Intercarrier Interference Cancellation Using Complex Conjugate Technique for Alamouti-Coded MIMO-OFDM Systems

Aurupong Yiwleak and Chaiyod Pirak Communications Engineering Program, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering(TGGS), King Mongkuts University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand 1518 Pibulsongkram Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand email: aurupong@tot.co.th and chaiyod.p@gmail.com

AbstractThis paper proposes an Alamouti coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme combining with the intercarrier interference (ICI) conjugate cancellation scheme in order to mitigate ICI caused by frequency offset in MIMO system. The proposed system provides advantages of a conjugate cancellation scheme, such as backward compatibility with the existing Alamouti coded OFDM system and low receiver complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves a lower bit error rate (BER) compared with existing Alamouti coded OFDM system in both AWGN and fading channels.

X0
Xl
S/P

x0
IFFT P/S

X N -1
(a)

xN -1

X l

ML Decoding

X k

X 0
S/P

0 x
FFT

P/S
N -1 x

X N -1

I. I NTRODUCTION An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system is widely known as the promising communication technique in the current broadband wireless communication systems because of the high spectral efciency and robustness in multipath fading channel. However, one of the major impairments of such system is the sensitivity of its performance to synchronization error such as frequency offset or phase offset. The frequency offset causes from a carrier frequency synchronization error between oscillators in the transmitter and receiver as well as a Doppler shift. Such frequency offset leads to a loss of orthogonality among subcarriers that introduce intercarrier interference (ICI). Currently, there are four different approaches for mitigating ICI which have been proposed including, frequencydomain equalization [1], time-domain windowing [2], ICI self-cancellation [3],[4], and two-path conjugate cancellation [5],[6]. All of such approaches are developed for one transmit and one receive antenna, excepting [7] introduces ICI selfcancellation scheme in Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) case. However, this study has focused on spacefrequency codes, and [8] has proposed Alamouti coded in cooperative systems with ICI self-cancellation scheme. Since there is a lack of applying ICI complex conjugate cancellation scheme in multiple antennas system, it motivates us to study in this area. In this paper, the ICI conjugate cancellation in multiple antennas OFDM systems is proposed. Since, the users have less space to equip two antennas, then a case of two-transmit and one-receive antennas in OFDM system is focused on this paper. As compared to a standard Alamouti-coded OFDM system, at high-frequency offset situations, the

(b)

Figure 1. Receiver

Structure of a baseband OFDM system, (a) Transmitter, (b)

Alamouti-coded with ICI conjugate cancellation achieves better performance than the standard Alamouti-coded OFDM system. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II, the mathematical model of OFDM signal with frequency offset and the conjugate cancellation scheme proposed in [5] are described. Section III presents the proposed Alamouti-coded MIMO-OFDM system with ICI conjugate cancellation. Section IV provides simulations to verify the theoretical analysis. The results of the paper are summarized in Section V. II. OFDM S IGNAL M ODEL WITH F REQUENCY O FFSET A. OFDM Signal Model Fig.1 shows the block diagram of a baseband OFDM system with Single-Input and Single-Output (SISO). Denote Xl (l = 0, ..., N 1) as the modulated symbols on the lth transmitting subcarrier of OFDM symbol at transmitter, which are assumed independent, zero-mean random variables, with average power 2 . The complex baseband OFDM signal at output of the X IFFT can be written as 1 xn = N
N 1 l=0

Xl ej N nl ,

n = 0, . . . , N 1

(1)

where N is the total number of subcarriers and the OFDM symbol duration is T seconds. At the receiver, the received OFDM signal is mixed with local oscillator signal, with the frequency offset deviated from f the carrier frequency of the received signal owing to frequency estimation error or Doppler velocity, the received signal is given by x n = (xn hn )ej N nf T + zn
j2 N nf T 2

