Application for Oil Industry

Zuudee Oil & Gas is a global leader in the supply of specialty metals products to the oil and gas industry. Our products enable the industry to meet the ever increasing design requirements of todays rigorous exploration and production activities including down-hole completion tools, wellhead products, and MWD/LWD to name a few. All-round-Service Zuudee offers its customers an all-round-service from the selection of the right materials to the dispatch of piping components ready for use. For many projects all over the world Zuudee has proved a reliable partner owing to deliveries on time. Please let us assist you with your projects.

Oil & Gas Extraction

On land and offshore, the INCONEL, INCOLOY and MONEL alloys are used for applications ranging from downhole tubulars and tools, through well-head hardware and processing equipment, to flare booms. Some of these alloys are particularly useful for wells where sour gas and oil products at high-temperatures could create major operating problems. Suggested alloys for oil and gas extraction applications:
MONEL alloy 400 MONEL R-405 MONEL K-500 INCONEL 718 alloy INCOLOY 25-6MO alloy INCOLOY 27-7MO alloy INCOLOY 800H/800HT alloy alloy alloy alloy alloy alloy

alloy INCONEL 725 alloy INCONEL X-750 INCONEL C-276 INCONEL G-3 INCONEL 22

INCONEL alloy 050 INCONEL alloy 601 INCONEL alloy 625

INCOLOY alloy 825 INCOLOY alloy 925 INCOLOY alloy A-286

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INCONEL 625LCF

alloy INCOLOY 028

alloy INCOLOY alloy 945 945X NILO alloy 36

INCONEL alloy 686

Petrochemical Processing The INCOLOY and INCONEL high-temperature corrosion-resistant alloys are used for vessels, reactors, heat-exchangers, pyrolysis tubing, pigtails, headers and transfer piping. In this largely continuous process industry, the predictably reliable performance of these alloys is a major benefit to plant designers and operators. Suggested alloys for petrochemical processing applications: MONEL alloy 400 INCONEL alloy 600 INCONEL alloy 601 INCONEL alloy 601GC INCONEL alloy 617 INCONEL alloy 625 INCONEL alloy 625LCF INCONEL alloy 690 INCONEL alloy 693 INCOLOY alloy 800H/800HT INCOLOY alloy 803 INCOLOY alloy 825 INCOLOY alloy 890

How to select material for oil industry

The broad line of corrosion-resistant alloys produced by Zuudee serves as a single source of materials for applications ranging from bottom hole to flare www.Zuudee.com
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stack.

Above The critical outer portion of the Gullfaks A flare boom is made of INCONEL alloy 625.

Above. Submarine oil hose for connection from supertankers to on-shore tank farms in Saudi Arabia. Connections are secured with MONEL alloy 400 nuts and bolts.

Selection of materials for downhole service in a sour well is governed by a complex set of factors. Operating temperatures can be as high as 800C (1470F). The hot gas is corrosive, and the marine atmosphere presents its own aggressive problems. High-temperature strength, corrosion-resistance, www.Zuudee.com
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ease of fabrication and readily available welding products to match the base materials are all important considerations. As in materials selection for any application, the goal is to use a material that performs successfully while providing optimum economy. The material must provide the required physical and mechanical properties while resisting the particular environment of the well involved. And, expected changes in the well environment over time, such as increased chloride level, must also be considered. Other important environmental factors to consider are dissolved acid gases (CO2 and H2S) in the liquid phase, chloride ions from salt or brine, temperature, and pressure. In some formations, the presence of elemental sulfur is a further factor. The level of dissolved gases depends on the partial pressure of each gas above the liquid phase and on the temperature. Bottom-hole pressure normally increases with depth, and bottom-hole temperatures can be 500F (260C) or more in deep wells. Materials for downhole tubulars and other components for oil and gas production span a wide range of grades and compositions. As corrosion-resistance increases, so too does the complexity of the material, from plain carbon steel to martensitic stainless steel (e.g., 13% chromium steel), duplex (ferritic/austenitic) stainless steel (e.g., 22% chromium/5% nickel), fully austenitic stainless steel (e.g., 28% chromium/32% nickel), and nickel alloys of various compositions. In nickel alloys used for oil-country tubular goods, the levels of nickel, chromium and molybdenum act as primary determinants of corrosion-resistance. Relatively small amounts of other elements including copper, niobium, tungsten, aluminum and titanium may have significant effects on corrosion-resistance or strength(See below image).

