Cell

Nucleus
Peripheral chromatin

Nucleolus

Nuclear envelope Nuclear pore guarded by nuclear pore complex

 Nuclear envelope has : Outer nuclear layer continuous with rER & studded with ribosomes Inner nuclear layer attached to Lamin intermediate filaments which give attachment for peripheral chromatin Perinuclear space Nucleolus formed of 3 electron dense regions: 1. Pars fibrosa: containing rRNA strand 2. Pars granulosa: containing newly formed ribosomes 3. DNA organizer: less electron dense [pale stained] Function of nucleolus: formation of ribosomes. Condensed chromatin arranged in nucleus in 3 regions: 1. Peripheral chromatin 2. Nucleolus associated 3. Islands [granules] in the nuclear sap Nuclear envelope & nucleolus disappear at late prophase of mitosis

NUCLEUS Nuclear envelope guarded by nuclear pore complex

Mitochondria

cristae

Dense bodies

Mitochondria

rER

Free ribosomes

Mitochondria
Enzymes of phosphorylation are present on the cristae Mitochondrial matrix contain enzymes of Krebs cycle & fatty acid oxidation ,RNA,DNA & Ca Mitochondria with tubular cristae are present in steroid forming cells Mitochondria are stained for LM by iron Hx & silver Function: ATP formation, thermogenesis in brown fat, fatty acid oxidation, help in ca regulation, help in steroidogenesis in steroid forming cells

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi apparatus
Formed of Golgi stack [saccules] ,transfere vesicles & secretory vesicles Has trans face [towards the rER] & cis face [towards the secretory surface] Stained for LM with silver Appear as ve Golgi image with Hx & E in plasma cell & osteoblast Functions: Modification of proteins Sorting & packaging of proteins Recycling of cell membrane & membrane proteins

Glycogen

rER

Rough ER

rER
Flattened parallel cisterna continuous with each other & with nuclear envelope & sER Present in protein secreting cells Appear as localized basophilia with L.M Function: Formation of secretory proteins , Lysosomal enzymes& membrane proteins

Free ribosomes:
Formed in nucleolus as small & large subunits [ribonucleoproteins] In dividing cells Appear as diffuse basophilia Function: formation of cytoplasmic proteins

RER

RER

Rough & Smooth ER

RER SER

RER

SER

Smooth ER

sER
Irregular reticulum of membranous tubules & vesicles Function: Carbohydrates & lipid metabolism Detoxification & Ca regulation

Site: in liver cells, steroid forming cells, muscle cells

Glycogen granules:
Alpha granules in liver rosette shaped Beta granules scattered in other cells [numerous in muscle] Stained with PAS

Secondary lysosomes

mitochondria

SER

lysosome Stained by histochemical staining [acid phosphatase technique]

Iry lysosome: homogenous less acidic [inactive] 2ry lysosome: heterogenous more acidic [active] Types of 2ry lysosomes: Heterolysosome, autophago lysosome & multivesicular body Old residual bodies accumulated in cytoplasm form lipofuscin pigment

Peroxisome
Contain catalases & amino acid oxidases Numerous in liver & kidney cells Originate by fission [also mitochondria originate by fission] Function: degradation of substances in liver & kidney e.g. alcohol & formaldehyde Formation of H2O2 Beta oxidation of Fatty acids

Dynein arms

Axoneme

Microvilli

cilia

Basal bodies

Basal body [9 triplets of microtubules]

Cilia
Basal body

mitochondria

cilia

Basal body

axoneme

Microvilli
Cell coat [Glycocalyx]

Terminal web

Microvilli and terminal web

Basal Body

Axoneme

Cilia
Axoneme [shaft ] of cilia : Formed of 9 doublets & 2 singlets of microtubules Motility is Dependent on dynein motor protein [consume ATP] Basal body: similar to centriole [9 triblets] of microtubules Cilia are long , motile Cells carry 200-300 cilia

