ARTIFICIAL AGING BY WATER JET IMPACT Naveen Kumar .K.S UG Student Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.M.K.

College of Engineering and Technology, R.S.M. Nagar,Puduvoyal, Gummidipoondi Taluk, Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India. Pin code: 601 206.

Abstract:- Materials degrade when exposed to environment. To Study the effect of environment, an aging chamber is modeled to bring the effect. Our project involves design and fabrication of aging chamber using nozzles to impact water on the materials which is to be tested. The project provides the information about the property change of material when it is subjected to impact of water. It doesnt mean that we are going to remove material using water jet. The project is entirely different from water jet cutting or water jet machining. Further the case study may be done if time permits. This project will be very useful for the manufacturers and researchers who are keen to study the various kinds of property change occurs in significant materials which involves water impact in its application. Set up of the project will be a testing chamber with reservoir where the water is stored. Determination of material properties constitutes various conditions. In this project we restrict ourselves to do water impact test on materials. Since our project may reveal the life of turbine blades and so many applications which involves impact of water jet on specimens.
1.

INTRODUCTION

Generally, we use various kinds of materials in our daily life. Without materials we cant live. So, it is obvious to give significance to those materials. When we decide to use a material for an application, the choice of material will be based on the fact that how it suits for that particular application. For example, if we want to make a nail, we have to choose a material with high hardness and ductility. Material which suits for the above application will be mild steel. So far, the choosing of material will be a crucial thing. But we should give importance to the material life. Here material life is nothing but how far the selected material can serves for an application. In our analogy, how far (time period) the nail penetrates into the wall without bending and stands there without any deformation. Owing to this significance in material life, we decided to determine the material life. Determination of material properties constitutes various conditions. In our project we restrict ourselves to do water impact test on materials. Since our project may reveal the life of turbine blades and so many applications which involves impact of water.

Our project provides the information about the property change of material when it is subjected to impact of water. It doesnt mean that we are going to remove material using water jet. Our project is entirely different from water jet cutting or water jet machining. Further the case study may be done if time permits. This project will be very useful for the manufacturers and researchers who are keen to study the various kinds of

property change occurs in significant materials which involves water impact in its application. Set up of our project will be a testing chamber with reservoir where the water stores. In modern engineering applications, composite material plays a vital role. Since these composite materials are light in weight and proved to be efficient than conventional materials. So we decided to do water impact test against some composite material. The property change of any material can be tested using Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
2.

ARTIFICIAL AGING

AGING simply means the life period or life time. Here it technically implies the life time of material. The period of time within which the material property will not change is said to be material life. Generally AGING occurs naturally with various kinds climatic conditions. When the artificial environment is created to test the aging of material is said to be artificial aging. This process will be useful when it comes to the commercial picture. By using his process we can able to find the life time of the material. The images below show the property change of a material through a period of time.

Fig. 1: Aging characteristics of metals

3.

ARTIFICIAL AGING BY WATER IMPACT TEST

In our project, we are going to find age of material by artificial Aging by water impact testing equipment. Water impact testing equipment is nothing that spray nozzle arrangement to make natural environment similar to raining condition. In this equipment, we are going to find the life of the material by placing specimen in front of the spray nozzle. The specimen will under continuous impact of the water molecules with high velocity from the nozzle. A nozzle is the mechanical devices which convert the pressure energy (gh) into the kinetic energy (Ek=1/2mv2). Due to the impact of the water molecules, specimen has some changes in properties.
4.

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

The component used to construct our project is Nozzle Pump Reservoir Cross links and T-links Hose pipe Pressure Reducing Value Outer stand Ball Valve Reducer