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Zuudee manufactures oil-country tubular goods (OCTG) that withstand the most severe conditions in oil and gas fields around the world. These highly alloyed materials permit safe, economical production from reservoirs with extremes of temperature, pressure, and H2S content. INCONEL alloys C-276, G-3 and 050, and INCOLOY alloys 825 and 028 are most often chosen for the optimum combination of corrosion-resistance and economy. These alloys, along with a wide selection of other corrosion-resistant materials, are available in a variety of different forms for downhole accessories and surface equipment. Plain-end tubulars and coupling stock are produced in diameters, wall thicknesses and yield strengths for most tubing and casing requirements.

Above. A selection of valve components for offshore service, weld-overlaid with inconel alloy 625.This use of corrosion-resistant alloy overlays on steel components offers a cost-effective alternative to solid alloy construction.

INCOLOY alloy 825, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with additions of 2.2% copper and 3.0% molybdenum,resists oxidizing and reducing acids, chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking, pitting and intergranular corrosion. The molybdenum addition is especially effective in increasing an alloys resistance to sour well environments. INCOLOY alloy 825 is a solid- solution alloy (not strengthened by heat treatment) that can be strengthened by cold work to minimum yield strengths (0.2% offset) up to 125,000 psi (862 MPa). INCOLOY alloy 825 could be considered for service in well environments where stainless steels would be susceptible to chloride stress cracking, pitting, or crevice corrosion. Depending on specific strength

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level and temperature, the alloy has been shown to be resistant to stress-corrosion cracking at H2S partial pressures up to about 1000 psi (7 MPa). The usual maximum service temperature is about 350F (175 C). INCONEL alloy G-3, a nickel-chromium-iron alloy with additions of 2.0% copper and 7.0% molybdenum, is similar to INCOLOY alloy 825 in nickel and chromium contents, but has approximately double the molybdenum. INCONEL alloy G-3 is a solid-solution alloy that can be cold worked to minimum yield strengths (0.2% offset) up to 130,000 psi (900 MPa). With its higher molybdenum, INCONEL alloy G-3 offers greater resistance to sour environments than incoloy alloy 825. INCONEL alloy C-276, a nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy with additions of iron (6%) and tungsten (4%), is used in the most severe sour well environments including those having free sulfur. Its molybdenum content of 16% is the highest commercially available in oil-country tubular goods, offering the maximum resistance to environments containing H2S. The solid-solution alloy can be cold worked to high strength levels and is available with minimum yield strength (0.2% offset) of 150,000 psi (1034 MPa). Depending on the combination of specific yield strength, temperature, and free-sulfur presence, lNCONEL alloy C-276 is resistant to cracking at H2S partial pressures up to about 10,000 psi (70 MPa). The alloy has shown resistance to sour environments at temperatures up to 500F (260C).

The many different downhole components - hangers, valves, pumps, packers, wirelines, mandrels, screens, landing nipples, etc - needed to complete and produce a well face the same environment as the tubing string. Although some components may be under lower stress or have less critical functions, all downhole hardware in a sour well must have adequate resistance to the environment. The same alloys used for tubulars are also used for other downhole components. In many cases, however, a different alloy is more appropriate for reasons of specialized properties, economy, or ease of fabrication.
Below left. An Indair flare at the works of the fabricator, F. Atkinson Ltd., Nottingham, England. The tulip is made of INCOLOY alloy 800HT, mounted above a cone of INCOLOY alloy DS.

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About right. Fasteners of various nickel alloys provide strength and corrosion-resistance in critical oil-field connections.

Below. MONEL alloys 400, R-405 and K-500 are standard materials for valves, valve actuators and pumps in oil field and processing applications.

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INCOLOY alloy 25-6MO was used to fabricate this desalination unit for an offshore platform. The unit was fabricated by KGD Industrial Services Ltd. (Hereford, England) for Alfa Laval Desalt (Copenhagen, Denmark) Left. A single point mooring buoy where the mating surfaces of the universal joint are overlaid with INCONEL alloy 625 for resistance to stress-corrosion cracking and crevice corrosion.

Above. An onshore terminal where LPG is compressed and cooled from 133 to 26C in batteries of air-cooled INCOLOY alloy 825 heat exchangers set 25 meters high in piperacks where wind speeds can exceed 120 mph.