Microvilli
Shorter , immotile Cell carry 1000-3000 microvillus e.g. absorptive intestinal cells Its core formed of actin filaments Attached to terminal web of actin filaments Have well apparent cell coat Appear as brush border with L.M Stereocilia are Long microvilli

centrioles

Centriole

Scanning EM for cilia and microvilli

Centriole during mitosis

Microtubules and microfilaments

Microtubules

Cytoskeleton
Formed of microtubules, intermediate filaments & thin filaments [actin or
microfilaments]

Microtubules:
formed of tubulin protein arranged in 13 protofilaments Microtubules & actin filaments are polar structures [has -&+ ends] Microtubules are assembled at MTOCs e.g. centrioles ,basal body of cilia,& kinetochore of centromere Stained with anti tubulin fluorescent antibody [immunohistochemical staining]

Mitochondria

Cell junction

Early endosome

sER

2ry Lysosomes

Primary lysosome

Secondary lysosome
Glycogen granules

StemCells in tissue culture

Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells with unlimited capacity of self renewal Characterized by plasticity in tissue culture Bone marrow contain 2 types of stem cells: mesenchymal & hemopoietic stem cells Sources of stem cells: Bone marrow aspiration, umbilical cord blood

Epithelium

cilia

Microvilli

Basal region of ion transporting cell

Basal infoldings

Basement membrane

Terminal web

Zonula adherence

Macula adherence

Junctional complex
Present between epith cells lining GIT Formed of zonula occludense , zonula adherense & desmosomes Zonula occludanse & adherense attach to actin filaments of terminal web Macula adherense [desmosomes] attach to intermediate filaments [keratin filaments or tonofilaments] of cytoskeleton

Mucous acinus

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Basal cell

Goblet cell

Goblet cell (TEM)

electron lucent mucous granules Golgi rER

Secrete mucous More numerous in large intestine

Taste Buds (neuroepithelium)

Taste pore with microvilli

Supporrting cell

Receptor cell St, sq.ep.of the dorsal surface of the tongue

Basal (stem cell)

Connective Tissue

Macrophage
Lysosomes
Pseudo podia

Vacuoles

Macrophage
Macrophges originate from blood monocytes Act as antigen presenting cells Have different types in different tissues:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. C.t macrophage [Histiocytes] Kupffer cells in liver Microglia in CNS Langerhans cells in skin Osteoclast in bone Alveolar macrophage in lung

Plasma Cell

Plasma Cell

Plasma Cell
Origin of plasma cells: Activated B lymphocytes characteristics:
1. Negative Golgi image 2. Rich in rER [deeply basophilic cytoplasm] 3. Nucleus: peripheral chromatin clumps leading to cart wheel appearance, clock face appearance

Plasma cells are antibody forming cells.

Plasma Cell

Collagen fibrils beside a fibroblast

Collagen fibrils beside a fibroblast

Collagen and fibroblast

Collagen fibrils beside a fibroblast

Collagen fibrils

Collagen fibrils beside a fibroblast

Elastic and collagen fibers

Collagen fibers:
Characterized by axial periodicity Formed of tropocollagen Stained by Mallory , Maison stains Type I: in c.t. proper & bone Type II in cartilage Type III in reticular fibers Type IV in basal lmaina

Elastic fibers:
Formed of amorphous protein [elastin] surrounded by fibrillar protein [fibrillin] Stained with Orcein stain & Van Geison stain

Elastic (elastin and microfirillar protein)

Mast Cell

Coarse electron dense granules

Mast cells
Its granules are stained metachromatically by toluidine blue Granules contain: histamin , heparin , SRSA, neutrophilic & esinophilic chemotactic factor Has antibodies IgE attached to its surface Cause local hypersensetivity reactions

Mast Cell

Mast Cell

Mast Cell

Unilocular Fat Cell

Fat droplet

Fat droplet
Blood capillary

pericyte

Mast cell

Multilocular Fat Cell

Fat cells
Function of unilocular fat cell & white fat: Fat storage Support organs [perinephric fat around kidney] Heat insulation

function of multilocular fat cells & brown fat: Heat production [thermogenesis]