Aging chamber

Nozzle: A nozzle is the mechanical devices which convert the pressure energy (P= gh) into the kinetic energy (Ek = mv2). Types of nozzle are Single-fluid nozzle Single-fluid or hydraulic spray nozzles utilize the kinetic energy of the liquid to break it up into droplets. This most widely used type of spray nozzle is more energy efficient at producing surface area than most other types. As the fluid pressure increases, the flow through the nozzle increases, and the drop size decreases. Many configurations of single fluid nozzles are used depending on the spray characteristics desired. Plain orifice spray nozzle: The simplest single fluid nozzle is a plain orifice nozzle as shown in the diagram. This nozzle often produces little if any atomization, but directs the stream of liquid. If the pressure drop is high, at least 25 bars (2,500 kpa), the material is often finely atomized, as in a diesel injector. At lower pressures, this type of nozzle is often used for tank cleaning, either as a fixed position compound spray nozzle or as a rotary nozzle. Fig.2 - Plain orifice spray nozzle Shaped-orifice nozzle: The shaped orifice uses a hemispherical shaped inlet and a V notched outlet to cause the flow to spread out on the axis of the V notch. A flat fan spray results which is useful for many spray applications, such as spray painting. Surface impingement spray nozzle: A surface impingement nozzle causes a stream of liquid to impinge on a surface resulting in a sheet of liquid that breaks up into drops. This flat fan spray pattern nozzle is used in many applications ranging from applying agricultural herbicides to row crop to painting. The impingement surface can be formed in a spiral to yield a spiral shaped sheet approximating a full cone spray pattern or a hollow-cone spray pattern. The spiral design generally produces a smaller drop size than pressure swirl type nozzle design, for a given pressure and flow rate. This design is clog resistant due to the large free passage. Common applications include gas scrubbing applications (e.g., flue-gas desulfurization where the smaller droplets often offer superior

performance) and firefighting (where the mix of droplet density allows spray penetration through strong thermal currents). Fig.6: Surface impingement spray nozzle

Pressure swirl spray nozzle: Pressure-swirl spray nozzles are high-performance (small drop size) devices with one configuration shown. The stationary core induces a rotary fluid motion which causes the swirling of the fluid in the swirl chamber. A film is discharged from the perimeter of the outlet orifice producing a characteristic hollow cone spray pattern. Air or other surrounding gas is drawn inside the swirl chamber to

form an air core within the swirling liquid. Many configurations of fluid inlets are used to produce this hollow cone pattern depending on the nozzle capacity and materials of construction. The uses of this nozzle include evaporative cooling and spray drying. A spill-return pressure-swirl single-fluid nozzle is one variety of pressure swirl nozzle includes a controlled return of fluid from the swirl chamber to the feed system. This allows the nozzle pressure drop to remain high while allowing a wide range of operating rates. Fig.7: Pressure swirl spray nozzle Solid-cone single-fluid nozzle: One of the configurations of the solid cone spray nozzle is shown in a schematic diagram. A swirling liquid motion is induced with the vane structure, however; the discharge flow fills the entire outlet orifice. For the same capacity and pressure drop, a full cone nozzle will produce a larger drop size than a hollow cone nozzle. The coverage is the desired feature for such a nozzle, which is often used for applications to distribute fluid over an area. Compound nozzle: A compound nozzle is a type of nozzle in which several individual single or two fluid nozzles are incorporated into on nozzle body, as shown below. This allows design control of drop size and spray coverage angle. Pump: A pump is the mechanical device, which convert the electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Types of pump: Positive Displacement Pump Non Positive Displacement Pump Positive Displacement Pump: A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation. Types of Positive Displacement Pump: Rotary Type Pump, Reciprocating Type Pump & Linear Type Pump Types of Non-Positive Displacement Pump: Centrifugal Pump Reservoir: Reservoir is the storage tank, used to store water. In our project, we using the tank made of plastic because Plastic is highly corrosive resistance material.The cost of plastic is low when compare to other materials. Hose Pipe: Hose pipe is hollow tube used to connect the pump and the nozzles.

Pressure Reduction Valve: Pressure reduction valve is used for safety measure. There are two types of water pressure reducing valves, direct acting and pilot operated. Both use globe or angle style bodies. Valves used on smaller piping diameter units are cast from brass; larger piping diameter units are made from ductile iron. Direct acting valves, the more popular type of a water pressure reducing valves, consist of globe-type bodies with a spring-loaded, heat-resistant diaphragm connected to the outlet of the valve that acts upon a spring. This spring holds a pre-set tension on the valve seat installed with a pressure equalizing mechanism for precise water pressure control.

Fig.11: Direct Reducing Valve Ball Valve:A ball valve is a valve with a spherical disc, the part of the valve which controls the flow through it. The sphere has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. The handle or lever will be in line with the port position letting you "see" the valve's position. The ball valve, along with the butterfly valve and plug valve, are part of the family of quarter turn valves. Fig.12: Ball Valve Reducer:A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size. Reducers are usually concentric but eccentric reducers are used when required to maintain the same top- or bottom-of-pipe level.

