviewed (y Co'puter @ided Personal !nterviewin3 4C@P!5, ace to ace in their ho'es (etween -rd and /th July %))#8 Respondents were selected in #* Parlia'entary Constituencies across Britain (y 'eans o a %C cell Fuota sa'plin3 procedure8 The Fuota used wereG Se: <ousehold Tenure @3e $or1in3 status 4MaleD6e'ale5 47wner occupied, L@D<@T, 7ther5 4%*0+., +*0.., .*U5 46ull0ti'e, part ti'eDnot wor1in35

The resultin3 sa'ple should (e representative o all adults in Britain a3ed %*U8 @ll results reported (elow a ter wei3htin3 to correct sa'plin3 (iasesi8 The details o the three Fuestion 'odules were as ollowsG 415 %n this card are a number of different items and activities which relate to our standard of living- Please would you indicate whether the item'activity is either @5 a necessity which you thin1 @LL @D"LTS should (e a(le to a ord and which they should not have to do without or B5 an ite' which 'ay (e desira(le (ut is not a necessity S0O=CARD %8 Replace or repair (ro1en electrical 3oods such as re ri3erator or washin3 'achine +8 @ppropriate clothes to wear or 9o( interviews -8 @ll 'edicines prescri(ed (y your doctor .8 @ s'all a'ount o 'oney to spend each wee1 on yoursel , not on your a'ily *8 <avin3 a daily newspaper /8 @ccess to the internet
i

So'e o the sa'plin3 (ias resulted ro' interviewers havin3 to 3o Jo 0FuotaK (ecause o the J$orld Cup e ectK e838 wo'en were 'uch 'ore willin3 to (e interviewed then 'en in July %))#8 /,

,8 Lisits to riends or a'ily #8 Goin3 to the pu( once a ortni3ht )8 @ttendin3 unerals, weddin3s, and other occasions %C8 @ttendin3 churchD'osFueDsyna3o3ue or other places o worship

4)5 0(d now like to ask you to s&lit the day(s >B hours into certain broad task categoriesPlease indicate how many hours you think you ty&ically s&end on the following activities4 On no" !( .ee8 '!#s %8 Paid e'ploy'ent, includin3 any overti'e and secondary 9o(s, transport to and ro' wor1 +8 Loo1in3 a ter the ho'e, or e:a'ple, shoppin3, coo1in3, cleanin3 and laundry -8 Gardenin3, D!2, 'aintenance and repair o the ho'e .8 Child care, playin3, and helpin3 with school wor1 *8 Care o the elderlyDdisa(led andDor voluntary wor1 /8 >ducation, studyin3, and trainin3 4includin3 transport to and ro' place o study5 ,8 LeisureDsocial li e in the ho'e 4e838 watchin3 TL, readin3, rela:in3, thin1in35 #8 LeisureDsocial li e outside the ho'e 4e838 visitin3 riends, 3oin3 to the pu(, sport5 )8 Sleepin3, eatin3, and personal care 4e838 washin35 %C8 7ther Total %%8 Too ti'e consu'in3 %+8 "na(le to co'plete Fuestion +. hours .# hours At .ee8en's FS!tu"'!#s !n' Sun'!#s to+et$e"G

!&STR"CT!7& T7 !&T>RL!>$>RSG total M"ST add up to +. hoursD .# hours, i it does not, then pro'pt8 4,5 0(m going to read you a list of things which adults have told us that they sometimes go without when money is tight- 0(d like you to tell me how often you personally have gone without in the last year because of shortage of moneyA(( #e!" Clothes Shoes 6ood8 <eatin3
/#

O&ten

So eti es

Neve"

Not !%%(ic!6(e

Telephonin3 riendsD a'ily Goin3 to cele(rations or a'ily and riends, e838 (irthdays @ ho((y or sport Goin3 out e83 cine'a, with riends Lisits to the pu( @ holiday Ci3arettes

Resu(ts &"o

41 *o'u(e

The Jperception o necessitiesK Fuestions in 'odule ?% have never (een as1ed in Britain (e ore8 They have (een derived ro' discussions a'on3st the research tea', the ocus 3roup discussions or ro' other Jpoverty and social e:clusionK surveys in >urope8 6or e:a'ple, a Jdaily newspaperK has (een used in poverty surveys in !reland and Bel3iu' 4Callan, &olan and $helan, %))-E &olan and $helan, %))/E Lan den Bosch, %))#5 and Jprescri(ed 'edicinesK in Lietna' 4Davies and S'ith, %))#5 and 6inland 4Ban3as and Rita1allio, %))#58 Previous poverty surveys that have used this JconsensualK 'ethod to 'easure standard o livin3 have used Fuestions that were speci ically desi3ned to try to elicit a (road consensus a'on3st respondents ro' di erent socio0de'o3raphic (ac13rounds8 These atte'pts have (een lar3ely success ul and surveys in Britain 4Mac1 and Lansley, %)#*E Gordon and Pantazis, %)),5, Sweden 4<aller;d, %))*, %))#5 and Bel3iu' 4Lan den Bosch, %))#5 have 'easured a widespread consensus across society that people should (e a(le to a ord the (asic necessities o li e8 6or e:a'ple, the overwhel'in3 'a9ority o all 3roups o respondents a3reed that people in their own societies should (e a(le to adeFuately heat their ho'es, clothe and eed the'selves and their children, not (eco'e socially isolated, etc8 This consensus has also (een de'onstrated to (e sta(le over ti'e in Bel3iu' 4Lan den Bosch, %))#5 4e838 respondents who consider an ite' to (e a necessity o li e are hi3hly li1ely to still hold that opinion i as1ed the sa'e Fuestion several years later58 The new Fuestions tested in 'odule % 4?%5 serve a dual purpose8 6irstly, they pilot the (est Fuestions on perceptions o necessities that have (een developed in other >uropean surveys (ut have never (een as1ed in Britain (e ore8 Secondly, so'e o the Fuestions have (een deli(erately desi3ned to try to detect di erences in perception that result ro' the di erent i'pact o poverty and social e:clusion on 'en and wo'en and the old and the youn38 There is now considera(le Fualitative evidence that in British society 'en and wo'en o ten e:perience poverty and e:clusion in di erent ways 4see Chapter -58 <owever, Fuantitative poverty surveys have 3enerally ailed to detect and 'easure these di erences8 7ne o the ai's o the new survey o poverty and social e:clusion is to (e3in to Fuanti y the e:tent and nature o intra0household poverty and e:clusion 4e838 poverty and social e:clusion within the household as well as (etween households58 Si'ilarly, 3iven the increased re3ionalisation in >urope and the 3reater autono'y o Scotland and $ales cultural di erences in the perceptions o necessities (etween the populations o >n3land, Scotland and $ales are o 3rowin3 policy i'portance8 Ta(le )8%8% shows the percent o respondents (y se: and a3e 3roup, who considered these deprivation actors to (e necessities o li e which all adults in Britain should (e a(le to a ord8 Ta(le )8%8+ shows the results (ro1en down (y social class, country and household inco'e8

/)

T!6(e 9?1?15 Pe"cent o& %o%u(!tion in 9"it!in in 1998 consi'e"in+ ite 6"o8en 'o.n 6# sex !n' !+e
4uestion @ll 'edicines prescri(ed (y your doctor Replace or repair (ro1en electrical 3oods Lisits to riends or a'ily Clothes to wear or 9o( interviews @ttendin3 unerals, weddin3s, etc8 S'all a'ount o 'oney to spend each wee1 on yoursel @ttendin3 churchD'osFueDsyna3o3ue @ daily newspaper Pu( once a ortni3ht @ccess to the internet Tot!( Po%u(!tion #) ,* /# /*, .# -% %) %* Sex Fe !(e *!(e #) #+ ,C /C */ ./ -* %) %## /, // /* *) .) +/ +C %/ 11E )9 )C ,+ ,% /, /, .. -% %+ +C *

to 6e ! necessit#:

A+e ,7 J Pension #) ,. // /*+ ., +, %/ %+

Pension A+e #/ #% /# *# ** *+ -# -. %+ -

,C

T!6(e 9?1?)5 Pe"cent o& %o%u(!tion in 9"it!in in 1998 consi'e"in+ ite to 6e ! necessit#: 6"o8en 'o.n 6# soci!( c(!ss: count"# !n' $ouse$o(' inco e
4uestion @ll 'edicines prescri(ed (y your doctor Replace or repair (ro1en electrical 3oods Lisits to riends or a'ily Clothes to wear or 9o( interviews @ttendin3 unerals, weddin3s, etc8 S'all a'ount o 'oney to spend each wee1 on yoursel @ttendin3 churchD'osFueDsyna3o3ue @ daily newspaper Pu( once a ortni3ht @ccess to the internet A9 )% ,. ,% /** *% -/ %/ %* + Soci!( C(!ss C1 C) )C ,C /) /+ *) .* -++ %. . #, ,/ /* /+ *, .+ +. %# %% % DE #, #C /, /. */ *+ -C +% %, . En+(!n' ## ,/# /% *, ./ -% %) %. Count"# Scot(!n' )/ )C /# ,/+ *-+/ %* =!(es )C )C /) ,, *+ *# -%, -% + 0ouse$o(' Inco e K13177 13177 ,7777L E ,7777 #, )% ## #% /) /*# .) -C %) %. ,/, *) *+ ., +* %% %C ,//# *+ .. -+ %+ %. %

The irst colu'n in Ta(le )8%8% shows that #)Q o the British population considers that every(ody should (e a(le to a ord all the 'edicines prescri(ed (y their doctor8 Ta(les )8%8% and )8%8+ show there is a widespread consensus on the necessity o this across the divisions o British society 0 across social class, a3e, 3ender, inco'e and other 3roupin3s8 Consensual poverty surveys in 6inland 4Ban3as and Rita1allio, %))#5 and Lietna' 4Davies and S'ith, %))#5 have ound that over )CQ o respondents consider havin3 reFuired 'edicines to (e a necessity8 Gordon and Pantazis 4%)),5 have ar3ued that the relative theory o poverty predicts that i a society 3ets richer, the nu'(er o people who perceive co''on possessions and activities as necessary will increase8 Goods and services that are lu:uries at irst (eco'e 3enerally availa(le as a result o 'ass production8 So it is surprisin3 to ind that a 3reater percenta3e o the Lietna'ese population consider Jall 'edicines prescri(ed (y their doctorK to (e a necessity than do British people8 Since Lietna' is a ar JpoorerK country than Britain8 The e:planation or this apparent parado: lies in the 3reater conseFuences o not havin3 access to necessary 'edicines in Lietna' co'pared with Britain8 Lac1 o access to 'edicines is a 'a9or cause o su erin3 and pre'ature 'or(idity and 'ortality in Lietna' at present8 The %))# $orld <ealth Report 4$<7, %))#5 esti'ates that only a(out *CQ o the Lietna'ese population has Jre3ular access to essential dru3sK co'pared with al'ost %CCQ o the British population8 The conseFuences o not (ein3 a(le to 3et hold o 'edicines are 'ore o(vious to the avera3e Lietna'ese person than to the avera3e Briton8 !n addition to all 'edicines prescri(ed (y your doctor, Ta(le )8%8% shows that our other ite's were considered to (e necessities (y 'ore than *CQ o the British population e838 replace or repair (ro1en electrical 3oodsE appropriate clothes to wear or 9o( interviewsE visits to riends or a'ily and attendin3 unerals, weddin3s, etc8 These results once a3ain de'onstrate that a lar3e 'a9ority o the country a3rees that it is necessary or people to have enou3h 'oney to participate in social nor's as well as to 'eet their physical needs8 This consensus is attested to (y the act that Ta(les )8%8% and )8%8+ show
,%

that a 'a9ority o all social 3roups consider these ite's to (e necessities8 There are however a nu'(er o interestin3 variations in the apparent stren3th o eelin3 (y socio0de'o3raphic 3roup8 $o'en are 'ore li1ely than 'en to consider that replacin3 or repairin3 (ro1en electrical 3oods is a necessity8 Conversely, 'en are 'ore li1ely than wo'en to consider that havin3 appropriate clothes to wear or 9o( interviews is a necessity8 @ si'ilar pattern is evident (y a3e 3roup with pensioners attachin3 3reater i'portance to repairin3 or replacin3 (ro1en electrical 3oods than do youn3 adults under -C8 Si'ilarly, adults under -C are 'ore li1ely to consider that havin3 appropriate clothes or 9o( interviews is a necessity than do pensioners8 Si3ni icant di erences are also evident (y country 4Ta(le )8%8+58 People in Scotland are 'ore li1ely to consider all ite's to (e necessities than do their >n3lish counterparts, indicatin3 possi(le cultural as well as de'o3raphic di erences in the perception o necessities o li e8 This issue will (e e:plored in 3reater detail (y the research tea' elsewhere since, i Scottish people are less tolerant o poverty and social e:clusion than people are in >n3land, this 'ay have si3ni icant policy i'plications or e:penditure (y the Scottish Parlia'ent8 Ta(les )8%8% and )8%8+ show that ive ite's were not considered to (e necessities (y a 'a9ority o people e838 a s'all a'ount o 'oney to spend each wee1 on yoursel , not on your a'ilyE havin3 a daily newspaperE access to the internetE 3oin3 to the pu( once a ortni3ht and attendin3 churchD'osFueDsyna3o3ue or other places o worship8 The consensual 'ethod 4!readline !ritain5 o 'easurin3 poverty reFuires that Fuestions on necessities (e as1ed that elicit the whole ran3e o opinion8 The ten new Fuestions tested in Fuestion 'odule % 4?%5 appear to have (een very success ul in achievin3 this desired ai', with opinions ran3in3 ro' #)Q o the population considerin3 all 'edicines prescri(ed (y the doctor to (e a necessity to only -Q o the population considerin3 access to the internet to (e necessary8 !t is interestin3 to note that so ew people consider access to the internet and havin3 a daily newspaper to (e necessary 3iven acade'ic and political concern over the advent o the Jin or'ation societyK and de(ates on the 3rowth o the Jin or'ation richK and the Jin or'ation poorK8 !n act, the only Jin or'ationK sources that a 'a9ority o the British population pro(a(ly consider to (e necessities at present are contact with riends and a'ily, television and telephones8 The i'portance that people place on pu(lic sources o in or'ation such as the newspapers, televisions and the internet 'i3ht (e inversely related to their de3ree o social contact and the size o their social networ1s8 @l'ost three ti'es as 'any pensioners 4-.Q5 as adults under -C 4%+Q5 consider that havin3 a daily newspaper is a necessity8 The proposed survey on Poverty and Social >:clusion should (e a(le to shed new li3ht on this Fuestion8 Resu(ts &"o t$e 4) FTi e UseG o'u(e