III. P ROPOSED C ONJUGATE C ANCELLATION IN MIMO S YSTEM A. System Model for MIMO System In this section, we propose a conjugate cancellation (CC) scheme in Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output system (MIMO) system as shown in Fig.2. The modulated symbols Xl (l = 0, ..., N 1) are encoded with Alamouti space time coding [9], transmitted frequency domain signal on lth transmitting subcarrier from antenna one , ..., XN 2 , XN is denoted by D1,l = (X0 , X1 1 , for l = 0, ..., N 1, respectively) and from antenna two is denoted , ..., XN 1 , XN by D2,l = (X1 , X0 2 , for l = 0, ..., N 1, respectively). Assuming that the cyclic prex is employed; the receiver has the perfect time synchronization. Note also that the frequency offset is constant over all-path time interval. The received time domain signal is given by x n = (d1,n h1,n + d2,n h2,n )ej N nf T + zn
2

(2)

where hn , e , and zn represent the channel impulse response, the corresponding frequency offset of received signal at the sampling instants: f T is the frequency offset to subcarrier frequency spacing ratio, and the AWGN respectively, while denotes the circular convolution. Assuming that a cyclic prex is employed; the receiver has a perfect time synchronization. Note that a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the convolution of two signal in time domain is equivalent to the multiplication of the corresponding signals in the frequency domain. Then the output of the FFT in frequency domain signal on the k th receiving subcarrier becomes: k X
N 1

(7)

=
l=0

Xl Hl Ulk + Zk ,
N 1

k = 0, . . . , N 1 (3)

Then the frequency domain receiving signal of standard OFDM on k th receiving subcarrier expressed in (3) changes to k sd = X
N 1 N 1

Xk Hk U0 +
l=0,l=k

Xl Hl Ulk + Zk

D1,l H1,l U1,lk +

l=0 l=0

D2,l H2,l U2,lk + Zk (8)

The rst term of (3) is a desired transmitted data symbol Xk . The second term represents the ICI from the undesired data symbols on other subcarriers in OFDM symbol. Hk is the channel frequency response and Zk denotes the frequency domain of zn . The term Ulk is the coefcient of F F T (IF F T ), is given by Ulk = 1 N
N 1 n=0

The conjugate path is also shown as follow k cc = X

N 1 l=0 D1,l H1 ,l V1,lk N 1

+
l=0

D2,l H2 ,l V2,lk + Zk (9)

Assuming that the channel frequency response is constant over two consecutive transmitted symbols and two transmission paths. B. Conjugate Cancellation Scheme for MIMO The averaged received signal of the standard OFDM and the conjugate cancellation can be described as k sd + X k cc ) k = 1 (X R 2 k R = 1 (D1,k H1,k U1,0 + D2,k H2,k U2,0 2 + D1,k H1 ,k V1,0 + D2,k H2,k V2,0 ) + Ik + W k
N 1

ej N n(lk+f T )

(4)

when the channel is at, Ulk can be considered as a complex weighting function of the transmitted data symbols in frequency domain. B. Conjugate Cancellation Scheme and Its Property According to [5], a conjugate cancellation algorithm is to transmit the standard OFDM symbol and its conjugate over two transmission paths that provide weighting factors with opposite polarities at the zero crossing point. The detected symbol is an average detected symbol of both paths, the structure of conjugate cancellation will be shown in Section III. Assuming that the frequency offset is a constant over the two-path time interval. The property of the complex conjugate cancellation with the complex weighting function is expressed as follow [5] Ulk + Vlk 1 if l = k (5) 0 if l = k 2 where Vlk is the complex weighting function of the conjugate path, is given by Vlk = 1 N
N 1 n=0

(10)

(11)

where Ik = 1 2 (D1,l H1,l U1,lk + D2,l H2,l U2,lk

l=0,l=k

+ D1,l H1 ,l V1,lk + D2,l H2,l U2,lk )

(12)

and

ej N n(lkf T )

(6)