For example, high strength is obtained in tubulars by cold working, but parts of heavy or non-uniform cross section cannot be strengthened by cold working. Such components need to be made of an alloy that can be strengthened by a precipitation hardening (age hardening) heat treatment. Zuudee markets the broadest range of corrosion-resistant alloys in the industry. All are produced to the high standards of quality and performance applied to CRA tubing and casing, and are manufactured in a full range of standard mill forms including pipe, tubing, rounds, flats, hexagons, wire, plate, sheet, strip, and forging stock. From this extensive product line the best alloy can be selected in the required form for virtually any downhole or wellhead component. www.Zuudee.com
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MONEL alloy 400, a solid-solution nickel-copper alloy with moderate strength and high corrosion- resistance, is especially resistant to sea water and brines. MONEL alloy R-405 is a free-machining version of MONEL alloy 400. MONEL alloy K-500 is a high-strength, age-hardenable version of MONEL alloy 400. INCONEL alloy 600 is a solid-solution nickel- chromium alloy with good strength and resistance to general corrosion in a variety of environments. INCONEL alloy 625, a solid solution Ni-chromium-molybdenum-niobium alloy, has high strength and outstanding resistance to general corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking. INCONEL alloy 718, an age-hardenable nickel-chromium-iron alloy containing significant amounts of niobium, molybdenum, titanium, and aluminum, combines good corrosion-resistance with extremely high strength. INCONEL alloy 725, an age-hardenable Ni-chromium-molybdenum-niobium alloy, combines the excellent corrosion-resistance of INCONEL alloy 625, including resistance to the effects of H2S, with high strength obtained by heat treatment instead of cold work.

INCONEL alloy X-750 is a nickel-chromium alloy similar to INCONEL alloy 600 but made age-hardenable by additions of aluminum and titanium for higher strength in addition to corrosion resistance. INCONEL alloy 050, an alloy with excellent resistance to stress-corrosion cracking, particularly in sour gas environments, used for downhole tubing in oil and gas extraction. INCOLOY alloy 800 is a solid-solution nickel-ironchromium alloy with good strength and resistance to general corrosion in many environments. It is also available as INCOLOY alloys 800H and 800HT for higher strength at temperatures over 1100F (590C). INCOLOY alloy 925, an age-hardenable Ni-Fe-Cr-molybdenum-copper alloy, has the corrosion-resistance of INCOLOY alloy 825 along with high strength achieved by heat treatment. The alloy was developed especially for sour-well components that cannot be strengthened by cold working. INCOLOY alloy 25-6MO, a solid-solution nickel-ironchromium alloy with a substantial (6%) addition of molybdenum, is especially useful to resist pitting and crevice corrosion in media containing chlorides, such as sea water. INCOLOY alloy 27-MO, a solid-solution nickel-ironchromium alloy with a substantial (7%) addition of molybdenum, is a higher alloyed version of INCOLOY alloy 25-6 MO. INCOLOY alloy 028, a corrosion-resistant austenitic stainless steel used for downhole tubing in oil and gas extraction operations.

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For These Components Specify These Proven Alloys: Bellows expansion INCOLOY alloy 825 joints MONEL alloy 400 INCONEL alloys 625, 625LCF & X-750 Downhole tubing, casing INCOLOY alloys 825 & 028 and couplings INCONEL alloys C-276, G-3 & 050 Drill collars MONEL alloy K-500 Drill pipe INCOLOY alloy 825 Fasteners INCOLOY alloy 925 MONEL alloy K-500 INCONEL alloys 725,725HS, 686, & X-750 Fittings INCOLOY alloy 825 INCONEL alloy 625 Filters and separators MONEL alloy K-500 INCOLOY alloys 825 & 27-7 MO Flare booms INCONEL alloy 625 Flare stack tips INCOLOY alloys 800HT & DS Hangers INCOLOY alloy 925 INCONEL alloys 725, 725HS, & 718 Heat exchangers INCOLOY alloys 825, 800HT, 27-7MO, & 25-6MO INCONEL alloy 625 MONEL alloy 400 INCOLOY alloy 825 MONEL alloy 400 INCONEL Instrumentation tubing alloy 625 Landing nipples INCONEL alloy 725 & 725HS INCOLOY alloy 925 Packers INCOLOY alloy 925 INCONEL alloys 718, 725, & 725HS Polished-bore receptacles INCONEL alloys 718 & 725 (PBRs) INCOLOY alloy 925 Pumps INCOLOY alloy 925 INCONEL alloy 718 MONEL alloys 400, R-405 & K-500