,+

Given the i'portance o how people spend their ti'e, there is an e:traordinary lac1 o in or'ation on the ti'e use o adults in Britain8 Ti'e use data are needed to produce accurate national accounts which include 'easures o the unpaid wor1 and the hidden econo'y 4&eu(ur3er, %))/5 and they are essential or policy 'a1in3 purposes with re3ard to care o children, the elderly and disa(led people and the voluntary sector8 "nless we 1now how 'uch wor1 is (ein3 done in these areas, it is di icult to arrive at sensi(le evidence (ased policies8 Ti'e use data are also necessary or addressin3 on3oin3 de(ates a(out ti'e poverty 4 or e:a'ple, see discussion in Gordon, %))*58 $e si'ply do not 1now at present whether JpoorK people also su er ro' Jti'eK poverty or whether ti'e wei3hs heavily on their hands co'pared to the rest o the population8 Do the JpoorK do 'ore wor1 or less than the 'a9orityT @re there lar3e variations in the a'ount o Jti'eK stress that di erent 3roups o JpoorK people su er ro'T e838 lone parents co'pared with the wor1in3 poor8 !n order to provide answers to these i'portant Fuestions, a si'ple survey device is needed to accurately 'easure the 'a9or co'ponents o ti'e use8 "n ortunately, Britain has never had an o icial ti'e use survey althou3h one is currently in preparation (y the 7 ice or &ational Statistics and SCPR8 @ll previous British ti'e use surveys have (een s'all scale and carried out (y or3anisations li1e the BBC and the >SRCi8 These have (een dedicated ti'e use surveys which have collected only very li'ited additional socio0econo'ic and de'o3raphic in or'ation8 They have adopted internationally approved detailed ti'e diary and ti'e (ud3et 'ethodolo3ies 4<arvey, %))-58 @lthou3h accurate at the population level, these are co'ple: and ti'e0consu'in3 survey instru'ents which o ten reFuire 'ultiple visits (y an interviewer and o ten only produce in or'ation at the individual level on one days ti'e use8 There ore, these 'ethods are not suita(le or a survey which wants to address issues o ti'e poverty as well as other or's o social e:clusion and poverty O or this a si'pler, less ti'e consu'in3 survey instru'ent is necessary8 The 'odule ?+ Fuestions are (ased on the stylised ti'e0activity 'atri: techniFue used in the Danish Ti'e and Consu'ption Pro9ect Survey in %)## 4B;r'endi, %))CE !&STR@$, %))*58 Co'parisons o the results o(tained ro' stylised ti'e use Fuestions co'pared with ull ti'e use diaries in Canada 4Paille, %)).5 and Den'ar1 4B;r'endi, %))C5 has indicated that the only 'a9or si3ni icant di erences in the results are that stylised ti'e 'atrices yield 3reater esti'ates or the a'ount o ti'e spent on child care 4in (oth Canada and Den'ar15 and D!2 4in Den'ar158 These di erences arise, in part, (ecause o the di erent ideolo3ies o the two 'ethods8 Ti'e diaries allow people to record secondary activities whereas stylised ti'e use 'atrices do not8 Many respondents will record childcare activities as a secondary activity in ti'e diaries (ut will count childcare as the 'ost i'portant activity when aced with a stylised ti'e use 'atri:8 $hether or not this is pro(le'atic depends on the i'portance researchers place on childcare activities 4and other unpaid wor1 activities58 The results ro' the ti'e use 'atri: Fuestion 4?+5 are shown in Ta(les )8+8% and )8+8+8 T!6(e 9?)?15 Ti e use 6# !'u(ts in 9"it!in in 1998 on no" !( .ee8'!#s !n' !t .ee8en's On no" !( .ee8'!#s At .ee8en's FS!tu"'!#s !n' Sun'!#s

So'e li'ited data on ti'e use are availa(le ro' the B<PS which contains Fuestions on ti'e spent on paid wor1 and ti'e spent on housewor1 in the avera3e wee18 ,-

%8 Paid e'ploy'ent, includin3 any overti'e and secondary 9o(s, transport to and ro' wor1 +8 Loo1in3 a ter the ho'e, or e:a'ple, shoppin3, coo1in3, cleanin3 and laundry -8 Gardenin3, D!2, 'aintenance and repair o the ho'e .8 Child care, playin3, and helpin3 with school wor1 *8 Care o the elderlyDdisa(led andDor voluntary wor1 /8 >ducation, studyin3, and trainin3 4includin3 transport to and ro' place o study5 ,8 LeisureDsocial li e in the ho'e 4e838 watchin3 TL, readin3, rela:in3, thin1in35 #8 LeisureDsocial li e outside the ho'e 4e838 visitin3 riends, 3oin3 to the pu(, sport5 )8 Sleepin3, eatin3, and personal care 4e838 washin35 %C8 7ther Total

H@EC=?I .h +,'in +h +%'in Ch *%'in %h .'in Ch %,'in Ch -#'in -h +#'in %h -/'in #h -+'in Ch ./'in +. hours 4%..C 'in5

to+et$e"G H@E<B?I +h **'in .h .%'in +h +*'in +h .+'in Ch -*'in Ch *C'in ,h */'in /h C'in %,h .)'in +h ,'in .# hours 4+##C 'in5

Ta(le )8+8% shows the avera3e ti'e spent en3a3ed in ten di erent activities on nor'al wee1days and on wee1ends8 "sin3 the >uropean Statistical 7 iceKs 4>urostat5 de inition o paid wor1, unpaid wor1 and leisure, all ti'e recorded as ite' % is paid wor1, all ti'e recorded under ite's + to / are unpaid wor1 and ti'e recorded under ite's , to ) are leisure 4&ie'i, n8d858 @ ter data cleanin3 to re'ove outliers, #/* respondents 3ave valid responses to the wee1day stylised ti'e use 'atri: Fuestion 4e838 a #.Q response rate5 and ,.* respondents were a(le to ill the wee1end 'atri: 4e838 a ,+Q response rate58 Ta(le )8+8% shows that, on nor'al wee1days, British adults spend on avera3e . hours +, 'inutes on paid wor1, * hours %% 'inutes doin3 unpaid wor1 and %. hours ++ 'inutes en3a3ed in leisure, sleepin3 and other activities8 7n wee1ends, British adults spend on avera3e + hours ** 'inutes on paid wor1, %% hours %- 'inutes on unpaid wor1 and -- hours *+ 'inutes on sleepin3, leisure and other activities8 T!6(e 9?)?)5 Ave"!+e '!i(# ti e use F.ee8'!#s !n' .ee8en's co 6ine'G 6# !'u(ts in 9"it!in in 1998 6# sex Fe !(e H@EA<>I +h -#'in -h /'in .)'in %h -,'in *!(e H@EA=CI .h ..'in %h -C'in %h *'in .%'in

%8 Paid e'ploy'ent, includin3 any overti'e and secondary 9o(s, transport to and ro' wor1 +8 Loo1in3 a ter the ho'e, or e:a'ple, shoppin3, coo1in3, cleanin3 and laundry -8 Gardenin3, D!2, 'aintenance and repair o the ho'e .8 Child care, playin3, and helpin3 with school wor1

,.

*8 Care o the elderlyDdisa(led andDor voluntary wor1 /8 >ducation, studyin3, and trainin3 4includin3 transport to and ro' place o study5 ,8 LeisureDsocial li e in the ho'e 4e838 watchin3 TL, readin3, rela:in3, thin1in35 #8 LeisureDsocial li e outside the ho'e 4e838 visitin3 riends, 3oin3 to the pu(, sport5 )8 Sleepin3, eatin3, and personal care 4e838 washin35 %C8 7ther Total

%/'in +#'in -h -+'in %h .#'in #h *-'in *-'in +. hours 4%..C 'in5

%/'in .C'in -h -#'in +h %+'in #h +#'in .*'in +. hours 4%..C 'in5

Ta(le )8+8+ shows the avera3e a'ount o ti'e 'en and wo'en spend on di erent activities in a day8 This is calculated (y 'ultiplyin3 the results or nor'al wee1days (y ive and addin3 the' to the wee1end results (e ore dividin3 (y seven8 This is there ore a rather arti icial construct since, as Ta(le )8+8% has shown, people spend their ti'e very di erently on wee1days co'pared to wee1ends 4particularly, i they are e'ployed58 &o(ody actually spends their day as shown in Ta(le )8+8+ (ut it is a use ul way o visualisin3 di erences in ti'e use (y 3ender8 Men on avera3e spend . hours .. 'inutes en3a3ed in paid e'ploy'ent each day co'pared with wo'en who on avera3e only spend + hours -# 'inutes doin3 paid wor18 By contrast, 'en spend . hours %+ 'inutes doin3 unpaid wor1 co'pared with / hours %/ 'inutes o unpaid wor1 done (y wo'en8 !t see's that (oth 'en and wo'en in Britain spend on avera3e a(out ) hours each day wor1in3, either paid or unpaid8 Both wo'en and 'en spend on avera3e a(out %* hours each day on sleepin3, leisure and other activities8 <owever, the pattern o sleep and leisure activities di ers or 'en and wo'en8 $o'en spend 'ore ti'e sleepin3 and on personal care than 'en and 'en spend 'ore ti'e on leisure activities outside the ho'e than do wo'en8 T!6(e 9?)?,5 Ti e use 6# !'u(ts !+e' )7E27 in t$e UH E co %!"ison o& t$e St#(ise' Ti e Activit# *!t"ix "esu(ts &"o t$e *ORI O ni6us Su"ve# .it$ t$ose &"o ot$e" UH Di!"# 9!se' Ti e Use Su"ve#s Activit# in inutes %e" '!# 99C 1921 #%. -%/ %. +%. #+ 99C 193/C31 ,)* -C* %+ +C. %+* ESRC 198,E 1983 #C* +/, +++% %+* ONS 1991 #C. +)% %# +%* %%*ORI O ni6us 1998 #C+ +)+ %. ++. %C,

Personal care and do'estic wor1 Paid wor1 Carin3 Leisure in the ho'e Leisure outside the ho'e