Fig.13: Reducer Tee Joint: A tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. It is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped having two outlets, at 90 to the connection to the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing the direction of pipe runs. They are made of various materials and available in various sizes and finishes. They are extensively used in pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid mixtures. Cross Joint: Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. They often have solvent welded socket ends or female threaded ends. Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on pipe as temperature changes, because they are at the center of four connection points. A tee is steadier than a cross, as a tee behaves like a three-legged stool,

while a cross behaves like a four-legged stool. (Geometrically, "any 3 non-collinear points define a plane" thus 3 legs are inherently stable.) Crosses are common in fire sprinkler systems but not in plumbing, due to their extra cost as compared to using two tees. Aging Chamber: Aging chamber is made up of an acrylic material. Acrylic is made from a polymer (polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units. Acrylic is lightweight, soft, and warm material. It has property similar to rough and tough glass. The Aging chamber consist of the nozzle, specimen holding arrangement, and specimen. Outer Frame: The outer frame is used carry the whole weight of the equipment including pump, reservoir, Aging chamber and other component. The outer frame is made up of Mild steel. We are using L frame of mild steel to construct the outer frame.
5.

DESIGN AND FRABICATION OF COMPONENTS

Fig.14: Design image of Aging Chamber

6.

WORKING

When the pump is switched on the water from the reservoir is sucked into the pump and then it is forced outward. The water from the outlet is connected to reducer through the pressure reducing valve. The reducer is used to reduce the pipe diameter from 1inch to inch. Then reducer is connected to the pressure gauge and then ball valve. Pressure gauge is used to show the pressure inside pipe. Ball valve is used to control the flow inside the pipe. The main pipe is connected to cross link and then from cross link three pipes are connected. At the end of three pipes, three nozzles are connected to it. Specimen to be tested is placed straight opposite to the nozzle end. Then the water from the nozzle outlet is forced to impinge on the specimen at high velocit y. Water which hits the specimen surface will be drained to the tank through the hole made at the bottom of the chamber. The filter is placed before the reservoir. The drained water is filtered through the filter which is placed just before the reservoir. This process goes on continuously until the pump is turned off.

7.

ADVANTAGES Many variable parameters can be applied in single experiment. Low cost of fabrication. Can be applied for any composite material or sheet metal. Loss of material could be avoided in the real time by testing the material, whether it would sustain the impacts or not.

8.

Usage of acrylic chamber rather than the glass material, weight of the set-up is reduced. DISADVANTAGE Back pressure may be created in pump, due to excess of pressure in the pump. Can be limited only for the sheet metals and composite materials, Due to considering the thickness of the specimen.
9.

APPLICATIONS Used for experimenting various composite materials used for Turbine blades. Applications for Testing Various Materials depending upon Various Testing parameters Can also be applied for testing various sheet metals by varying The pressure of the jet impact. Applicable for testing boat hulls and body frame metal specimens

10. CONCLUSION

Hence, by the usage of artificial aging chamber the lifetime of various specimens could be known by testing under various parameters like increase or decrease in pressure, usage of various nozzles with varying nozzle tip diameters, changing the stand of distance between the nozzles and the specimens and at various working conditions. Hence, by considering all these factors the material with maximum sustaining properties could be selected for the usage in many applications like turbine & wind mill blades, boat hulls and automobile body parts. The fabricated test set up can be used for performing water jet impact test by varying pressure, jet diameter and stand of distance, so as to measure the behavioral changes took place in the test specimen of interest. The material exposed to test condition experiences artificial aging similar to the application like water impact on turbine blades, wind mill blades, etc.

REFERENCES 1. A glance from EIA Training Resource Manual. 2. Droplet Impact vs. Cavitation Erosion by T. Keil*, P. F. Pelz, J. Kadavelil Technische Universitt Darmstadt Chair of Fluid Systems Technology at WIMRC 3rd International Cavitation Forum 2011 University of Warwick, UK, 4th-6th July 2011. 3. Impact Testing Solutions For Component Applications in www.instron.com 4. Laboratory-based experiments to determine the impact of application of glyphosate-containing herbicides (GCH) on the water quality role of pervious paving systems (PPS) Charlesworth S.M*, F. Mbanaso, S. Coupe, E. Nnadi.