Rig leg cladding MONEL alloy 400 Riser pipe cladding MONEL alloy 400 INCOLOY alloy 825 Sea-water piping MONEL alloy 400 INCONEL alloy 625 INCOLOY alloys 825, 25-6MO, & 27-7 MO Side-pocket mandrels INCONEL alloy 725 INCOLOY alloy 925 Springs INCONEL alloys X-750 & 725 Sucker rods INCONEL alloy 718 MONEL alloys 400 & K-500 Tool joints INCOLOY alloy 925 MONEL alloy K-500 Tubing calipers MONEL alloys 400 & K-500 Valves INCOLOY alloys 825 & 925 INCONEL alloys 625, 718 & 725 MONEL www.Zuudee.com
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alloys 400, R-405 & K-500 Wire lines INCOLOY alloys 825, 25-6 MO, & 27-7 MO

Common alloy comparison:

MONEL Element alloy 400 UNS N04400 Nickel Chromium Iron Copper Molybdenum Niobium Aluminum Titanium Sulfur Tungsten Cobalt Carbon Manganese Silicon Phosphorus Boron Vanadium Nitrogen 63.0 min 2.5 28.0-34.0 0.024 0.3 2.0 0.5 MONEL alloy R-405 UNS N04405 63.0 min 2.5 28.0-34.0 0.025-0.060 0.3 2.0 0.5 MONEL alloy K-500 UNS N05500 63.0 min 2.0 27.0-33.0 2.30-3.15 0.35-0.85 0.01 0.25 1.5 0.5 INCONEL alloy 600 UNS N06600 72.0 min 14.9-17.0 6.0-10.0 0.5 0.015 0.15 1.0 0.5 INCONEL alloy 625 UNS N06625 58.0 min 20.0-23.0 5.0 8.0-10.0 3.15-4.15 0.40 0.40 0.015 1.0 0.10 0.50 0.50 0.015

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NICKEL ALLOYS FOR OIL-COUNTRY APPLICATIONS

Youngs Density Modulus Magnetic Alloy MONEL alloy 400 MONEL alloy R-405 MONEL alloy K-500 INCONEL alloy 600 INCONEL alloy 625 lb/in3 g/cm3 0.318 8.80 0.318 8.80 0.305 8.44 0.306 8.47 0.305 8.44 106psi GPa 26.0 179 26.0 179 26.0 179 31.1 221 30.1 208 Permeabilityb d d 1.002 1.010 1.0006 Btu/ J/ lb.F kg.C 0.102 427 0.102 427 0.100 419 0.106 444 0.098 410 Specific Heat Coefficient of Expansionc 10-6/ 10-6/ F C Thermal Conductivity Btu.in/ W/m. ft2.h.F C 8.8 15.8 8.7 15.7 8.3 14.9 7.9 14.2 7.4 13.3 151 21.8 151 21.8 121 17.5 103 14.9 68 9.8 Electrical Resistivity

ohm. cmil/ft ohmm 329 0.547 307 0.510 370 0.615 620 1.03 776 1.29

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INCONEL alloy 718 INCONEL alloy 725 INCONEL alloy 725HS INCONEL alloy X-750 INCONEL alloy G-3 INCONEL alloy C-276 INCONEL alloy 050 INCOLOY alloy 27-7 MO INCOLOY alloy 25-6MO INCOLOY alloy 028 INCOLOY alloy 800 INCOLOY alloy 825 INCOLOY alloy 925

0.296 8.19 0.300 8.30 0.300 8.30 0.299 8.28 0.294 8.14 0.321 8.89 0.303 8.39 0.289 8.02

29.0 200 29.6 204 29.6 204 31.0 214 28.9 199 29.8 205 27.9 192 27.7 191

1.0011 <1.001 <1.001 1.0035 1.0002 1.004

0.104 435 0.103 431 0.108 452 0.102 427 0.109 454

8.0 14.4 7.5 13.0 7.5 13.0 7.5 13.5 8.1 14.6 7.2 13.0 7.5 13.5 8.8 15.8

79 11.4 83 12.0 69 10.0 68 9.8 70 10

751 1.25 688 1.14 688 1.14 731 1.22 739 1.23 604 1.00

0.290 8.03 0.290 8.03 0.287 7.94 0.294 8.14 0.292 8.08

27.6 190 29.0 200 28.5 197 29.8 205 29.2 201

1.005 1.014 1.005 1.001

0.12 500 0.11 460 0.11 460 0.105 440 0.104 435

9.9e 17.8e 8.3 14.9 9.0 16.2 8.5 15.3 8.2 14.8

116 16.7 79 11.4 80 11.5 77 11.1

480 0.80 560 0.93 595 0.989 678 1.13 701 1.17

a b c d

Room-temperature values except for thermal expansion. H=200 oersted (15.9kA/m). Between room temperature and 600F (315C). May be ferromagnetic at room temperature; Curie temperature varies from slightly below to somewhat over room

temperature.
e

Between room temperature and 750F (400C).

TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR AGE-HARDENED CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOY BAR

Yield Strength Alloy ksi MPa MONEL alloy K-500 INCONEL alloy 718 INCONEL alloy 725 INCONEL alloy 725HS INCONEL alloy X-750 INCOLOY alloy 925 95 655 120 827 120 827 149 1029 110 758 110 758 ksi MPa 130 896 150 1034 150 1034 199 1372 165 1138 140 965 % 20 20 20 22 20 15 Rockwell C35 C40 C40 C43 C35 C38 Tensile Strength Elongation Hardness*

*Condition and hardness limitations as stipulated by NACE MR0175.

TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR ANNEALED CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS

Alloy Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Hardness

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ksi MPa MONEL alloy 400 INCONEL alloy 600 INCONEL alloy 625 INCONEL alloy C-276 INCOLOY alloy 25-6MO INCOLOY alloy 27-7 MO INCOLOY alloy 800 INCOLOY alloy 825 35 214 45 310 80 552 60 414 48 331 60 415 35 214 45 310

ksi MPa 80 552 95 655 135 931 115 793 100 690 120 830 85 586 100 690

% 40 40 45 50 42 50 45 45

Rockwell B65 B80 B95 B90 B88 B90 B70 B85

SPECIFICATIONS AND DESIGNATIONSFOR NICKEL ALLOYS USED IN OIL-COUNTRY APPLICATIONS

Alloy MONELalloy 400 UNS N04400 NACE ASTM ASME SB127SB163165 SB366SB564SB751 SAEAMS 45444574,4575 46754730, 47317233 MONELalloy R405 MONELalloy K500 INCONELalloy 600 N06600 MR0175 B163B166168B 366 B516517B564B 751 INCONELalloy 625 N06625 B775B829 SB163SB166168 SB366 SB516517SB564 SB751 SB775SB829 SB366SB443, 444SB446SB564 SB704705SB751 SB775 SB829 SB425SB637 5589,55905596, 559756625664 N07725 MR0175 B805 SB443,444SB446 5832 5962 2.4668 558155995666 5837 5869 307230743076 17744 1775052 2.4856 56877232 554055805665 30723076 N05500 MR0175 B865 4676 30723076 17743 1775254 17742 1775054 2.4816 2.4375 N04405 MR0175 B730B751B775 B829 B164 SB775SB829 SB164 46747234 BS 30723076 DIN 17743 1775054 Werkstoff 2.4360

MR0175 B127B163165B 366B564B725

MR0175 B366B443444B 446B564 B704705B751B 775

INCONELalloy 718 INCONELalloy 725 INCONELalloy

N07718

MR0175

B829 B637B670

N07750

MR0175

B637

SB637

55425582,

HR505

2.4669

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X750 INCONELalloy G3 INCONELalloy C276 B574,575B619B 622 INCONELalloy N06950 050 INCOLOYalloy 800 N08800 MR0175 B163B366B 407409B514, 515B564B751B 775B829 INCOLOYalloy 825 N08825 MR0175 B163B366B 423425B564 B704,705B751B 775 INCOLOYalloy 925 INCOLOY alloy256MO 8926 MR0175 B366B472B625 B649B673,674B 677B751 INCOLOYalloy 028 N08028 MR0175 B775B804B829 B668B709 SB366SB625SB649 SB673,674SB677 SB751SB775 SB804SB829 SB668SB709 N09925 MR0175 B829 SB163SB366 SB407409SB514, 515SB564SB751 SB775SB829 SB163SB366 SB423425SB564 SB704,705SB751 SB775 SB829 SB423425SB564 MR0175 B626B751B775 B829 SB751SB775SB829 SB619SB622SB626 N10276 MR0175 N06985 MR0175 B366B581,582B 619 B622B626B751 B775B829 B366B564 SB622SB626SB751 SB775SB829 SB366SB582 SB366SB582SB619

55835598 56675671 5698,56995747 17744 1775052 17744 1775052 2.4819 2.4619

57665871

30723076

470

1.4876

1.4529

1.4563

Corrosive well environments: Corrosive well environments degrade materials in three general ways: 1 Weight-loss corrosion, in which the metal surface is more or less uniformly attacked. 2 Pitting or crevice corrosion, in which metal loss is highly localized. 3 Environment-induced cracking, in which brittle fracture occurs with no significant metal loss.