7ne o the 'a9or reasons or pilotin3 the stylised ti'e use 'atri: Fuestion 4?+5 was to test i it would yield relia(le results8 Many respondents had di iculty in answerin3 this Fuestion and a nu'(er o the M7R! interviewers co''ented that they were concerned a(out the accuracy o
,*

so'e respondents answers to this Fuestion8 Ta(le )8+8- co'pares the results ro' the %))# M7R! 7'ni(us pilot o the stylised ti'e use 'atri: Fuestion with those ro' other "B and British ti'e diary and ti'e (ud3et surveys over the past -, years8 !n order to try to achieve co'para(ility, the results have (een calculated in ive (road cate3oriesG personal care and do'estic wor1, paid wor1, carin3, leisure in the ho'e and leisure outside the ho'e8 The results shown in Ta(le )8+8- have (een recalculated ro' Gershuny and S'ith 4%))*5 and they show a re'ar1a(ly hi3h level o correspondence (etween the stylised ti'e use 'atri: results and those ro' 'ore co'ple: ti'e diary surveys or adults in the +C to /C a3e 3roup8 @lthou3h there is a re'ar1a(le de3ree o correspondence when co'parin3 (road cate3ories o ti'e use, si3ni icant di erences re'ain when co'parin3 s'aller su(0divisions o ti'e8 !n particular, the stylised ti'e use 'atri: recorded that (oth 'en and wo'en spent 'ore ti'e en3a3ed in child care and D!2D3ardenin3 than did the %))* "B ti'e (ud3et study (y the 7 ice or &ational Statistics 47&S5 4Gershuny and S'ith, %))*58 The M7R! survey recorded that 'en spent on avera3e .% 'inutes on child care and % hour * 'inutes on D!2D3ardenin3 4see Ta(le )8+8+5 co'pared with %, 'inutes on child care and *. 'inutes on D!2D3ardenin3 in the %))* 7&S survey8 Si'ilarly, wo'en spent on avera3e % hour -, 'inutes on childcare and .) 'inutes on D!2D3ardenin3 in the M7R! survey and only .C 'inutes on childcare and +/ 'inutes on D!2D3ardenin3 in the %))* 7&S survey8 These di erences (etween the results or stylised ti'e use 'atri: Fuestions and ti'e diaries in Britain are si'ilar to those ound in Canada and Den'ar1 4!&STR@$, %))*58 @s previously discussed, the childcare di erences arise at least in part ro' the ideolo3ical di erences (etween these two 'ethods8 !t is possi(le that, i the i'portance o childcare was stressed in the instructions 3iven to participants in ti'e diary studies, then the a'ount o ti'e recorded spent on childcare as a pri'ary activity would increase8 Men and wo'en spend a lot o their ti'e doin3 several di erent thin3s at once and what is recorded as the 'ost i'portant activity depends on the 'ethods used8 There see's no reason to (elieve that the results ro' ti'e diaries on childcare and D!2D3ardenin3 ti'e use are pre era(le to those ro' stylised ti'e use 'atrices such as Fuestion 'odule +8 Resu(ts &"o t$e 4, F+oin+ .it$outG o'u(e?

The inal M7R! test Fuestion as1ed the population a(out the ite's that they have 3one without in the previous year (ecause o shorta3e o 'oney8 This Fuestion was devised or the ocus 3roup discussions and it was pri'arily intended to tap into the di erential e:periences o poverty8 6e'inist research has hi3hli3hted how poverty is a 3endered e:perience, and one i'portant ele'ent to this is that 'en and wo'en 'ay each (ehave di erently in ti'es o shorta3e, with wo'en in particular (ein3 'ore li1ely to 3o without certain necessities in order that the householdKs needs are 'et 4Charles and Berr, %)#,E Crai3 and Glendinnin3, %))C58 Ta(le )8-8% (elow shows the percent o the population 3oin3 without certain necessities 4e838 ood, clothes, heatin35 and other ite's 4e838 ho((y, visits to the pu(, ci3arettes5 in the past year (ecause o shorta3e o 'oney8 >i3ht percent o the population Jo tenK or Jso'eti'esK 3o without ood8 "nsurprisin3ly, hi3her proportions o the population 3o without clothes 4..Q5, shoes 4--Q5 and heatin3 4%-Q5 either Jo tenK or so'eti'esK, whilst +#Q and -%Q o the population 3oes without usin3 the telephone and a'ily and other cele(rations, respectively8 @n interestin3 o(servation to (e 'ade is that, in ti'es o hardship, 'aintainin3 social contacts throu3h use o the telephone or participatin3 in cele(rations appears to (e 'ore i'portant than necessities such as clothes and shoes8 This indin3 supports other studies that show that, when there is a drastic cut in resources, people so'eti'es act to ul il their social o(li3ations (e ore
,/

they act to satis y their physical wants8 They reFuire inco'e to ul il their various roles and participate in the social custo's and associations to which they have (eco'e ha(ituated and not only to satis y their physical wants 4Townsend and Gordon, %)#)58 T!6(e 9?,?15 Pe"cent o& "es%on'ents .$o $!ve +one .it$out v!"ious ite s 'u"in+ t$e %!st #e!" 6ec!use o& s$o"t!+e o& one# Clothes Shoes 6ood <eatin3 Telephonin3 riendsD a'ily Goin3 to cele(rations or a'ily and riends, e838 (irthdays @ ho((y or sport Goin3 out e838 cine'a, with riends Lisits to the pu( @ holiday Ci3arettes A(( Ye!" + % 0 0 % 0 + % % %C 0 O&ten %) % + * * / ) %C %+ . So eti es +# +% / ) %) ++ ++/ ++. # Neve" */ /, )+ #, ,+ /) ** .) -# ., +* NCA + + % + . %. %* +# , /-

Ta(le )8-8+ (elow de'onstrates how 3ender and a3e 'i3ht 'ediate the e:perience o 3oin3 without in ti'es o shorta3e o 'oney8 The results or 3ender reveal that si'ilar proportions o wo'en and 'en 3o without 'ost ite's either Jall yearK or Jo tenK (ecause o shorta3e o 'oney8 $here discrepancies do e:ist 4e838 clothes, shoes, holidays5, wo'en are invaria(ly 'ore li1ely than 'en to 3o without8 @3e appears to (e a 'ore i'portant actor in illu'inatin3 di erences in the e:periences o poverty8 The e:periences o 3oin3 without certain ite's are Fuite pronounced when co'parin3 the youn3est 4%*0+)5 with the eldest population 3roups 4pensiona(le a3e58 2oun3 people are our ti'es 'ore li1ely than the elderly to say that they have 3one without clothes Jall yearK or Jo tenK (ecause o a shorta3e on 'oney8 !ndeed, e:cludin3 ood and heatin3 where the nu'(ers are too s'all to (e 'eanin3 ul, youn3 people are 'ore li1ely to say that they have 3one without ite's due a shorta3e o 'oney8 T!6(e 9?,?)5 Pe"cent o& "es%on'ents .$o $!ve +one .it$out v!"ious ite s @!(( #e!"B o" @o&tenB 'u"in+ t$e %!st #e!" 6# sex !n' !+e +"ou%
4uestion Clothes Shoes 6ood8 <eatin3 Telephonin3 riendsD a'ily Tot!( Po%u(!tion %. %C % + / Sex Fe !(e *!(e %) %% , , / 0 % * 11E)9 +C %* % + / A+e ,7 J Pension %/ %% % % , Pension A+e . 0 0 +

,,

Goin3 to cele(rations or a'ily and riends, e838 (irthdays @ ho((y or sport Goin3 out e838 cine'a, with riends Lisits to the pu( @ holiday Ci3arettes

/ # %C %% ++ .

/ # %C %% +/ *

* / %% %% %) -

%# %, %, -/

. ) %% %% ++ .

% . + %C +

People ro' di erent parts o Britain are also li1ely to e:perience poverty di erently8 Ta(le )8-8- (elow shows that the >n3lish are 'ore li1ely to 3o without clothes, shoes and heatin3 than either the $elsh or the Scottish due to shorta3e o 'oney8 @ppro:i'ately eFual proportions 3ive up 3oin3 out either to the cine'a or the pu(8 This su33ests that the $elsh and the Scottish are less li1ely to cut (ac1 on 'aterial necessities in ti'es o inancial hardship and this 'ay (e connected to the poorer weather conditions they e:perience8 Conversely, the Scottish and the $elsh appear to (e 'ore li1ely than the >n3lish to cut (ac1 on social necessities 4such as 3oin3 to cele(rations, out with riends, etc85 in ti'es o hardship8 Ta(le )8-8- 4overlea 5 also shows the e:pected pattern o 3oin3 without (y social class and household inco'e8 The lower the social class or household inco'e the 'ore li1ely the respondent is to have 3one without all ite's durin3 the past year8 T!6(e 9?,?,5 Pe"cent o& "es%on'ents .$o $!ve +one .it$out v!"ious ite s @!(( #e!"B o" @o&tenB 'u"in+ t$e %!st #e!" 6# soci!( c(!ss: count"# !n' $ouse$o(' inco e
Ite Clothes Shoes 6ood8 <eatin3 Telephonin3 riendsD a'ily Goin3 to cele(rations or a'ily and riends, e838 (irthdays @ ho((y or sport Goin3 out e838 cine'a, with riends Lisits to the pu( @ holiday Ci3arettes A9 ) * 0 % + % . , # %% + Soci!( C(!ss C1 C) %+ ) % . / # %% ) %# + %. ) 0 + * / %C ) %% +C * DE +C %/ + + %C # # %. %-* , En+(!n' %* %% % + / * # %C %% +% . Count"# Scot(!n' , . + % , , / %C %+ +. =!(e s # . 0 0 + # %% %% %-. %C 0ouse$o(' Inco e K13177 13177E ,7777L ,7777 %) %, %C %/ ) # + 0 0 0 0 # + %C %C %. %. +) / # ) %%. +* / # %C %% %, .

Re&e"ences
@ndreZ, <8J8 4>d85 4%))#5 6m&irical Poverty Research in a Com&arative Pers&ective- @ldershot, @sh3ate8 Callan, T8, &olan, B8 and $helan, C8T8 4%))-5 Resources, Deprivation and the Measure'ent o

,#

Poverty, 8ournal of Social Policy, ++4+5, %.%0%,+8 Charles, &8 and Berr, M8 4%)#,5 Just the way it isG Gender and a3e di erences in a'ily ood assu'ption, !n Brannen, J8 and $ilson, G8 4>ds85 Give and .ake in 9amilies4 Studies in resource distribution, London, @llen M "nwin8 Crai3, G8 and Glendinnin3, C8 4%))C5 Parentin3 in Poverty8 Community Care, +.4,5, +.0+*8 Davies, R8 and S'ith, $8 4%))#5 .he !asic @ecessities Survey4 .he 63&erience of Action Aid *ietnam8 London, @ction @id8 Gordon, D8 4%))*5 Census Based Deprivation !ndicesG Their $ei3htin3 and Lalidation8 8ournal of 6&idemiology and Community ;ealth- .) 4Suppl +5, S-)0S..8 Gordon, D8 and Pantazis, C8 4>ds85 4%)),5 !readline !ritain in the "##$s, @ldershot, @sh3ate8 Gershuny, J8 and S'ith, R8 4%))*5 Re&ort to the Central Statistical %ffice on the Develo&ment of a Sim&le .ime Diary Schedule8 >SRC Research Centre on Microsocial Chan3e, >sse: "niversity8 <aller;d, B8 4%))*5 The Truly PoorG !ndirect and Direct Measure'ent o Consensual Poverty in Sweden, 8ournal of 6uro&ean Social Policy, *4+5, %%%0+)8 <aller;d, B8 4%))#5 Poor Swedes, Poor BritonsG @ Co'parative @nalysis o Relative Deprivation, !n @ndreZ, <8J8 4>d85 6m&irical Poverty Research in a com&arative Pers&ective, @ldershot, @sh3ate8 <arvey, @8S8 4%))-5 Guidelines or Ti'e "se Data Collection8 Social 0ndicators Research, -C, %),0 ++#8 !&STR@$ 4%))*5 easurement and *aluation of Mn&aid Contribution4 Accounting .hrough .ime and %ut&ut8 !&STR@$, Santo Do'in3o, Do'inica Repu(lic8 Ban3as, 78 and Rita1allio, L8M8 4%))#5 Di erent 'ethods O di erent resultsT @pproaches to 'ultidi'ensional poverty, !n @ndreZ, <8J8 4>d85 6m&irical Poverty Research in a com&arative Pers&ective, , @ldershot, @sh3ate8 B;r'endi, >8 4%))C5 Ti'e use in the late %)#CsG Two di erent 'easure'ents, !n Mor3ensen, G8L8 4>d85 .ime and Consum&tion4 .ime use and consum&tion in Denmark in recent decades 8 4pp8 %/-0%#.5, Copenha3en, Dan'ar1s Statisti18 Mac1, J8 and Lansley, S8 4%)#*5 Poor !ritain8 London, Geor3e @llen M "nwin Ltd8 &eu(ur3er, <8 4%))/5 Ti'e use ro' a &ational @ccounts perspective8 6conomic trends, *%-, %)0++8 &ie'i, !8 4n8d85 6uro&ean .ime Mse Survey4 Pro&osal for the Diary Coding- Lu:e'(our3, >urostat8 &olan, B8 and $helan, C8T8 4%))/5 Resources, De&rivation and Poverty, 7: ord, Clarendon Press8 Paille, B8 4%)).5 6stimating the volume of un&aid activities in Canada, "##>4 An evaluation of data from the General Social Survey8 General Social Survey $or1in3 Paper %C, 7ttawa, Statistics Canada8 Townsend, P8 and Gordon, D8 4%)#)5 Low !nco'e <ouseholds, emorandum of 6vidence to the ;ouse of Commons Social Services Committee, *,), .*0,-8 4@lso pu(lished as Townsend, P8 and Gordon, D8 4%))%5 $hat is >nou3hT &ew >vidence on Poverty @llowin3 the De inition o a Mini'u' Bene it, !n @lder, M8, Bell C8, Clasen, J8 and Sin ield, @8 4>ds85 .he Sociology of Social Security8 >din(ur3h, >din(ur3h "niversity Press, pp-*0/)85 Lan den Bosch, B8 4%))#5 Perceptions o the 'ini'u' standard o livin3 in Bel3iu'G !s there a consensusT !n @ndreZ, <8J8 4>d85 6m&irical Poverty Research in a com&arative Pers&ective, @ldershot, @sh3ate8 $<7 4%))#5 .he 7orld ;ealth Re&ort "##C4 Life in the >"st Century A *ision for all, Geneva, $<78

