Review Sheet for Psych 111 Exam 1 CHAPTERS 1-2 SCIENCE AND PSEUD SCIENCE !

RESEARCH "ETH DS #oa$s a%& scie%tific metho&s of 'sycho$o(y Pers'ectives o% 'sycho$o(y (you dont have to memorize the list, but be aware of what each one of them is) Psychodynamic This perspective emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior and to treat people suffering from mental illnesses Behaviorist Behavioral psychology is a perspective that focuses on learned behaviors! "umanistic emphasizes the role of motivation on thought and behavior! #ognitive focuses on mental processes such as memory, thin$ing, problem solving, language and decision ma$ing! Biological emphasizes the physical and biological bases of behavior! %volutionary basic principles of evolution, including natural selection, and apply them to psychological phenomena &ociocultural social and cultural influences )asic 'ri%ci'$es of critica$ thi%*i%( (discussed in 'ilienfeld pp! () *(+again, dont memorize the list, instead, understand what they mean) %xtraordinary #laims re-uire extraordinary evidence .alsifiability capable of being disproved /ccams 0azor simpler of two claims should be ta$en 0uling /ut 0ival "ypothesis 0eplicability Psycho$o(ica$ 'se+&oscie%ce, im'osters of scie%ce (discussed in 'ilienfeld pp! *( *1+same advice applies here) Pseudoscience claims that seem scientific but arent 2etaphysical claims assertions about the world that are falsifiable 3d hoc immunizing hypothesis loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect theory against falsification #onnectivity findings build on precious findings Ty'es of research &esi(%s a%& their ma-or characteristics. for what '+r'oses wo+$& o%e se$ect a (ive% &esi(%/ naturalistic observation watching behavior in real world settings case studies research design that examines one person or a small number of people n depth, often over an extended period of time! correlational designs research that examines the extent to which two variables are associated

)asic characteristics of ex'erime%ta$ &esi(% random assignment to control group and experimental group manipulation of an independent variable advantages and limitations to experiments in comparison with other research designs Defi%itio%s a%& im'orta%ce of, independent variable variable that the experimenter manipulates dependent variable variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect confounding variables random assignment randomly sorting people into two groups random selection procedure that ensures every person in a population has and e-ual chance of being chosen to be participate external validity extent to which we can generalize findings to real world settings internal validity extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences from a study placebo effect improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement "awthorne effect phenomenon in which participants $nowledge that theyre being studied can affect their behavior demand characteristics cues that participants pic$ up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researchers hypotheses control group in an experiment, the group of participants that doesnt receive the manipulation! He+ristics a%& 0iases. co(%itive 0iases (understand what these terms mean and how they can interfere with clear scientific thin$ing) representativeness heuristic 4 heuristic that involves 5udging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype base rates how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population! availability heuristic heuristic that involves estimating the li$elihood of an occurrence of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds! confirmation bias tendency to see$ out evidence that supports our hypotheses and neglect or distort evidence that contradicts them hindsight bias tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted $nown outcomes! /verconfidence tendency to overestimate our ability to ma$e correct predictions! Descri'tive- com'rises the *i%& of a%a$yses we +se whe% we wa%t to &escri0e the 'o'+$atio% we are st+&yi%(1 a%& whe% we have a 'o'+$atio% that is sma$$ e%o+(h to 'ermit o+r i%c$+&i%( every case2 vs2 i%fere%tia$ statistics- 6nferential statistics are used to draw conclusions and ma$e predictions based on the descriptions of data! Statistica$ si(%ifica%ce- unli$ely to have occurred by chance! vs2 'ractica$ si(%ifica%ce- $oo*s at whether the &iffere%ce is $ar(e e%o+(h to 0e of va$+e i% a 'ractica$ se%se

"eta-a%a$ysis- combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses! Re$ia0i$ity- 0eliability is the consistency of your measurement vs2 va$i&ity- 7alidity is the strength of our conclusions, inferences or propositions! The T+s*e(ee st+&y a%& how it re$ates to research ethics CHAPTER 3 )I 4 #ICA4 PS5CH 4 #5 Ce%tra$- 0rai% a%& s'i%a$ cor& vs2 'eri'hera$ %ervo+s system- o+tsi&e ce%tra$ %ervo+s system CNS 6 0rai% 7 s'i%a$ cor& PNS 6 a+to%omic %ervo+s system-a+tomatic 7 somatic %ervo+s system- i%vo$+%tary A+to%omic %ervo+s system 6 'arasym'athetic- mai%tai%s 0o&y f+%ctio%s 7 sym'athetic %ervo+s system- activates +%&er 'ress+re Parts of the 0rai%, know the functions associated with the following 8ernic$es area part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech Brocas area language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech productions &omatosensory cortex our sense of touch, temperature, and pain 2otor cortex part of frontal lobe responsible for body improvement #orpus callosum large band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres "ypothalamus part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state Thalamus part of the brain that processes sensory information and serves as a gateway to cerebral cortex 3mygdala part of limbic system that plays $ey roles in fear, excitement, excitement, and arousal Basal ganglia structures in the forebrain that help to control movement &ubstantia nigra &uperior colliculus 6nferior colliculus #erebellum small cerebrum in hindbrain, responsible for our sense of balance 2edulla part of the brainstem involved in vital functions, such as heartbeat and breathing 0eticular activating system group of neurons in the brain stem that plays a $ey role in arousal

ther 0rai%-re$ate& to'ics9 The * lobes of the cerebral cortex temporal hearing :understanding language: memory, frontal thin$ing, occipital vision, and parietal touch perception