1 (Zk + Zk ) (13) 2 The rst term on the right hand side of the (11) is the desired signal, Ik is ICI, and Wk is the AWGN. When the channel is quasi-static and at, the frequency response of the channel H1,l and H2,l always equals to 1 Wk =

D0
S/P

d0
IFFT
P/S

TDM

DN -1 Xl
STC

d N -1

( )* D0
S/P

d0
IFFT
P/S

TDM

DN -1
(a)

d N -1

( )*

1 path 0 sd x X X 0 k Alamouti Rk ICI Cancelling Combining P/S S/P FFT S k cc N -1 x X X k N -1 X ML l nd 2 path Decoding

st

TDM

( )*

(b)

Figure 2.

Structure of an Alamouti-coded MIMO-OFDM system with ICI conjugate cancellation, (a) Transmitter, (b) Receiver

[10], i.e. an AWGN channel, and if the channels are real = H1,l and H2 valued then Hl,l ,l = H2,l [8]. Assuming that the frequency offset is a constant over two-transmit and onereceive antennas, then U1,l = U2,l = Ul and V1,l = V2,l = Vl . k of k th receiving subcarrier becomes: The received signal R k R = 1 (D1,k H1,k (U0 + V0 ) + D2,k H2,k (U0 + V0 )) 2 N 1 1 + (D1,l H1,l (Ulk + Vlk ) 2 1 ) + D2,l H2,l (Ulk + Vlk )) + (Zk + Zk 2 1 (D1,k + D2,k )(U0 + V0 ) 2 N 1 1 + (D1,l + D2,l )(Ulk + Vlk ) 2
l=0,l=k l=0,l=k

k+1 = H2 S ,k Rk H1,k+1 Rk+1 ,

k = 0, 2, . . . , N 2 (18)

Note that modulated symbols are assumed independent, zero-mean random variable. When the channel is quasi-static and at, from (14),(17), and (18), the carrier to ICI power ratio (CIR) of CC algorithm in MIMO, as the function of frequency offset, can be expressed by CIR =
N 1 l=1

|U0 + V0 |2 |Ul + Vl |2

(19)

It is important to note that this CIR is precisely the CIR of CC algorithm in SISO. From (19), the CIR of the conventional OFDM in MIMO is straightforward to get the following equation: |U0 |2 (20) CIR = N 1 2 l=1 |Ul | Note also that CIR in (20) is for the conventional OFDM in SISO. Considering the complex conjugate cancellation property of weighting function in (5), it is obvious that the denominator in (19) is approaching to zero and CIR is then increased when the frequency offset is small, that means the ICI is signicantly mitigated. IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS In this section, the performance of the proposed ICI conjugate cancellation in MIMO-OFDM system with Alamouti space time coding is veried through a computer simulation. The simulation is conducted under both in an AWGN and a frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. Jakes model [11] is employed with a normalized Doppler shift of 5,000 Hz. The same channel parameters are applied to the standard path and its conjugate path with the six paths Typical Urban (TU) delay prole [12]. Assuming that the receiver has perfect knowledge of the channel and the channel is real-valued fading channel, the cyclic prex is employed; the receiver

1 ) (14) + (Zk + Zk 2 With the property of conjugate cancellation from (5), The ICI k becomes: term is mitigated, then the term R k = 1 (D1,k + D2,k ) + 1 (Zk + Z ) R k 2 2 (15) k+1 of (k +1)th receiving And, it is straightforward to get R subcarrier from (15): k+1 = 1 (D1,k+1 + D2,k+1 ) + 1 (Zk+1 + Zk R +1 ) 2 2 (16) The Alamouti combining scheme is used to combine pair of consecutive received signals. The following combined signal will be sent to the maximum likelihood detector:
k = H1 S ,k Rk + H2,k+1 Rk+1 ,

k = 0, 2, . . . , N 2 (17)

10

Bit Error Rate (BER) vs. SNR(dB) MIMO, FO=0.01 CCMIMO, FO=0.01 MIMO, FO=0.1 CCMIMO, FO=0.1 MIMO, FO=0.2 CCMIMO, FO=0.2 MIMO, FO=0

10

Bit Error Rate (BER) vs. SNR(dB) MIMO, FO=0.01 CCMIMO, FO=0.01 MIMO, FO=0.1 CCMIMO, FO=0.1 MIMO, FO=0.2 CCMIMO, FO=0.2 MIMO, FO=0

10

10

10 BER

BER 10
3

10

10

10

10

0 0 5 10 SNR(dB) 15 20

10

15 SNR(dB)

20

25

30

Figure 3.