,)

#C

#%

C$!%te" 17 D"!&t 4uestionn!i"e &o" t$e Su"ve# on Pove"t# !n' Soci!( Exc(usion DE*O-RAP0IC SECTION ?8% 7hat is your ageG ?8+ 7hat is your se3G
Male 6e'ale

?8- Can 0 check some details of the adult and child members of your householdG 9irst, how
many &eo&le are there in your householdG D>T@!LS 76 >@C< <7"S><7LD M>MB>R @G>D %/U Pe"son nu 6e" Re(!tions$i% to "es%on'ent Fe?+? s%ouse: son o" '!u+$te"G Sex A+e

?8. 7hich one of these a&&lies to you at &resentG

Married Livin3 to3ether $idowed Divorced Separated Sin3le 4never 'arried5

#+

?8* .o which of the grou&s listed on this card to you consider you belongG
$hite 4non0!rish5 $hite 4!rish5 Blac10Cari((ean Blac10@ rican Blac107ther !ndian Pa1istani Ban3ladeshi Chinese 7ther

?8/ Does your household own this accommodation or rent itG

7wned outri3ht Bein3 (ou3ht on 'ort3a3e Rent ro' local authority Rent ro' housin3 association Rent ro' private landlord 7ther

?8, 7hat ty&e of accommodation do you live inG

$hole house, (un3alow, detached $hole house, (un3alow, se'i0detached $hole house, (un3alow, terraced, end o terrace Purpose0(uilt lat or 'aisonette in (loc1 Part o houseDconverted lat or 'aisonetteDroo's in house Dwellin3 with (usiness pre'ises CaravanDhouse(oat 7ther &ot applica(le

?8# 7hat is the highest 2ualification you have on this listG

FS0O=CARD AG

?8)a 7hich of these a&&lies to youG And ?8)( 7hich one a&&lies to your s&ouse'&artnerG
FS0O=CARD 9G

INCO*E AND 9ENEFITS

#-

?8%C ;ow many &eo&le in this household at &resent receive4

None 6a'ily Credit !nco'e Support Jo( See1ers @llowance <ousin3 Bene it Council Ta: Bene it Disa(ility $or1in3 @llowance $idowHs Bene it Sic1 PayD(ene it !nvalidity Pension @ttendance or Disa(ility Livin3 @llowance 4or 7ther disa(ility (ene it5 @ State Retire'ent Pension @n occupationalDprivate Pension One T.o T$"ee No !ns.e"

?8%% Can you &lease tell me which kinds of income you and your household receiveG
You >arnin3s ro' e'ploy'ent or sel 0e'ploy'ent Child (ene it MaintenanceDChild Support !nterest ro' savin3s, dividends, etc8 Student LoanDGrant Social 6und Loan 7ther 1inds o re3ular allowance ro' outside the household @ state (ene it on the previous card @ pension on the previous card 7ther (ene its or pensions 7ther sources o inco'e e838 rent You" 0ouse$o('

?8%+a 7ill you &lease look at this card and tell me which grou& re&resents your total
income from all these sources after taking off 0ncome .a3, @ational 0nsurance and any contribution towards a &ensionG FS0O=CARD CG >&T>R B@&D &"MB>R ?8%+( Could you &lease look at the ne3t card and give me your total income, A9.6R deductions, as an annual amount from this cardG FS0O=CARD DG >&T>R B@&D &"MB>R

#.

?8%+c 4! there is a spouseDpartner5 Does Hs&ouse'&artnerI have any se&arate income of their
ownG

?8%+d 4! yes5 7hich grou& re&resents Hs&ouse'&artnerLsI total income from all these sources
after deductions for 0ncome .a3, @ational 0nsurance and any contribution towards a &ensionG

?8%+e H0f income RA=,B$$ or more annuallyI Could you &lease look at the ne3t card and give
me Hs&ouse'&artnerLsI total income, after deductions, as an annual amount from this cardG

?8%+ 4! HdonHt 1nowH or re usal o(tained when as1in3 a(out either respondentHs or
spouseDpartnerHs inco'e5 7ould it be &ossible for you to tell me which grou& re&resents the total income of you and Hs&ouse'&artnerI taken together, after any deductionsG

?8%+3 4! 9oint inco'e (and is V-/,.CC annually or 'ore5 Could you &lease look at the ne3t
card and give me that total income taken together as an annual amount from this cardG

?8%+h 4! 'ore than two adults in household or two adults who are not respondent and
partner5 Can 0 Kust check, does anyone else in the household have a source of incomeG

?8%+i 4! yes5 And now thinking of the income of the household as a whole, which of the
grou&s on this card re&resents the total income of the whole household after deductions for 0ncome .a3, @ational 0nsurance and any contributions &eo&le make towards a &ensionG

?8%- Do you or does your s&ouse'&artner get 8ob Seekers Allowance, the old 0ncome
Su&&ort, nowadays or notG 0f yes, for how long have you'has he'she been getting itG 2es, or up to - 'onths 2es, or up to / 'onths 2es, or up to %+ 'onths 2es, or over a year &o &o answer

@SB ?%.

?8%. ;ave you or your s&ouse ever received 8ob Seekers Allowance or 0ncome Su&&ort, or
notG 2es, in the last year 2es, in the last * years 2es, 'ore than * years a3o 4e:cept as a student5 &o, never &o answer
#*

?8%* Do you or your s&ouse' &artner contribute to an occu&ational'&rivate &ension scheme

or notG You 2es &o S%ouseCP!"tne"

?8%/ 0Ld now like to ask you some 2uestions about unem&loyment- !y unem&loyment, 0
mean either those registered as unem&loyed or those not entitled to benefit but available for and seeking work- Are you'your s&ouse'&artner unem&loyed at &resentG 0f yes, for how longG You S%ouseCP!"tne" 2es, up to - 'onths 2es, - to * 'onths 2es, / to %% 'onths 2es, %+ 'onths or lon3er &o, not currently une'ployed &ot applica(le

?8%, ;ave you'your s&ouse'&artner been unem&loyed in the last yearG

You 2es &o &ot applica(le S%ouseCP!"tne"

?8%# Looking back over the last ten years, for how long have you been unem&loyedG
&ever Less than + 'onths in total + to / 'onths in total , to %+ 'onths in total 7ver %+ 'onths in total &ot relevant DonHt 1now

A9SOLUTE AND OVERALL POVERTY ?8%) ;ow many &ounds a week, after ta3, do you think are necessary to kee& a household
such as the one you live in, out of &overtyG &earest V

#/

?8+C ;ow far above or below that level would you say your household isG
@ lot a(ove that level o inco'e @ little a(ove @(out the sa'e @ little (elow @ lot (elow that level o inco'e DonKt 1now The "nited &ations and the Govern'ents o %%, countries wish to prepare national plans to 3et rid o poverty8 They have a3reed that poverty can (e de ined in two waysG a(solute poverty and overall poverty8 The de initions o a(solute and overall poverty are shown (elow8 FS0O=CARD EG

?8+% ;ow many &ounds a week, after ta3, do you think are necessary to kee& a household
such as the one you live in, out of A!S%LM.6 &overtyG &earest V

?8++ ;ow far above or below that level would you say your household isG
@ lot a(ove that level o inco'e @ little a(ove @(out the sa'e @ little (elow @ lot (elow that level o inco'e DonKt 1now FS0O=CARD FG

?8+- ;ow many &ounds a week, after ta3, do you think are necessary to kee& a household
such as the one you live in, out of %*6RALL &overtyG &earest V

?8+. ;ow far above or below that level would you say your household isG
@ lot a(ove that level o inco'e @ little a(ove @(out the sa'e @ little (elow @ lot (elow that level o inco'e DonKt 1now

NECESSITIES

#,

?8+* %n these cards are a number of different items which relate to our standard of livingPlease would you indicate by &lacing the cards in the a&&ro&riate bo3, the living standards J%M feel ALL ADML.S should have in !ritain today- !%P A is for items which you think are necessary, which all adults should be able to afford and which they should not have to do without- !%P ! is for items which may be desirable but are not necessaryFS0O=CARDS SET -G

?8+/ @ow can you do the same for the following activitiesG
FS0O=CARDS SET 0G

?8+, @ow can you do the same thinking of childrenG

FS0O=CARDS SET IG

?8+# @ow can you do the same for the following children(s activitiesG
FS0O=CARDS SET MG

?8+) @ow, could you &lease &ut the cards into these four bo3es C, D, 6 and 9G
FS0O=CARDS SET -G C 0!ve !n' cou('nBt 'o .it$out D 0!ve !n' cou(' 'o .it$out E DonBt $!ve 6ut 'onBt .!nt F DonBt $!ve !n' c!nBt !&&o"'

?8-C Can you do the same, for the following activities, into bo3es G, ;, 0 and 8G
FS0O=CARDS SET 0G Do !n' cou('nBt 'o .it$out 0 Do !n' cou(' 'o .it$out I DonBt 'o 6ut 'onBt .!nt M DonBt 'o !n' c!nBt !&&o"'

ASH ALL T0OSE =0O ANS=ERED @DONBT DOB AT 4? ,7?

?8-% ;ow im&ortant is each of these factors in &reventing you from doing Hmention
##

activityIG Ve"# i %o"t!nt CanKt a ord to Lac1 o ti'e due to paid wor1 Lac1 o ti'e due to childcare responsi(ilities Lac1 o ti'e due to other carin3 responsi(ilities CanKt 3o out (ecause o carin3 responsi(ilities &o vehicle Poor pu(lic transport &o one to 3o out with 4social5 Pro(le's with physical access Too illDsic1Ddisa(led Too old 6ear o (ur3laryDvandalis' 6ear o personal attac1 6eel unwelco'e 4ethnicity5 6eel unwelco'e 4a3e5 6eel unwelco'e 43ender5 6eel unwelco'e 4disa(ility5 6eel unwelco'e 4other5[[ please speci y &ot interested 4uite i %o"t!nt Not i %o"t!nt

?8-+ .hinking about the items for children, could you &lease &ut the cards into the &revious
four bo3es C, D, 6 and 94 FS0O=CARDS SET IG

?8-- @ow can you do the same for the following children(s activities with the &revious
bo3es G, ;, 0 and 8G FS0O=CARDS SET MG

INTRAE0OUSE0OLD POVERTY
ASH ALL T0OSE 0OUSE0OLDS =IT0 A CAR

?8-. Do you have access to the car when you &ersonally need itG
2es &o ASH IF RESPONDENT 0AS A PARTNERCSPOUSE

?8-* Peo&le organise their household finances in different ways- 7hich of the methods on
this card comes closest to way you organise yoursG 0t doesn(t have to fit e3actly + Kust choose the nearest one- Jou can Kust tell me which one a&&lies! loo1 a ter the household 'oney e:cept 'y partnerKs personal spendin3 'oney

#)

My partner loo1s a ter the householdKs 'oney e:cept 'y personal spendin3 'oney ! a' 3iven a house1eepin3 allowance8 My partner loo1s a ter the rest o the 'oney My partner is 3iven a house1eepin3 allowance8 ! loo1 a ter the rest o the 'oney8 $e share and 'ana3e our household inances 9ointly $e 1eep our inances co'pletely separate So'e other arran3e'ent

FUSIN- S0O=CARD HG

?8-/ 7hat is the first thing that you &ersonally go without when money is tightG ?8-, 7hat would you &ersonally find really difficult to give u& if money was tightG ?8-# 0(m going to read you a list of things which adults have told us that they sometimes go
without when money is tight- 0(d like you to tell me ;%7 %9.6@ you &ersonally have gone without in the last year because of shortage of moneyG
A(( #e!" O&ten So eti es Neve" DonBt 8no.

ASH IF PARTNERCSPOUSE LIVES IN 0OUSE0OLD

?8-) And what about your &artner, how often has he'she gone without each of these things
in the last year because of shortage of moneyG
A(( #e!" O&ten So eti es Neve" DonBt 8no.

ASH IF C0ILDREN IN T0E 0OUSE0OLD

?8.C And what about your childHrenI, how often has he'she'they gone without each of these
things in the last year because of shortage of moneyG Clothes Shoes 6ood @ ho((y or sport School trips or holidays @ a'ily holiday Poc1et 'oney
A(( #e!" O&ten So eti es Neve" DonBt 8no.