Bone

Haversian canal Osteocytes inside lacuna

Interstitial lamella

Concentric lamella

osteoblast

Osteocyte

Osteocyte

Osteocytes
Osteoblasts & osteocytes are non dividing Function of osteocytes is to keep the integrity of bone Its processes are present inside canaliculi

Osteoclast:
Multinucleated cell originate from blood monocyte Present in endosteum inside Howships lacuna By E.M. has 4 zones: Ruffled border, vesicular zone , clear zone & basal zone Osteoclasts & osteoblasts are responsible for bone remodeling

Osteoclast

Multiple nuclei

Ruffled border

Osteoclast

Muscular Tissue

Myofibrils Sarcomer T tubule

mitochondria

Glycogen granules

Cardiac muscle

Intercalated disc

Intercalated discs
Transvers portion of intercalated disc contain the following junctions: Fascia adherense , macula adherens, & gap junctions Longitudinal portions of intervalated disc contain gap junction only

Skeletal muscle:
Triads [2 cisterna & T tubule] pass at A I junction

Cardiac muscle:
Diads at Zline

Smooth muscle
Central portion containing: Mitochondria, Golgi app. ,rER & glycogen

Peripheral region contain : Myofilaments & dense bodies

Intercalated disc

Nervous Tissue

Nerve cell

Axon & Myelin

 Axoplasm contain: Microtubules {neurotubules},filaments, mitochondria, few sER but NO ribosomes or rER c.t. inbetween nerve fibers in peripheral nerve is called endoneurium Myeline is formed by fused Schwann cell membrane Peripheral nerve fibers: all have neurilemmal sheath

Myelinated nerve fiber

myeline

microtubules

Collagen fibers

Unmyelinated nerve fibers within cytoplasm of Schwann cell

Collagen fibers [preticular fibers] &fibroblast

BLOOD

RBC

RBC

platelet

Capillary Endothelium

Rbcs
Its elasticity due to Support of the cell membrane by cytoplasmic lattice of Spectrin & Ankyrin proteins Its cell coat glycoprotein carry antigens of A,B & Rh types

Neutrophil

Neutrophile
Segmented nucleus

Neutrophil

Neutrophil
Neutrophile contain 3 types of granules Neutrophile also called: Polymorphonuclear leukocyte & microphages Nonspecefic [azeurophilic] granules are lysosomes Specific [neutrophilic] granules contain : Alkaline phosphatase, collagenase& lactoferrin

Tertiary granules contain collagenase enzyme. Neutrophile act against acute bacterial infections

Eosinophil
Granules
bilobed

Crystaline electron dense core

Eosinophil
Esinophil specific granules have central electron dense core[internum] surrounded by less dense called [externum] Internum contains: 1. Major basic protein 2. Esinophil cationic protein 3. Neurotoxin Externum contains :hydrolases, peroxidase enzyme & phospholipase Esinophiles have bilobed nucleus

Esinophiles act against parasites & hypersensetivity

Basophil

Basophil

basophil

Basophil

Basophil

Platelet

Platelets

Microtubule rings

Platelets
Platelets originate from megakaryocytes Platelets stained with cresyl blue stain Has central granulomere contain 3 types of granules:
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Alpoha: contain fibrinogen, platelet growth factor& thromboplastin Delta: contain ADP, ATP & calcium & serotonin Lambda: lysosmal enzymes Microtubule rings Dense & surface connected membranous tubular system Actin & myosin

Has peripheral hyalomere containing:

Blood Vascular

Pinocytic vesicles

Continuous capillary
Tight junctions

Continuous capillary

Tight junctions

Fenestrated Capillary

Fenestra with diphragm

 Endothelial cells are continuous and joined by tight junctions Have pinocytic vesicles for transport [transcytosis] Present in skeletal muscles & barriers

Continuous capillary

Fenestrated capillaries with diaphragm:

Present in endocrine glands & intestine Fenestrated capillaries without diaphragm in glomerular capillary of kidney

Pericyte
Capillaries are surrounded by pericyte [originate from UMC] Function : Regeneration control capillar blood flow [contractile]