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WEIGHT-LOSS CORROSION (GENERAL CORROSION)

The complexity of a material affects its resistance to weight-loss corrosion. Carbon dioxide dissolved in the liquid phase creates an acidic solution that can cause rapid weight-loss corrosion of carbon steels, even at relatively low temperatures. Chlorides and H2S increase the corrosivity of the solution. Martensitic stainless steels are also susceptible to weight-loss corrosion, especially at high temperatures with chlorides or H2S present. Duplex and austenitic stainless steels have higher resistance to weight-loss corrosion. Nickel alloys generally show complete resistance to weight-loss corrosion even under conditions of high temperatures and high concentrations of chlorides and H2S. When dissimilar metals are in contact while exposed to an aqueous environment, galvanic effects can cause or alter corrosion reactions. The less noble metal in the galvanic couple is corroded at a higher rate than would occur if the metal were exposed alone. The effect is more pronounced if the surface area of the less noble metal is small in relation to the more noble metal. In general, nickel alloys and austenitic stainless steels are similar enough in corrosion potential that galvanic corrosion is not a serious problem when couples are formed within or between the two materials groups. However, galvanic corrosion is a possibility when highly alloyed materials are connected to carbon steels, alloy steels, or martensitic stainless steels. LOCALIZED CORROSION Pitting and crevice corrosion have similar consequences: localized destruction of metal. However, the two forms of corrosion operate by different mechanisms. Pitting occurs when a point location becomes anodic to the surrounding metal, resulting in continuing corrosion penetration at the anodic point. Crevice corrosion takes place when the concentration of metallic ions or oxygen is different in a crevice (or under a deposit) than in the surrounding environment. Such localized corrosion can be particularly likely on materials such as stainless steels that form protective, passive surface films. Chloride ions in the environment can accumulate and penetrate the passive film to allow corrosion at the area of film removal. Nickel alloys also form passive films. However, chromium and molybdenum, especially the latter, are highly effective in preventing localized corrosion. Nickel alloys used for downhole applications generally contain sufficient molybdenum and chromium to avoid pitting and crevice corrosion. In sour wells, environmental cracking can occur by two different mechanisms: hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion. Hydrogen embrittlement involves a cathodic reaction in which hydrogen ions are reduced to elemental hydrogen. Hydrogen ions may result from galvanic corrosion of connected dissimilar metals or from acidizing operations performed on the reservoir. In sour wells, however, the major source is usually dissolved H2S in well fluids. Elemental hydrogen absorbed by a metal can lower ductility to the point where the metal becomes embrittled. If the metal is under sufficient stress, cracking results. Such cracking in H2S environments is termed sulfide stress cracking (SSC). Hydrogen embrittlement and SSC are essentially low-temperature phenomena with maximum severity occurring in the room-temperature range. Stress corrosion involves an anodic reaction in which a crack is

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initiated and propagated in stressed metal by dissolution of metal ions. Metal loss continues at the leading edge of the crack until brittle fracture occurs. Such stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) can be caused by various media. In sour wells, SCC can result from two corrosive species: chloride ions and H2S. Chloride SCC normally is not a problem with ferritic materials and nickel alloys. Austenitic stainless steels, especially those of relatively low nickel content, can suffer chloride SCC at temperatures as low as 140F (60C) and become more susceptible at higher temperatures. Stress-corrosion cracking induced by H2S is similar to chloride SCC but affects a broader range of materials, including nickel alloys. This form of environmental cracking is often the major factor in overcoming the effects of sour well environments on materials. The potential for SCC becomes greater with higher temperatures and concentrations of H2S and with the presence of chloride ions and elemental sulfur. Extremely hot and sour wells require corrosion-resistant alloys with high contents of nickel, chromium and molybdenum. Virtually all metallic materials are susceptible to SSC or SCC in sour environments, although the conditions for susceptibility vary widely. A major factor is the concentration of dissolved H2S, which increases with partial pressure of the gas. Low-alloy and carbon steels are vulnerable to SSC at partial pressure of H2S as low as about 0.05 psi (345 Pa). By definition (NACE MR-01-75) a well with a partial pressure of H2S greater than 0.05 psi (345 Pa) is designated as sour. If a well is sour, downhole components must be made of a corrosion-resistant alloy that will resist the particular sour conditions.