?8.% ;ow often do you go out socially without your s&ouse'&artner on averageG
>very evenin3 6our or ive ti'es a wee1
)C

Two or three ti'es a wee1 7nce a wee1 7nce a ortni3ht 7nce a 'onth 7nce every two or three 'onths 7nce every si: 'onths 7nce a year Less than that &ever ASH IF EVER -OES OUT ALONE

?8.+ And when you go out without your &artner what do you doG
FS0O=CARD LG

?8.- And thinking about the last time that you went out without your s&ouse' &artner, what
did you doG

)%

SOCIAL NET=ORHS AND SUPPORT ?8.. Are your other and 9ather still aliveG
Yes Mother 6ather No

?8.* ;ow many of the following members of your family age "C or over, do you haveG 7e
mean family members who are still aliveNone Sisters 4include step0sisters, hal sisters and adopted sisters5
Brothers 4include step0(rothers, hal (rothers and adopted (rothers5

One

T.o

T$"ee

Fou"

Five %(us

Dau3hters 4include step0dau3hters and adopted dau3hters5 Sons 4include step0sons and adopted sons5 7ther relatives 43randparents, 3randchildren, in0laws, aunts, uncles, etc85

?8./ ;ow often do you see or visit the members of your familyG 0f you have more than one
adult sister, brother, daughter or son, &lease think about the sister, brother daughter or son you have most contact with*ot$e" F!t$e" Siste" 9"ot$e" D!u+$te" Son Ot$e" "e(!tive

Lives in the sa'e household Daily @t least several ti'es a wee1 @t least once a wee1 @t least once a 'onth Several ti'es a year Less o ten

?8., About how long would it take you to get to where the members of your family liveG
.hink of the time it usually takes door to door)+

*ot$e" Less than %* 'inutes Between %* and -C 'inutes Between -C 'inutes and % hour Between % and + hours Between + and - hours Between - and * hours Between * and %+ hours 7ver %+ hours

F!t$e"

Siste"

9"ot$e"

D!u+$te"

Son

Ot$e" "e(!tive

?8.# And how often do you have any other contact with members of your family, besides
visiting, either by tele&hone or letterG *ot$e" Daily @t least several ti'es a wee1 @t least once a wee1 @t least once a 'onth Several ti'es a year Less o ten .;0@:0@G A!%M. J%MR CL%S6 9R06@DS S @%. J%MR ;MS!A@D %R 7096, %R PAR.@6R, %R 9A 0LJ 6 !6R + !M. P6%PL6 J%M 966L 9A0RLJ CL%S6 .%4 PLEASE =RITE IN NU*9ER NNNNNNN o" NONE FOR 4?/9 to 411 F!t$e" Siste" 9"ot$e" D!u+$te" Son Ot$e" "e(!tive

?8.) ;ow many close friends do you haveG ?8*C ;ow many of these friends are &eo&le you work with nowG ?8*% ;ow many of these friends are your close neighboursG ?8*+ @ow thinking of your best friend, or the friend you feel closest to- ;ow often do you
visit this friendG HPlease tick oneI <eDShe lives in the sa'e household Daily @t least several ti'es a wee1
)-

@t least once a wee1 @t least once a 'onth Several ti'es a year Less o ten

?8*- About how long would it take you to get to where this friend livesG .hink of the time it
usually takes door to doorLess than %* 'inutes Between %* and -C 'inutes Between -C 'inutes and % hour Between % and + hours Between + and - hours Between - and * hours Between * and %+ hours 7ver %+ hours

?8*. And how often do you have any other contact with this friend, besides visiting, either
by tele&hone or letterG Daily @t least several ti'es a wee1 @t least once a wee1 @t least once a 'onth Several ti'es a year Less o ten

?8** 7hat factors &revent you from meeting u& with family or friends more oftenG .ick all
that a&&lyCanKt a ord to Lac1 o ti'e due to paid wor1 Lac1 o ti'e due to childcare responsi(ilities Lac1 o ti'e due to other carin3 responsi(ilities CanKt 3o out (ecause o carin3 responsi(ilities &o vehicle Poor pu(lic transport Pro(le's with physical access Too illDsic1Ddisa(led Too old 6ear o (ur3laryDvandalis' 6ear o personal attac1 &ot interested

?8*/ ;ow much su&&ort would you get in the following situationsG
A (ot
).

So e

Not

uc$

None !t !((

<elp around the ho'e i you are in (ed with luDillness <elp with a household or 3arden 9o( that you cannot 'ana3e alone, or e:a'ple, 'ovin3 urniture &eedin3 advice a(out an i'portant chan3e in your li e, or e:a'ple, chan3in3 9o(s, 'ovin3 to another area Bein3 upset (ecause o pro(le's with your spouseDpartner8 6eelin3 a (it depressed and wantin3 so'eone to tal1 to8 &eedin3 so'eone to loo1 a ter childrenDelderly or a disa(led adult8 &eedin3 so'eone to loo1 a ter your ho'eDpossessions when away8

?8*, 0n the last twelve months which of the following have you done for family members
Hnot living with youI or friendsG Ot$e" &! i(# Given the' 'oney Lent the' 'oney Given the' ood Lent the' ood Given the' other thin3s 4speci y5 Lent the' other thin3s 4speci y5 Ta1en the' out or an evenin3 Ba(y0sat in the evenin3s or the' Loo1ed a ter their children in the dayti'e e 6e"s F"ien's

)*

?8*# And in the last twelve months which of the following have members of your family
Hnot living with youI or friends done for youG Ot$e" &! i(# Given you 'oney Lent you 'oney Given you ood Lent you ood
Given you other thin3s 4speci y5

e 6e"s

F"ien's

Lent you other thin3s 4speci y5 Ta1en you out or an evenin3 Ba(y0sat in the evenin3s or you Loo1ed a ter your children in the dayti'e

PERCEPTION OF POVERTY ?8*) %ver the last "$ years, do you think that &overty in !ritain has been increasing,
decreasing or staying about the sameG !ncreasin3 Decreasin3 Stayin3 a(out the sa'e DonKt 1now Re usalD&@

?8/C And over the ne3t "$ years, do you think that &overty in !ritain willG
!ncrease Decrease Stay at the sa'e level DonKt 1now Re usalD&@

?8/% 7hy, in your o&inion, are there &eo&le who live in needG ;ere are four o&inions +
which is the closest to yoursG Because they have (een unluc1y Because o laziness and lac1 o willpower Because there is 'uch in9ustice in our society !tHs an inevita(le part o 'odern pro3ress &one o these DonHt 1now

?8/+ Still thinking about &eo&le who lack the things you have said are necessities for living
in !ritain today, do you think that the Government is doing too much, too little or about the right amount to hel& these &eo&leG
)/

Too 'uch Too little @(out the ri3ht a'ount DonHt 1now

?8/-a 0f the Government &ro&osed to increase income ta3 by one &enny H"&I in the &ound to
enable everyone to afford the items you have said are necessities, on balance would you su&&ort or o&&ose this &olicyG Support 7ppose DonKt 1now

?8/-( 0f the Government &ro&osed to increase income ta3 by five &ence H?&I in the &ound to
enable everyone to afford the items you have said are necessities, on balance would you su&&ort or o&&ose this &olicyG Support 7ppose DonKt 1now

?8/. 0n your o&inion how effective would the following be in reducing &overtyG
FS0O=CARD *G Ve"# i %o"t!nt Less i %o"t!nt Not i %o"t!nt

?8/* 0(m going to read to you a list of &eo&le in different circumstances- 9or each, could
you tell me how likely you think it is that &eo&le in those circumstances in !ritain today will be &oorG FS0O=CARD NG Ve"# (i8e(# Li8e(# Neit$e" (i8e(# o" un(i8e(# Un(i8e(# Ve"# un(i8e(#

),

?8// And thinking about the same grou&s of &eo&le, for each, should the government
increase benefits, decrease benefits or kee& benefits at the level they are nowG Inc"e!se 6ene&its Dec"e!se 6ene&its Hee% 6ene&its !t t$e s! e (eve(

AREA DEPRIVATION ?8/, ;ow satisfied are you with this area as a &lace to liveG
Lery satis ied 6airly satis ied &either satis ied nor dissatis ied Sli3htly dissatis ied Lery dissatis ied

?8/# Can you tell me how common or uncommon each of these are in this areaG
Ve"# co on
&oisy nei3h(ours or loud parties Gra iti on walls and (uildin3s Teena3ers han3in3 around on the streets <o'eless people andDor people (e33in3 Ru((ishDlitter lyin3 around Do3s and do3 'ess <o'e and 3ardens in (ad condition Landalis' and deli(erate da'a3e to property !nsults or attac1s to do with so'eoneKs race or colour

F!i"(# co on

Not ve"# co on

Not !t !(( co on

?8/) And can you tell me, how much of a &roblem are these in this areaG
Ve"# 6i+ %"o6(e Poor street li3htin3 Street noise 4e838 tra ic, (usinesses, actories5 Pollution, 3ri'e or other environ'ental pro(le's caused (y tra ic or industry Lac1 o open pu(lic spaces Tra ic is a ris1 to pedestrians and cyclists F!i"(# 6i+ %"o6(e Not ve"# 6i+ %"o6(e Not ! %"o6(e !t !((

LOCAL SERVICES ?8,C 0 am going to read out a number of services which may e3ist in your local area and
)#

which affect our standard of living- Please could you tell me whether you think that these services are essential and should be available or whether they may be desirable but are not essentialG FS0O=CARDS O: P !n' 4G Essenti!( Desi"!6(e DonBt Hno.

?8,% @ow, could you &lease tell me the category in which you would &ut the following
itemsG FS0O=CARDS O: P !n' 4G Use E!'e<u!te Use Ein!'e<u!te DonBt use E 'onBt .!ntCnot "e(ev!nt DonBt use J un!v!i(!6(eC Unsuit!6(e DonBt use J c!nBt !&&o"' DonBt 8no.

?8,+ ;ow easy would it be for you to get to the following if you needed toG
FS0O=CARD OG Ve"# E!s# F!i"(# e!s# F!i"(# 'i&&icu(t Not e!s#

FINANCE AND DE9TS ?8,- ;ave there been times during the &ast year when you were seriously behind in &aying
within the time allowed for any of the following itemsG FS0O=CARD RG Yes No

))

?8,. ;ave you ever been disconnected or used less than you needed to in relation to water,
gas, electricity and the tele&hone because you couldn(t afford itG Disconnecte' $ater Gas >lectricity Telephone Use' (ess t$!n nee'e'

?8,* And have there been times during the &ast year when you have had to borrow money
from money lenders, e3cluding banks or building societies, or &awnbrokers, in order to &ay for your day,+to+day needsG *one# (en'e"s 2es &o DonHt 1now P!.n6"o8e"s

?8,/ Do you or your &artner's&ouse have a bank or building society current accountG
2es, respondent only 2es partner only 2es, (oth &o, neither DonKt 1now

POVERTY AND TI*E ?8,, Do you think you could genuinely say you are &oor now, all the time, sometimes, or
neverG @ll the ti'e So'eti'es &ever &ever

%CC

?8,# Looking back over your life, how often have there been times in your life when you
think you have lived in &overty by the standards of that timeG &ever Rarely 7ccasionally 7 ten Most o the ti'e

?8,) 0s there anything that has ha&&ened recently Hin the last two yearsI in your life which
hasG .ick all that a&&ly!'proved your standard o livin3 Reduced your standard o livin3 !ncreased your inco'e Reduced your inco'e &one o these

?8#C 0s there anything that you e3&ect to ha&&en in the near future Hin the ne3t two yearsI in
your life which willG .ick all that a&&ly!'prove your standard o livin3 Reduce your standard o livin3 !ncrease your inco'e Reduce your inco'e &one o these

0EALT0 ?8#% %ver the last "> months would you say that your health has on the whole been good,
fairly good, or not goodG Good 6airly 3ood &ot 3ood

%C%

?8#+ Do you or does anybody else in your household have any long+standing illness,
disability or infirmityG !y long+standing 0 mean anything that has troubled you over a &eriod of time or that is likely to affect you over a &eriod of time2es, respondent 2es, other household 'e'(erDs &o &o answer

?8#- Do any of these illnesses or disabilities limit your activities in any wayG
2es, respondent 2es, other household 'e'(er &o DonKt 1now

?8#. .hinking about your health, are you ever in &ain and discomfortG
! have no pain or disco' ort ! have 'oderate pain or disco' ort ! have e:tre'e pain or disco' ort

?8#* ;ow many times have you consulted a Doctor for reasons other than &regnancy,

contrace&tion, screening or other &reventative health care services in the last "> monthsG

&one %0+ -0. *0, #0%C %%0%* %/U DonKt 1now &ot applica(le &o answer

?8#/ ;ave you consulted any of the &eo&le on this card for &reventative health care
services He-g- for a routine check+u&I in the last "> monthsG Doctor Dentist 7ptician 6a'ily plannin3 7ther &one o these

?8#, ;ow many times have other members of your household consulted a Doctor for
%C+

reasons other than &regnancy, contrace&tion, screening or other &reventative health care services in the last "> monthsG &one %0+ -0. *0, #0%C %%0%* %/U DonKt 1now &ot applica(le &o answer

?8## ;ow many times have you re2uired hos&ital treatment for reasons other than
&regnancy, screening or other &reventative health care in the last "> monthsG &one % + .0* /0) %CU DonKt 1now &ot applica(le &o answer

?8#) ;ow many times have other members of your household re2uired hos&ital treatment
for reasons other than &regnancy, screening or other &reventative health care in the last "> monthsG &one % + .0* /0) %CU DonKt 1now &ot applica(le &o answer

?8)C Are you currently on a hos&ital waiting listG

2es &o DonKt 1now
%C-

IF YES: ASH

?8)% ;ow long have you been on a hos&ital waiting listG

4?8)+ overlea 5

%C.