The curves of BER versus SNR (dB) for AWGN channel

Figure 5. The curves of BER versus SNR (dB) for Rayleigh fading channel, channel variance of H1,l =1 and channel variance of H2,l =2

10

Bit Error Rate (BER) vs. SNR(dB) MIMO, FO=0.01 CCMIMO, FO=0.01 MIMO, FO=0.1 CCMIMO, FO=0.1 MIMO, FO=0.2 CCMIMO, FO= 0.2 MIMO, FO=0

10

10

10

10

15 SNR(dB)

20

25

30

Figure 4. The curves of BER versus SNR (dB) for Rayleigh fading channel

has the perfect time synchronization. The transmitted power of each path of the conjugate cancellation scheme is half of the standard OFDM, and total power of the system is 1 Watt. The bandwidth efciency is 1 b/s/Hz, the modulation with QPSK is employed for the proposed schemes, BPSK is used for standard MIMO-OFDM system for a fair comparison. An OFDM modulation for each system utilizes N = 64 subcarriers in all cases. The frequency offset to subcarrier frequency spacing ratio (f T ) is chosen as 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2. Fig.3 shows the BER versus SNR (dB) for the Alamouticoded OFDM with ICI conjugate cancellation scheme and the curve for standard Alamouti-coded OFDM system in AWGN channel. It is worth noting that, at BER of 104 for (f T = 0.1), the proposed Alamouti-coded OFDM with ICI conjugate cancellation scheme has 3 dB gain over standard Alamouticoded OFDM, while at small f T (f T = 0.01), the performance differences of both systems are not signicant. Furthermore, if f T is large (f T = 0.2), the BER of the

ICI Alamouti-coded OFDM is precisely better performance than that of standard system. Fig.4 shows the BER versus SNR (dB) for the Alamouticoded OFDM with ICI conjugate cancellation scheme and the curve for standard Alamouti-coded OFDM system in Rayleigh channel. It is worth noting that, when f T is small (f T = 0.01, 0.1), the Alamouti-coded OFDM with ICI conjugate cancellation scheme is slightly better performance than that of standard case. Furthermore, if f T is large (f T = 0.2), the BER of the Alamouti-coded OFDM with ICI conjugate cancellation scheme gives better performance than that of standard system about 7 dB at BER of 5 103 . Fig.5 shows the BER versus SNR (dB) for the Alamouticoded OFDM with ICI conjugate cancellation scheme and the curve for standard Alamouti-coded OFDM system in Rayleigh channel. The variance of the channel links between the rst transmit antenna and the receive antenna is 1, between the second transmit antenna and the receive antenna is 2. It is worth noting that the system performance corresponds to the result as shown in Fig.4 with the better performance in all cases. V. C ONCLUSION In this paper, an Alamouti-coded MIMO-OFDM system with the conjugate cancellation was proposed. OFDM was used to combat the multipath fading, and an ICI conjugate cancellation scheme was used to mitigate the ICI caused by frequency offset. The key feature of this new scheme is that it provides better CIR than the standard Alamouti-coded OFDM system. Consequently, the sensitivity of this new scheme to ICI is reduced signicantly. Under the same bandwidth efciency, the proposed scheme performs much better performance than the standard Alamouti-coded OFDM system in both AWGN and multipath fading channels. It was also proven by the simulation that the proposed scheme is robust to a severe frequency offset.

BER

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