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Titanium tubes and parts for oil drilling application:

More Application of nickel alloys:

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Summary_of_Alloys_for_OCTG(Oil CountryTubular Goods)_Equipment:

Material CategoryISO 13680 Name UNS Num ber Strength ening method Common Strength Levels PSL 2 Ni Ni Max Cr Min Cr Max Mo Min Mo Max Fe Min Fe Max C Min C Max N Min N Max Cu Min Cu Max W Min Maximum Hardness ChemicalComposition%

HRC HRC Min LowAlloy Steel C90 Q&T 25.4 NA

0.99 1.5 0.25 0.85

Bal

0.35

T95

Q&T

25.4 NA

0.99 0.4 1.5 0.25 0.85

Bal

0.35

C110

Q&T

30 NA

0.99 0.4 1.5 0.25 1.0

Bal

0.35

Martensitic Stainless

13 Chrome

Q&T 80 23 NA

0.5 12 14 NA

Bal

0.15 0.22 NA

0.25 NA

13Cr HP1/13 CrMod

85 95

24 27

NA NA

0.04 max

3.5 Q&T 80 27 NA 4.0

4.5 5.5

12.0 11.0

14.0 14.0

0.8 0.2

1.5 1.2 Bal

0.03 max NA NA NA

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13Cr HP2/Su per Cr 13

95 110

28 32

NA NA

0.04 max

4.5 Q&T Q&T 125 37 NA 6.0 80 95 110 27 28 32 27 27 NA 4.5

5.5 6.5

12.0 11.5

14.0 13.5

1.8 1.5

2.5 3.0 Bal

0.03 max 0.04 NA max NA NA 1.5 NA NA

15Cr/U HP

7.0

14.0

16.0

1.8

2.5

Bal

Duplex Stainless

22 Chrome

S318 03 S312 60 S327 60 CW 110 36 36 SA 80 28 28 6.0 8.0 24.0 26.0 3.0 4.0 Bal SA CW CW CW 75 110 125 140 26 36 37 38 26 36 36 NA 5.5 7.5 24.0 26.0 2.5 3.5 Bal SA CW CW CW 65 110 125 140 26 36 37 38 26 36 36 NA 4.5 6.5 21.0 23.0 2.5 3.5 Bal

0.030 max 0.08 0.20 NA

NA

25 Chrome

0.030 max

0.10

0.30

0.2

0.8

0.1

Super25 Cr

0.030 max

0.20

0.30

0.50

1.0

0.50

(PREN> 40)

AusteniticFe

CW CW

125 140

37 38

36 NA

Based

Stainless 2535 N085 35 28Cr N080 28 AusteniticNi Base (coldworked 825 N088 CW 80 38.0 46.0 19.5 23.5 2.5 3.5 22.0min 0.05 NA 1.5 3.0 NA CW CW CW 110 125 140 35 37 38 33 35 NA 30.0 34.0 26.0 28.0 3.0 4.0 Bal CW CW CW 110 125 140 35 37 38 33 35 NA 29.0 36.5 24.0 27.0 2.5 4.0 Bal 0.030 max 0.025 max 0.08 0.10 0.60 1.40 NA NA NA 1.5 NA

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&solid solution alloysfor downhole tubulars) 2550