?8)+ ;ave you recentlyG

Been a(le to concentrate on what youKre doin3T Lost 'uch sleep over worryT 6elt you were playin3 a use ul part in thin3sT 6elt capa(le o 'a1in3 decisions a(out thin3sT 6elt constantly under strainT 6elt you couldnKt overco'e your di icultiesT Been a(le to en9oy your nor'al day0to0day activitiesT Been a(le to ace up to your pro(le'sT Been eelin3 unhappy and depressedT Been losin3 con idence in yoursel T Been thin1in3 o yoursel as a worthless personT Been eelin3 reasona(ly happy, all thin3s considered Better than usual &ot at all More so than usual More so than usual &ot at all &ot at all More so than usual More so than usual &ot at all &ot at all &ot at all More so than usual Sa'e as usual &o 'ore than usual Sa'e as usual Sa'e as usual &o 'ore than usual &o 'ore than usual Sa'e as usual Sa'e as usual &o 'ore than usual &o 'ore than usual &o 'ore than usual @(out sa'e as usual Less than usual Rather 'ore than usual Less use ul than usual Less so than usual Rather 'ore than usual Rather 'ore than usual Less so than usual Less so than usual Rather 'ore than usual Rather 'ore than usual Rather 'ore than usual Less so than usual Much less than usual Much 'ore than usual Much less use ul Much less capa(le Much 'ore than usual Much 'ore than usual Much less than usual Much less a(le Much 'ore than usual Much 'ore than usual Much 'ore than usual Much less than usualE

%C*

?8)- ;ave there been times in the &ast year when youLve felt isolated and cut off from
society, or de&ressed, because of lack of money G Yes !solated Depressed No

?8). ;ave there been times in the &ast year when you have felt isolated and cut off from
society for any of the reasons on this cardG .ick all that a&&lyPaid wor1 Childcare responsi(ilities 7ther carin3 responsi(ilities Lac1 o own transport !rre3ular or e:pensive pu(lic transport &o riends &o a'ily Pro(le's with physical access Se:is' Racis' <o'opho(ia Discri'ination relatin3 to disa(ility 7ther

?8)* .his card lists a number of things which may have ha&&ened to you- Could you tell
me &lease which, if any, of these have ha&&ened to you in the &ast "> monthsG Yes Death o a close relative or riend Pro(le's at wor1 Chan3in3 your 9o( @ wa3e earner in your household losin3 their 9o( Divorce, separation or (rea10up o an inti'ate relationship Pro(le's with your children Pro(le's with parents or close relatives 2ou, or so'eone else in your household, havin3 a road accident 2ou, or so'eone else in your household, havin3 an accident around the ho'e 4such as a all, scaldin3, electric shoc1, or so'ethin3 li1e that58 2ou, or so'eone else in your household, havin3 an accidentDin9ury at wor1 2ou, or so'eone else in your household, (eco'in3 ill ro' ood poisonin3, e838 BS>, sal'onella8 7ther serious illness or in9ury to you 7ther serious illness or in9ury o so'eone close to you Movin3 house 6inancial di iculties Pro(le' with nei3h(ours @SB 67R >@C< !6 @&S$>R>D 2>S @T ?8)* No

?8)/ Could you tell me how stressful you found Hanswer to 2uestionI%C/

Lery stress ul 6airly stress ul &ot very stress ul &ot at all stress ul

?8), ;ere is a list of things which some &eo&le have said are the main contributing factors
to divorce in !ritain today- 7hich, if any, do you think are the main causesG .ick all that a&&lyPoverty Poor housin3 Career pressure on 'en $o'en wor1in3D not at ho'e with the children Too hi3h e:pectations o 'arria3e MoneyD inancial di iculties Bein3 childless <avin3 children 6a'ilyDin0law pro(le's Less social sti3'a or divorce @lcohol Dru3s Lower reli3ious standards 7ther 4please speci y5 DonKt 1now

%C,

TI*E ?8)# 0(d now like to ask you to s&lit the day(s >B hours into certain broad task categoriesPlease indicate how many hours you think you ty&ically s&end on the following activities4 On no" !( .ee8 '!#s Paid e'ploy'ent, includin3 any overti'e and secondary 9o(s, transport to and ro' wor1 Loo1in3 a ter the ho'e, or e:a'ple, coo1in3, cleanin3 and laundry Gardenin3, D!2, 'aintenance and repair o the ho'e Shoppin3 Child care, playin3, and school wor1 >ducation, studyin3, and trainin3 4includin3 transport to and ro' place o study5 Loluntary wor1Dcare o others Leisure Dsocial li e in the ho'e 4e838 $atchin3 TL, readin3, rela:in3, thin1in35 LeisureDsocial li e outside the ho'e 4e838 visitin3 riends, 3oin3 to the pu(, sport5 Sleepin3, eatin3, and personal care 4e838 washin35 Total +. hours .# hours At .ee8en's FS!tu"'!#s !n' Sun'!#s to+et$e"G

?8)) 0(d like to ask you some further 2uestions relating to time- ;ow often would you agree
with the followingG .ick all that a&&ly! o ten eel under stress when ! donKt have enou3h ti'e8 $hen ! need 'ore ti'e, ! tend to cut (ac1 on 'y sleep8 @t the end o the day, ! o ten eel that ! havenKt acco'plished what ! set out to do8 ! worry that ! donKt spend enou3h ti'e with 'y a'ily and riends8 ! eel that ! a' constantly under stress 0 tryin3 to acco'plish 'ore than ! can handle8 ! eel trapped in a daily routine8 $hen !K' wor1in3 lon3 hours, ! o ten eel 3uilty than !K' not at ho'e8 ! consider 'ysel a wor1aholic8 ! 9ust donKt have ti'e or un any'ore8 So'eti'es ! eel that 'y spouse doesnKt 1now who ! a' any'ore8

%C#

0OUSIN?8%CC ;ow satisfied are you with this accommodationG

Lery satis ied 6airly satis ied &either satis ied nor dissatis ied Sli3htly dissatis ied Lery dissatis ied

?8%C% 7ould you describe the state of re&air of your home as good, ade2uate or &oorG
Good @deFuate Poor DonHt 1now

?8%C+ Do you have any of the following &roblems with your accommodationG
Yes Shorta3e o space Too dar1, not enou3h li3ht Lac1 o adeFuate heatin3 acilities Lea1y roo Da'p walls, loors, oundations, etc8 Rot in window ra'es or loors Mould &o place to sit outside, e838 a terrace or 3arden 7ther No

?8%C- ;as your health &roblems or the health &roblems of anyone in your household been
caused'made worse by housing situationG 2es &o

%C)

CRI*E ?8%C. 0(d like to ask you about some crimes that may have ha&&ened to you in the last year0 don(t Kust want to know about the serious incidents + 0 want to know about small things too0t is sometimes difficult to remember e3actly when things ha&&en, so 0 will take the 2uestions slowly, and would like you to think carefully about them- 0n the last year4 ASH T0OSE =IT0 VE0ICLE ;ave you or anybody else in this household had aTG Yes Lehicle stolen or anythin3 stolen o or out it Lehicle ta'pered with or da'a3ed (y vandals or people out to steal ASH ALL ;as anyoneT-G Yes Bro1en into or tried to (rea1 into your ho'e Stolen anythin3 out o your ho'e Stolen anythin3 ro' outside o your ho'e, apart ro' 'il1 (ottles or newspapers Deli(erately da'a3ed or vandalised your ho'e Stolen anythin3 you were carryin3 De rauded you or cheated you out o 'oney, possessions or propertyT 4please speci y5 Made o(scene phone calls to you Threatened or ri3htened you Racially harassed or racially a(used you Deli(erately hit or assaulted you 4includin3 riendsDrelatives or acFuaintances 0(ut e:cludin3 household 'e'(ers58 ASH IF OT0ER ADULTS IN T0E 0OUSE0OLD ;as any adult member of your household hit or kicked you, or used force or violence in any other wayG No No

ASH =O*EN ONLY

?8%C* 0 would like to ask you about other un&leasant incidents that you may have
%%C

e3&erienced- 0n the last year, when you have been out in this area or elsewhere, have you ever been annoyed, u&set or frightened by a man you did not know doing any of the things on this cardG Yes 6ollowed you on oot 6ollowed you (y car or 1er( crawlin3 !ndecently e:posed the'selves Made a(usive or se:ually o ensive co''ents Propositioned you in the street or se: ASH ALL No

?8%C/ ;ow safe do you feel walking alone in this area after darkG 4! never 3oes out, pro(e
O;ow safe would you feel(G5 Lery sa e 6airly sa e @ (it unsa e Lery unsa e

?8%C, ;ow safe do you feel when you are alone in your own home at nightG 4! is never
alone, pro(e O;ow safe would you feel(G5 Lery sa e 6airly sa e @ (it unsa e Lery unsa e

%%%

?8%C#

ost of us worry at some time or other about being a victim of crime- Msing one of the &hrases on this card, could you tell me how worried you are about the following items on this cardG Ve"# .o""ie' F!i"(# .o""ie' Not ve"# .o""ie' Not !t !(( .o""ie'

Bein3 (ur3led Bein3 'u33ed <avin3 your car stolen Bein3 insulted or pestered, while in the street or any other pu(lic place Bein3 physically attac1ed (ecause your colour, ethnic ori3in or reli3ion Bein3 raped Bein3 attac1ed in your ho'e (y so'eone you 1now Bein3 attac1ed in your ho'e (y a stran3er

?8%C) 0 have already asked you some 2uestions about how worried you are about
&articular crimes- 0 would now like to ask you about other worriesVe"# .o""ie' 2ou, or so'eone else, in your household (ein3 seriously ill <avin3 inancial de(ts such as <P, 'ort3a3e, loans, etc8 @ wa3e earner in your household losin3 their 9o( 2ou, or so'eone else in your household, havin3 a road accident 2ou, or so'eone else in your household, havin3 an accident around the ho'e 4such as a all, scaldin3, electric shoc1, or so'ethin3 li1e that58 2ou, or so'eone else in your household, havin3 an accidentDin9ury at wor18 2ou, or so'eone else in your household, (eco'in3 ill ro' ood poisonin3, e838 BS>, sal'onella8 F!i"(# .o""ie' Not ve"# .o""ie' Not !t !(( .o""ie'

C0ILDRENBS EDUCATION
ASH T0OSE =IT0 C0ILDREN OF SC0OOL A-E ONLY
%%+

?8%%C ;ere is a list of &roblems which some children of school age have e3&erienced at
school- 7hich, if any, of the following a&&ly to any of your children in the last "> monthsG A%%(# Does not !%%(#

Child has 'issed classes (ecause o teacher shorta3e Child has shared school (oo1s in 1ey su(9ects Child has ound di iculty in o(tainin3 school (oo1s or ho'ewor1 School does not have enou3h co'puters Lar3e class sizes 4-CU5 School (uildin3s are in a (ad state o repair 7ther pro(le's due to lac1 o resources at school

?8%%% Does your child have s&ecial education needsG

2es &o ASH IF YES AT 4?111

?8%%+ ;as your child had a SS6@G

2es &o DonKt 1now

?8%%- ;as you child ever been bullied or been accused of bullyingG
Yes <as (een (ullied <as (een accused o (ullyin3 No DonBt 8no.

