Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Quite a package! But how did these changes get all bundled up together?
4
For starters, in Big Era Seven human population was increasing faster than ever before!
World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined. Year 1750 1850 1900 Population in % of World Millions Population 141 292 482 19.3 25.0 30.0
For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew significantly between 1750 and 1900.
1690 - 7,000
158%
1790 - 18,038
3,010% 1900 - 560,892
9
10
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
11
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
12
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
13
But a growing population meant that human need for resourcesfor energywas growing, too.
And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!
15
5 watts
100,000 watts
17
Communication Revolution
18
By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood
20
and with better and better steam engines to harness coals energy
22
23
In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?
24
28
29
30
U.S.A. Egypt
Russia India
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
31
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Old limits on how much energy people could use were gone!
And in Big Era Seven people tore down other limits too
33
New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely. People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776).
34
New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work?
People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. Sounds People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
great!
35
37
In Big Era Seven, government played a greater role than ever before in peoples lives.
And while that happened, peoples ideas about government changed, too!
38
New political ideas: People should be free to choose their government. Government should protect peoples liberties.
Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense
(1775)
39
Government should protect peoples liberties. People should have equal rights.
40
Communication Revolution
41
Governments wrote constitutions. Governments created representative institutions. Governments promoted education.
42
United States Constitution 1787 French National Assembly 1789 Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869
43
44
45
46
47
Are the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent?
Rational thought and behavior Civil freedoms and legal equality Rule of law Constitutional and limited government Enhancement of state power and centralization Increased state military and police power State-managed social welfare More efficient taxation State economic management Larger-scale economic enterprise Imperial conquest and authoritarian rule over colonized Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism
48
Ascendancy of Liberalism
Mahmud II 1808-1839
49
50
51
52
The Speed Revolution One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km Railway locomotive (1847) 96 km Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km French rapid train - 297 km Jet plane - 1000 km
53
1840
1850
54
1880
55
56
57
The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole.
59
Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia
60
After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market
India, 1877
61
India, 1877
62
63
And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy.
64
65
67
Egypt
Some elites around the world tried to adopt parts of the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own governments.
Japan
Russia
Mexico
68
Maintain independence.
Russia
Mexico
69
70
Once you open the package, you open the whole thing!
71
People who traveled to learn about one part of the Modern Revolution, like fossil fuels,.
72
73
And they didnt keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated them, because it was all part of the package.
74
And powerful elites who wanted to modernize in some ways did not count on people demanding the democratic part of the package.
75
I get it!
76
77
78
79
80
The End
81