25

max

CW 110 35 35

N069 75

CW

125

37

35

0.030 max

CW CW CW

110 125 140

35 37 38

35 35 NA

47

52.0

23.0

26.0

5.0

7.0

Bal

NA

0.70

1.20

NA

G3

N069 85

0.015 max

CW CW CW

110 125 140

35 37 38

35 37 NA

Bal

21.0

23.5

6.0

8.0

18

21.0

NA

1.5

2.5

50

N069 50

0.015 max

CW CW CW

110 125 140

35 37 38

35 37 NA

50.0

19.0

21.0

8.0

10.0

15

20.0 5.0 max

NA

1.50

2.50 NA NA NA 3.0

625

N066 25

0.10 max 0.01 max

CW

110

35

35

58.0 57 nom

20.0

23.0

8.0

10.0

NA NA

C276

N102 76 CW CW CW 110 125 140 35 37 38 35 35 35

14.5

16.5

15.0

17.0

4.0

7.0

Titanium Alloy

Ti 6246

R562 Aging 60 145 45

5.5 6.5

0.15 max

0.04 max

0.04 max

AusteniticNi Base (precipitation hardenedNi base alloysfor thickwalled

718 N077 18 925 N099 Aging 25 110 38 NA 42.0 46.0 19.5 22.5 2.5 3.5 Aging 120 40 NA 50.0 55.0 17.0 21.0 2.80 3.30 Bal

0.08 max 0.03 NA

0.3 max

NA

22.0min max

NA

1.5

3.0

NA

tubulars &equipment, SCSSV& 45 hangers) 945 N099 Aging 45 945 N099 Aging 45 135 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal 0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0 NA 130 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal 0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0 NA 945 N099 Aging 125 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal 0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0 NA

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945X

N099 Aging 45 140 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal

0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0

NA

945X

N099 Aging 45 145 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal

0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0

NA

945X

N099 Aging 45 150 42 NA 45.0 55.0 19.5 23.0 3.0 4.0 Bal

0.005 0.04 NA 1.5 3.0

NA

725

N077 Aging 25 125 44 NA 55.0 59.0 19.0 22.5 7.0 9.5

9 nom

0.03 NA max

NA

NA

625plus

N077 Aging 16 125 43 NA 57 63 19 22 7 9.5 Bal

0.03 NA max

NA

NA

About Zuudee
Zuudee is a professional manufacturer of nickel alloys in forms of tube/pipe, bar, sheet, forged flanges, fasteners and custom-made machined parts.

Founded in 2002,Zuudee has built two production bases covering a total area around 32,800 square meters and more than 200 employees. Local sales offices locate in Beijing, Changshu, Wuxi, are helping us to sell our quality products worldwide. Our products are mainly used in Oil & Gas, Offshore platform, FPSO, Petrol Chemical, Long distance pipeline, Sea water treatment, Nuclear power industry and so on. Through the years of rich experience, deep industrial knowledge background, good problem solving capability and constantly keeping abreast with the latest technology, Zuudee has gained high reputation in the industrial field from both domestic and international markets.

Zuudee Changshu Plant ,Changshu Liony Metal Co.,Ltd.,is located in Xiangqiao Industrial Park,Haiyu Town,Changshu City,Jiangsu province,about 2 hours from Shanghai by car. Benefiting from Shanghais perfect human resource, economical and traffic circumstance, we have built up a professional commercial, engineering, management, service team and headquarter in Shanghai, including one chief heat treatment engineer, 6 senior or junior engineers, 4 quality person,90% staff in Shanghai are well educated at least junior college. We have two integrated production lines. One is for nickel alloy tubes, and the other for bars,flanges and fasteners, including melting, heat treatment, cutting, forging, CNC machining, thread rolling, NDE inspection, test lab, packing, etc. Important processes are monitored and recorded in a PLC system. We produce sheet upon order, and use our own trusted ingot and then send to the near steel mill using their sheet rolling production line.

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Zuudee continues to be focused on specialty processing to help customers reduce their overall costs. Our additional in-house processing capabilities range from close tolerance cold sawing and lathe cutting to turning, grinding, heat treating, and plasma and laser cutting. Custom fabrication, such as machined or assembly-ready parts, chrome plating, welding, trepanning, boring and honing are also available upon demand. Strict quality controls are applied at every processing stage, all described and published in quality assurance procedures. The manufacturing history of every product is fully traceable. Testing facilities for the tubular products include ultrasonic, hydrostatic, eddy current, and boroscope/ intrascope.

Our mission is to provide the very best in products, services, and solutions to assist our customers in meeting and exceeding their asset management expectations while reducing their overall product lead-times. We strive to achieve this through close working partnerships that utilize our people, physical resources, and our creative solutions to provide the unique programs with flexible, forward-thinking strategies. Our vision is to be a company like Apple in special metal field.

Zuudee Industry Co.,Limited. Baoji Zuudee Metal Co.,Limited. Address:No.5455 Hunan Road ,Shanghai China 200012 Tel:+86 21 58221695 Fax:+86 21 58075251 Email: info@zuudee.com Website:www.TiNiAlloys.com www.Baojititanium.com

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