%%-

?8%%. ;as your child ever been sus&ended or e3cluded from schoolG
2es &o DonKt 1now ASH IF YES AT 4?111

?8%%* Roughly how many days was that forG

POLITICAL ACTIVIS* ?8%%/ Generally s&eaking, do your think of yourself as Conservative, Labour, Liberal
Democrat, Green or whatG Conservative La(our Li(eral De'ocrat Green Plaid Cy'ru Scottish &ational Party 7ther Re use to say DonKt 1now

?8%%, And which , if any, of the things on this list have you done in the last two or three
yearsG .ick all that a&&lyPresented 'y views to a local councillor or MP $ritten a letter to an editor "r3ed so'eone outside 'y a'ily to vote "r3ed so'eone to 3et in touch with a local councillor or MP Made a speech (e ore an or3anised 3roup Been an o icer o an or3anisation or clu( Stood or pu(lic o ice Ta1en an active part in a political ca'pai3n <elped on und raisin3 drives Loted in the last General election Loted in the last local election &one o these

?8%%# Are you currently an active member of any kinds of organisations on this cardG
Yes No DonBt 8no.

%%.

Political party Trade "nion >nviron'ental 3roup 7ther pressure 3roup ParentsK D School @ssociation TenantsK D ResidentsK @ssociation or &ei3h(ourhood $atch Reli3ious 3roup or church or3anisation Loluntary service 3roup 7ther co''unity or civic 3roup Social clu(D wor1in3 'enKs clu( Sports clu( $o'enKs !nstitute D Townswo'enKs 3uild $o'enKs Group D 6e'inist or3anisation 7ther 3roup or or3anisation &one o these

%%*

A%%en'ix I5 Det!i(s o& t$e P"o%ose' C$!n+es to t$e 4uestionn!i"e !n' Sou"ces &o" t$e Ne. 4uestions
Co %!"ison o& t$e content o& t$e Breadline Britain Su"ve# !n' t$e %"o%ose' Su"ve# o& Pove"t# !n' Soci!( Exc(usion Fsee %i(ot <uestionn!i"e in "e%o"t &o" &u"t$e" 'et!i(sG Breadline Britain Su"ve# 1997 P"o%ose' su"ve# o& Pove"t# !n' Soci!( Exc(usion De o+"!%$ic section a3e o respondent se: o respondent repeated 4?8%5 repeated 4?8 +5

household co'position new 'atri: 'odi ied ro' G<S 3ivin3 or each person relationship to respondent, se: and a3e 4?8-5 'arital status 'odi ied Fuestion that identi ies coha(itants and di erentiates separated ro' 'arria3e and separated ro' coha(itation 4?8.5

ethnicity 'odi ied ro' G<S 4?8*5 tenure repeated 4?8/5 type o acco''odation 'odi ied ro' G<S 4?8,5 education 'odi ied Census %)), test 4?8#5 E %(o# ent !n' 9ene&its e'ploy'ent status o respondent and partner 'odi ied 4?8)a and ?8)(5 sources o inco'e 0 new Fuestion 4?8%%5 inco'e len3th o ti'e in receipt o JS@D!S une'ploy'ent at present une'ploy'ent recent past new Fuestion 4?s8%+a0%+!5 'odi ied 4?8%-5 and 4?8%.5 repeated 4?8%/5 repeated 4?8%,5 A6so(ute !n' ove"!(( %ove"t# FUN se(& %e"ceive' %ove"t# <uestionsG new section 4?s8%)0+.5 Soci!((# %e"ceive' necessities what ite's are necessary (y adults 'odi ication to the wordin3 o two ite's, %. new ite's added 4?8+*58 6ro' G<S, >C<P, Lorraine Panel Survey and >SR! surveys (ene its received 'odi ied 4?8%C5

contri(ution to an occupational pension 'odi ied 4?8%*5

une'ploy'ent last ten years repeated 4?8%#5

%%/

what activities are necessary (y adults Modi ications to the wordin3 o two ite's, / activities added8 4?8 +/5 what ite's are necessary (y children 'odi ied ro' S'all 6ortunes Study 4?8+,5 what activities are necessary (y children lac1in3 necessary ite's (y adults lac1in3 necessary activities (y adults 'odi ied ro' S'all 6ortunes Study 4?8+#5 'odi ication to the wordin3 o two ite's, %new ite's added8 4?8+)5 'odi ications to the wordin3 o two ite's, / activities added8 4?8-C5 reasons or not doin3 activities 0 new Fuestion8 4?8-%5 lac1in3 necessary ite's (y children lac1in3 necessary activities (y children 'odi ied ro' S'all 6ortunes Study 4?8-+5 'odi ied ro' S'all 6ortunes Study 4?8--5 Int"! $ouse$o(' %ove"t# 0 new section8 access to a car 4?8 -.5 'ana3e'ent o household inances ro' British <ousehold Panel Survey 4?8-*5 irst thin3 to 3o without when 'oney ti3ht 4?8-/5 di iculty in 3ivin3 up when 'oney is ti3ht 4?8-,5 how o ten 3o without respondentDpartnerDchildren 4?s8 -#0.C5 reFuency o 3oin3 out socially without partner 4?8.%5 what respondent does when out alone 4?8.+5 what respondent does when out with partner 4?8.-5

%%,

Soci!( net.o"8s !n' su%%o"t 0 new section8 'other and ather still alive 4?8..5 nu'(er o close relatives 4?8.*5 contact with close relatives 4?8./5 ti'e to travel to see close relatives 4?8.,5 their contacts with a'ily 4?8.#5 nu'(er o close riends 4?8.)5 at wor1 4?8*C5 in nei3h(ourhood 4?8*%5 contact with (est riend 4?8*+5 ti'e to visit (est riend 4?8*-5 other contact with (est riend 4?8*.5 reasons or not 'eetin3 a'ily and riends 'ore o ten 4?8**5 sources and a'ount o support in ti'e o need 4?8 */5 4 ro' !nternational Social Survey Pro3ra''e5 services provided or a'ilyD riends 4?8*,5 service received ro' a'ily riends 4?8*#5

Pe"ce%tions o& %ove"t# poverty increased in past %C years O new Fuestion ro' British Social @ttitudes Survey 4?8*)5 poverty will increase over ne:t %C years O new Fuestion ro' British Social @ttitudes Survey 4?8/C5 opinions on the causes o poverty repeated 4?8/%5 opinions on 3overn'ent action to co'(at repeated 4?8/+5 poverty attitudes to increases in inco'e ta: repeated 4?8/-a and ?8/-(5

%%#

opinions on the e ectiveness o anti poverty policies 0 new Fuestion 4?8/.5 opinions on the li1elihood o di erent 3roups (ein3 poor 0 new Fuestion 4?8/*5 opinions on whether the 3roups in poverty should have increasesDdecreases in poverty 0 new Fuestion 4?8//5 A"e! 'e%"iv!tion O new section satis action with area O ro' Survey o >n3lish <ousin3 4?8/,5 how co''on are nei3h(ourhood pro(le's O ro' British Social @ttitudes Survey 4?8/#5 how 'uch o a pro(le' ro' British Cri'e Survey, >uropean Co''unity <ousehold Panel, British Social @ttitudes Survey 4?8/)5 Loc!( se"vices local services essentialDdesira(le 'odi ied 4?8,C5 local services useDadeFuacy 'odi ied 4?8,%5 local services accessi(ility 0 new Fuestion 4?8,+5 De6ts arrears with (ills 'odi ied 4?8,-5 disconnections 0 new Fuestion 4?8,.5 'oney lenders 'odi ied 4?8,*5 access to (an1D(uildin3 society 0 new Fuestion 4?8,/5 Pove"t# !n' ti e poor now repeated 4?8,,5 poor durin3 li e repeated 4?8,#5 chan3es in standards o livin3 in past two years 0 new Fuestion 4?8,)5 chan3es in standard o livin3 in ne:t two years 0 new Fuestion 4?8#C5 0e!(t$ 3eneral health O new Fuestion ro' G<S 4?8#%5 lon3standin3 illness disa(ility or in ir'ity 'odi ied 4?8#+5

%%)

li'it activities O new Fuestion ro' G<S 4?8#-5 pain or disco' ort O new Fuestion ro' G<S, >uro?uol Fuestions 4?8#.5 nu'(er o ti'es respondent consulted doctor repeated 4?8#*5 in %+ 'onths nu'(er o ti'es respondent has consulted or preventative health care in %+ 'onths O new Fuestion 4?8#/5 nu'(er o ti'es other 'e'(ers o the repeated Fuestion 4?8#,5 household consulted doctor in %+ 'onths nu'(er o ti'es respondent received hospital repeated 4?8##5 treat'ent in %+ 'onths nu'(er o ti'es other 'e'(ers o household repeated 4?8#)5 received hospital treat'ent in %+ 'oths hospital waitin3 lists 'odi ied 4?s8 )C0%5 General <ealth ?uestionnaire 4<?%+5 new ro' <ealth Survey o >n3land 4?)+5 Iso(!tion !n' 'e%"ession e:perience o isolationDdepression repeated 4?8)-5 reasons or isolation O new Fuestion 4?8).5 Li&e events 0 new section e:perience o li e events ro' >din(ur3h Sin3le Re3eneration Bud3et Survey and British Cri'e Survey 4?8)*5 stress ulness o li e events 4?8)/5 causes o divorce O new Fuestion ro' Livin3 in Britain Survey 4?8),5 TI*E0 new section hours spent on activities 4?8)#5 eelin3s a(out ti'e use new Fuestion ro' "S Ti'e use survey 4?8))5 0ousin+ housin3 satis action 0 new Fuestion ro' Survey o >n3lish housin3 4?8%CC5 state o repair repeated 4?8%C%5

%+C

pro(le's with housin3 0 new Fuestion ro' >uropean Co''unity <ousehold Panel 4?8%C+5 housin3 and health repeated 4?8%C-5 C"i e !n' Fe!" e:perience o cri'e 'odi ied 4?8%C.5 "npleasant cri'inal incidents wo'en only O new Fuestion ro' British Cri'e Survey 4?8 %C*5 sense o personal sa ety in nei3h(ourhood 'odi ied ro' British Cri'e Survey 4?8%C/5 sense o personal sa ety at ho'e O new Fuestion ro' British Cri'e Survey 4?8%C,5 worries a(out cri'e 0 new Fuestion ro' Livin3 in Britain and British Cri'e Survey 4?8%C#5 worries a(out other thin3s O new Fuestion ro' British Cri'e Survey 4?8%C)5 C$i('"enBs E'uc!tion pro(le's with school acilities 'odi ied 4?8%%C5 special educational needsDSS>& O new Fuestions 4?s8 %%%0+5 (ullyin3 O new Fuestion 4?8%%-5 school e:clusion O new Fuestions 4?8s%%.0*5 Po(itic!( !ctivis votin3 intentions repeated 4?8%%/5 active citizenship O new Fuestion 4?8%%,5 ro' M7R! activis' Fuestion 'odule Me'(erships O new Fuestion 4?8%%#5

%+%

A%%en'ix II5 S$o.c!"'s

S0O=CARD A &o Fuali ications Level % &L?DSL? 6oundation G&L?DGSL? GCS> 43rades D to G5 CS> 43raded + to *5 SC> 7 43rades D and >5 SC> Standard 43rades . to ,5 SC7TL>C &ational Certi icate Modules GCS> 43rades @ to C5 GC> J7K level passes CS> 3rade % SC> 7 43rades @ to C5 SC> Standard 43rades % to -5 School Certi icate Matriculation Level + &L?DSL? !nter'ediate G&L?DGSL? B>C 4General5 BT>C 4General5 City and Guilds Cra t or 7rdinary level RS@ Diplo'a GC> J@K level SC> <i3her 43rades @ to C5 Level &L?DSL? @dvanced G&L?DGSL? 7&CD7&D T>C 4&ational5 B>C 4&ational5 BT>C 4&ational City and Guilds @dvanced Cra t or 6inal Level Level . &L?DSL? <&CD<&D B>C 4<i3her5 T>C 4<i3her5 BT>C 4<i3her5 RS@ Diplo'a 6irst de3ree, e838 BSc, B@, B>d8 7ther de3ree0level Fuali ication includin3 M@s at irst de3ree level Level * &L?DSL? <i3her de3ree e838 MSc, M@, PGC>, PhD 7ther