The brain stem medulla, midbrain, pons Par$insons ;isease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that impairs motor s$ills, cognitive processes, and other functions! &plit brain studies and lateralization using one side more ;ualism mind and brain separate vs! mind brain identity mind is brain in action "ow hormones are controlled neurotransmitters Pituitary and adrenal glands (8hat is it< 8hat does it do<) 0eleases hormones

Ne+ro%s9 2a5or parts of neurons (covered in lecture) #ell body materials needed by the neuron are made here 3xon terminal &ynapse terminal point of axon branch, which releases neurotransmitters ;endrtie pro5ection that pic$s up impulses from other neurons =ode gap between myelin sheath and axon, which helps conduction of nerve impulses 3xon nerve fiber pro5ecting from the cell body that carries nerve impulses 2yelin sheath fatty coat that insulates the axons of some nerve cells, speeding transmission of impulses "ow do psychoactive drugs act on the nervous system< Bloc$ neurotransmitters 'aw of forward conduction impulses from from dendrite to terminal >lial cells support cells in nervous system that play roles in the formation of myelin and blood brain barrier, respond to in5ury, and remove debris Blood brain barrier glial cells forming a fatty coating that prevents certain substances from entering the brain 2yelin &heath glial cell wrappers around axons that act as insulators of the neurons signal! 3ction potentials regenerative electrical impulse that travels down the axon and allows neurons to communicate Six ma-or %e+rotra%smitters ($now their names and functions) 3cetylcholine neurotransmitter used to control activity, including movements, memory, attention, and dreaming ;opamine neurotransmitter that plays a $ey role in movement and reward =orepinephrine norepinephrine also underlies the fight or flight response, directly increasing heart rate, triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to s$eletal muscle! 6t increases the brain?s oxygen supply &erotonin 6t is a well $nown contributor to feelings of well being, therefore it is also $nown as a happiness hormone! >3B3 inhibits neuron dampening neural activity %ndorphins chemicals in brain that play a role in pain reduction The fo$$owi%( to'ics are covere& 'rimari$y i% yo+r 0oo* 8i2e21 they were 'ro0a0$y %ot i%c$+&e& i% either $ect+re or sectio%9 0+t are sti$$ very im'orta%t, The spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons

The endocrine system system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone into the bloodstream to regulate the body! The hippocampus 6t belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in long term memory and spatial navigation! Brain mapping methods9 be able to distinguish %%> recording brain electrical activity at the surface of the s$ull, #T scanning techni-ue using multiple x rays for a ( ; image, 206 magnetic fields to visualize brain structure, P%T upta$e of glucose, f206 magnetic fields to visualize brain activity, T2& magnetic fields to enhance or interrupt brain function, and 2%> brain activity using magnotomers "eritability percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes Behavioral genetics9 .amily studies how traits run in a family, twin studies how traits differ in twins, adoption studies traits vary from biological relatives raised apart =eural plasticity ability of the nervous system to change (text and "oc$), stem cells unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells, neurogenesis creation of new neurons in adult brain!

CHAPTER :, SENSATI N AND PERCEPTI N Differe%ce 0etwee% Se%satio%- &etectio% of 'hysica$ e%er(y 0y se%se or(a%s1 which the% se%& i%formatio% to the 0rai% a%& Perce'tio%- 0rai%;s i%ter'retatio% of raw se%sory i%'+tio%s Para$$e$ 'rocessi%(, Top down vs! bottom up processing S+0$imi%a$ I%formatio% Processi%( Perce't+a$ Sets1 Perce't+a$ Co%sta%cy1 Cha%(e )$i%&%ess1 A&a'tatio% 4i(ht a%& the Eye 8hat can we see< Brightness intensity of reflected light that reaches our eyes, "ue color of light 'ens changes curvature to $eep images in focus, #ornea focus light on the retina, 6ris colored area containing muscles that control the pupil, Pupil opening in the center of the iris that lets in light, 0etina light converted into nerve impulses, .ovea part of eye where light rays are most sharply focused, /ptic =erve impulses from retina to brain 0ods blac$ and white and #ones color .eature ;etection and >estalt Principles Theories of #olor 7ision9 Trichromatic color vision is based on our sensitivity to three different colors 7s! /pponent Process Theories is a color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones

and rods in an antagonistic manner! #esta$t Pri%ci'$es Proximity ob5ect close tend to be perceived as one &imilarity we see similar ob5ects as comprising a whole #ontinuity #losure mind fills in missing information &ymmetry symmetrically arranged ob5ects seen as whole .igure ground focus on what we believe is central figure So+%& a%& the Ear "ow do we measure the different components of sound< Timbre complexity or -uality of sound, Pitch fre-uency of the wave, 'oudness amplitude Tinnitus is the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound! Parts of the ear and how they wor$ %ardrum vibrates to sound waves %ar canal conducts sound waves to the eardrum #ochlear nerve transmits nerve impulses from inner ear to brain 7estibule position: semicircular canal balance 3ge effects on ability to perceive fre-uency Sme$$ a%& Taste Taste Buds receptors in tounge that respond to sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and fat Pheromones odorless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of ones species! "ow gustation and olfaction wor$ together converge at orbitofrontal cortex! To+ch1 )o&y Positio%1 a%& )a$a%ce &omatosensory system sense of touch, temperature, and pain proprioception body position