%++

S0O=CARD 9 $or1in3 ull0ti'e $or1in3 part0ti'e Govern'ent sche'e D&ew Deal $aitin3 to ta1e up 9o( See1in3 wor1 Te'porarily sic1 Per'anent una(le wor1 Retired Loo1in3 a ter the house and Dor trainin3 Student DTrainin3 7ther inactive S0O=CARD C
$>>BL2 % + . * / , # ) %C %% %+ %%. %* %/ %, %# %) +C +% ++ ++. +* +/ +, +# +) -C -% -+ Less than V%C V%C less than V+C V+C less than V-C V-C less than V.C V.C less than V*C V*C less than V/C V/C less than V,C V,C less than V#C V#C less than V)C V)C less than V%CC V%CC less than V%+C V %+C less than V %.C V %.C less than V %/C V %/C less than V %#C V %#C less than V+CC V+CC less than V++C V++C less than V+.C V+.C less than V+/C V+/C less than V+#C V+#C less than V-CC V-CC less than V-+C V-+C less than V-.C V-.C less than V-/C V-/C less than V-#C V-#C less than V.CC V.CC less than V.*C V.*C less than V*CC V*CC less than V**C V**C less than V/CC V/CC less than V/*C V/*C less than V,CC V,CC or 'ore M7&T<L2 Less than V.V.- less than V#/ V#/ less than V %-C V %-C less than V %,V%,- less than V+%, V+%, less than V+/C V+/C less than V-CV-C- less than V-., V-., less than V-)C V-)C less than V.-V.-- less than V*+C V*+C less than V/C, V/C, less than V/)V/)- less than V,#C V,#C less than V#/, V#/, less than V)*V)*- less than V%,C.C V%,C.C less than V%,%+, V%,%+, less than V%,+%V%,+%- less than V%,-CC V%,-CC less than V%,-#, V%,-#, less than V%,.,V%,.,- less than V%,*/C V%,*/C less than V%,/., V%,/., less than V%,,-V%,,-- less than V%,)*C V%,)*C less than V+,%/, V+,%/, less than V+,-#V+,-#- less than V+,/CC V+,/CC less than V+,#%, V+,#%, less than V-,C-V-,C-- or 'ore
%+-

@&&"@L Less than V*+C V*+C less than V%,C.C V%,C.C less than V%,*/C V%,*/C less than V+,C#C V+,C#C less than V+,/CC V+,/CC less than V-,%+C V-,%+C less than V-,/.C V-,/.C less than V.,%/C V.,%/C less than V.,/#C V.,/#C less than V*,+CC V*,+CC less than V/,+.C V/,+.C less than V,,+#C V,,+#C less than V#,-+C V#,-+C less than V),-/C V),-/C less than V%C,.CC V%C,.CC less than V%%,..C V%%,..C less than V%+,.#C V%+,.#C less than V%-,*+C V%-,*+C less than V%.,*/C V%.,*/C less than V%*,/CC V%*,/CC less than V%/,/.C V%/,/.C less than V%,,/#C V%,,/#C less than V %#,,+C V%#,,+C less than V%),,/C V%),,/C less than V+C,#CC V+C,#CC less than V+-,.CC V+-,.CC less than V+/,CCC V+/,CCC less than V+#,/CC V+#,/CC less than V-%,+CC V-%,+CC less than V--,#CC V--,#CC less than V-/,.CC V-/,.CC or 'ore

S0O=CARD D
% + . * / , # ) %C %% %+ %%. %* %/ %, %# %) +C +% ++ ++. +* +/ +, +# +) -C V-/,.CC less than V-,,CCC V-,,CCC less than V-#,CCC V-#,CCC less than V-),CCC V-),CCC less than V.C,CCC V.C,CCC less than V.%,CCC V.%,CCC less than V.+,CCC V.+,CCC less than V.-,CCC V.-,CCC less than V..,CCC V..,CCC less than V.*,CCC V.*,CCC less than V./,CCC V./,CCC less than V.,,CCC V.,,CCC less than V.#,CCC V.#,CCC less than V.),CCC V.),CCC less than V*C,CCC V*C,CCC less than V**,CCC V**,CCC less than V/C,CCC V/C,CCC less than V/*,CCC V/*,CCC less than V,C,CCC V,C,CCC less than V,*,CCC V,*,CCC less than V#C,CCC V#C,CCC less than V#*,CCC V#*,CCC less than V)C,CCC V)C,CCC less than V)*,CCC V)*,CCC less than V%CC,CCC V%CC,CCC less than V%C*,CCC V %C*,CCC less than V %%C,CCC V %%C,CCC less than V %%*,CCC V%%*,CCC less than V%+C,CCC V %+C,CCC less than V %+*,CCC V %+*,CCC less than V %-C,CCC -% -+ --. -* -/ -, -# -) .C .% .+ ... .* ./ ., .# .) *C *% *+ **. ** */ *, *# *) /C V%-C,CCC less than V%-*,CCC V%-*,CCC less than V%.C,CCC V%.C,CCC less than V%.*,CCC V%.*,CCC less than V%*C,CCC V%*C,CCC less than V%**,CCC V%**,CCC less than V%/C,CCC V%/C,CCC less than V%/*,CCC V%/*,CCC less than V%,C,CCC V%,C,CCC less than V%,*,CCC V%,*,CCC less than V%#C,CCC V%#C,CCC less than V%#*,CCC V%#*,CCC less than V%)C,CCC V%)C,CCC less than V%)*,CCC V%)*,CCC less than V+CC,CCC V+CC,CCC less than V+%C,CCC V+%C,CCC less than V++C,CCC V++C,CCC less than V+-C,CCC V+-C,CCC less than V+.C,CCC V+.C,CCC less than V+*C,CCC V+*C,CCC less than V+/C,CCC V+/C,CCC less than V+,C,CCC V+,C,CCC less than V+#C,CCC V+#C,CCC less than V+)C,CCC V+)C,CCC less than V-CC,CCC V-CC,CCC less than V-+C,CCC V-+C,CCC less than V-.C,CCC V-.C,CCC less than V-/C,CCC V-/C,CCC less than V-#C,CCC V-#C,CCC less than V.CC,CCC V.CC,CCC or 'ore

%+.

S0O=CARD E A9SOLUTE POVERTY @(solute poverty 'eans (ein3 so poor that you are deprived o (asic hu'an needs8 !n order to avoid @BS7L"T> poverty, you need enou3h 'oney to cover all these thin3sG adeFuate dietE housin3 costsDrentE heatin3 costsE clothin3E adeFuate sanitation acilities 4sewa3e rates and water rates5E access to (asic health careE access to educationDschoolin38 S0O=CARD F OVERALL POVERTY !n order to avoid 7L>R@LL poverty, you need to have enou3h 'oney not only to cover all thin3s 'entioned in the @BS7L"T> poverty list a(ove, (ut enou3h 'oney to ensure that you are a(le toG live in a sa e environ'entE have a social li e in your local area eel part o the local co''unityE carry out your dutiesDactivities in the a'ily and nei3h(ourhood, and at wor1E 'eet essential costs o transport8 S0O=CARDS SET Two 'eals a day Meat or ish or ve3etarian eFuivalent every other day <eatin3 to war' livin3 areas o the ho'e i itHs cold @ dressin3 3own Two pairs o all weather shoes &ew, not second hand, clothes @ television @ roast 9oint or its ve3etarian eFuivalent once a wee1 Carpets in livin3 roo's and (edroo's in the ho'e Telephone Re ri3erator Beds and (eddin3 or everyone in the household Da'p0 ree ho'e @ car @ dictionary Presents or riends or a'ily once a year @ war' waterproo coat

%+*

@ washin3 'achine @ dishwasher Re3ular savin3s 4o V%C a 'onth5 or Hrainy daysH or retire'ent @ video >nou3h 'oney to 1eep your ho'e in a decent state o decoration !nsurance o contents o dwellin3 6resh ruit and ve3eta(les every day @ ho'e co'puter @n out it to wear or social or a'ily occasions such as parties and weddin3s Microwave oven Mo(ile phone Tu'(le dryer Deep reezer D 6rid3e reezer Satellite TL CD player Replace any worn out urniture Replace or repair (ro1en electrical 3oods such as re ri3erator or washin3 'achine @ppropriate clothes to wear or 9o( interviews @ll 'edicines prescri(ed (y your doctor @ccess to the !nternet @ s'all a'ount o 'oney to spend each wee1 on yoursel , not on your a'ily <avin3 a daily newspaper

S0O=CARDS SET 0
@ ni3ht out once a ortni3ht @ ho((y or leisure activity @ holiday away ro' ho'e or one wee1 a year, not with relatives Cele(rations on special occasions such as Christ'as @ 'eal in a restaurantDpu( once a 'onth <olidays a(road once a year CoachDtrain ares to visit a'ilyD riends in other parts o the country our ti'es a year 6riends or a'ily round or a visit, or a 'ealD snac1 Ddrin1 Lisits to riends or a'ily Goin3 to the pu( once a ortni3ht @ttendin3 weddin3s, unerals and other occasions @ttendin3 churchD'osFueDsyna3o3ue or other places o worship Collect children ro' school Lisits to school, or e:a'ple, sports day, parents evenin3

S0O=CARDS SET I Three 'eals a day

Toys 4e838 dolls, play i3ures, teddies, etc85 Leisure eFuip'ent 4e838 sports eFuip'ent or a (icycle5 >nou3h (edroo's or every child over %C o di erent se: to have hisDher own (edroo' Co'puter 3a'es @ war' waterproo coat Boo1s o herDhis own @ (i1e, new or second hand Construction toys such as Duplo or Le3o >ducational 3a'es
%+/

&ew, properly itted shoes @t least seven pairs o new underpants @t least our 9u'pers, cardi3ans or sweatshirts @ll the school uni or' reFuired (y the school @t least our pairs o trousers, le33in3s, 9eans or 9o33in3 (otto's @t least *C pence wee1 to spend on sweets Meat, ish or ve3etarian eFuivalent at least twice a day Co'puter suita(le school wor1 6resh ruit or ve3eta(les at least once a day @ 3arden to play in So'e new, not second0hand or handed0on clothes @ carpet in their (edroo' @ (ed and (eddin3 to herDhi'sel

S0O=CARDS SET M
@ ho((y or leisure activity Cele(rations on special occasions such as (irthdays, Christ'as other reli3ious estival Swi''in3 at least once a 'onth Play 3roup at least once a wee1 or pre0school a3ed children @ holiday away ro' ho'e at least one wee1 a year with hisDher a'ily Goin3 on a school trip at least once a ter' or school a3ed children 6riends round or tea or a snac1 once a ortni3ht

S0O=CARD H Clothes Shoes 6ood <eatin3 Telephonin3 riendsD a'ily Goin3 out Lisits to the pu( @ ho((y or sport @ holiday Ci3arettes &ever 3o without Money never ti3ht S0O=CARD L Go on your own to visit riendsDrelatives Go to the pu( alone Go to the pu( with riendsDrelatives Ta1e the children out so'ewhere to do so'ethin3 to3ether 4e838 cine'a, par1, visitin3 child riends5 Go out to ta1e children to activities 4e838 swi''in3 lessons, clu(s5 Go to a social clu(Dco''unity centre Go to the cine'aDtheatre Go to a restaurantDca e

%+,

Go to a ni3ht0clu( Go to childKs school 4e838 to help out at school5 Go to churchDte'pleD'osFueDsyna3o3ueDother reli3ious Go to ni3ht schoolDho((y Go to watch sport Go to play sport Go shoppin3 S0O=CARD * !ncreasin3 pensions !ncreasin3 !nco'e SupportD Jo( See1ers @llowance !ncreasin3 other (ene its e838 Child Bene it !nvestin3 in s1ills trainin3 or the une'ployed !nvestin3 in education or children !nvestin3 in 9o( creation !'provin3 access to child care Redistri(ution o wealth Mini'u' wa3e Better parentin3 Reducin3 truancy ro' schools !ncreasin3 trade union ri3hts Reducin3 discri'ination ReFuirin3 une'ployed youn3 people to wor1 ReFuirin3 une'ployed lone parents to wor1 S0O=CARD N 6a'ilies on low wa3es with children 6a'ilies on low wa3es without children Pensioners 2oun3 sin3le 'en 2oun3 sin3le wo'en Disa(led people Divorced 'other livin3 alone !''i3rants Children 2oun3 sin3le 'others livin3 alone "ne'ployed 'en "ne'ployed wo'en Re u3ees or asylu' see1ers $idows S0O=CARD O @LL @D"LTS Li(raries Pu(lic sports acilities e838 swi''in3 pools Museu's and 3alleries
%+#

>venin3 classes Pu(licDCo''unityDLilla3e hall Places o worship Bus services TrainDTu(e Station Petrol stations Che'ists Corner shop Mediu' to lar3e super'ar1ets Post o ice Ban1s or (uildin3 societies Pu( Cine'a DTheatre <ospital with accident and e'er3ency depart'ent Doctor Dentist 7ptician 6@M!L!>S $!T< C<!LDR>& Play acilities or children to play sa ely near(y 6@M!L!>S $!T< SC<77L @G> C<!LDR>& School 'eals 2outh clu(s @ ter school clu(s Pu(lic transport to school S0O=CARD P 6@M!L!>S $!T< C<!LDR>& "&D>R * &urseries, play3roups, 'other and toddler 3roups

%+)

S0O=CARD 4 P>&S!7&>RS 7R P>7PL> $!T< D!S@B!L!T!>S @ccess to ho'e help @ccess to 'eals on wheels Special transport or those with 'o(ility pro(le's S0O=CARD R Rent Gas >lectricity $ater Goods on hire purchase Mort3a3e repay'ents Council Ta: Credit card pay'ents Mail order catalo3ue pay'ents Telephone 7ther loans TL Licence Road Ta: DSS Social 6und Loan Child SupportD Maintenance &one o these

%-C