A

PROJECT REPORT

ON SIMPLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of requrement of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ECE
From SUB HARTI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING (Department of ECE)

Submitted By: HARSH SAXENA ECE BRANCH ROLL NO. 1001131018

Submitted To: MR. TEJVEER SINGH PROF. DEPART OF ECE

SWAMI VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERISTY

Meerut, Uttar Pradesh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely thankful to our faculty of ECE for all the knowledge and support provided through the whole this project. Last but not least, I would also like thank Mr. Tejveer Singh for constant support and knowledge.

INTRODUCTION Zener diodes are a special type of semiconductor diode devices that allow current to flow in one direction only that also allow current to flow in the opposite direction, but only when exposed to enough voltage. And while that sounds a bit esoteric, theyre actually among the handiest components ever to cross an engineers bench, providing great solutions to a number of common needs in circuit design. In what follows, well show you how (and when) to use a Zener, for applications including simple reference voltages, clamping signals to specific voltage ranges, and easing the load on a voltage regulator. Background: Semiconductor diodes, real and ideal To understand how Zener diodes are different from other diodes, lets first review the properties of regular diodes. And, while there are many different types of diodes see here for a long list were going

to focus on so-called normal semiconductor diodes, most commonly constructed with a p-n silicon junction. Diodes usually come in glass or plastic cylindrical packages, marked with a stripe on one side to indicate polarity. In a perfectly ideal diode, current flows in one direction only, from the anode (positive side) to the cathode (negative side) which is marked with the stripe. The schematic symbol is a triangle pointing towards a bar, where the current flows in the same direction, towards the barred (striped) end. Surface mount versions of diodes tend to follow the same labeling convention, where the cathode end is marked with a broad stripe. If we hook up a diode in a simple circuit with a variable voltage source and a current-limiting resistor, we can measure the current I through the diode when a given voltage V is applied across it. For an ideal diode, no current at all passes when the voltage is less than zero: the diode completely prevents reverse current flow. For small positive voltage (forward bias, or sometimes foward voltage), a tiny amount of current may flow, and a very large amount of current will

flow above a given threshold. The amount of current that flows is actually exponential with increasing voltage.

The threshold where an appreciable amount of current flows is typically around 0.7 V for simple semiconductor diodes, but may be as low as 0.15 V for Schottky diodes, or as high as 4 V for certain types of LEDs. Of course, no diode is truly ideal. In real diodes, when the voltage is reversed, a very small amount of current (leakage) may flow. And, more significantly, each diode is rated for a certain maximum amount of reverse voltage. If you apply voltage more negative than that limit, the diode will undergo reverse breakdown and begin to conduct a significant amount of current, but backwards from the normal direction of diode current flow. For a regular diode, we would say that the diode has failed if it begins to conduct current in that direction.

Aside: The actual physics of what happens at breakdown is quite interesting; two separate effects, the Zener effect and Avalanche breakdown both contribute to this behavior.

Zener diodes Zener diodes are semiconductor diodes which have been

manufactured to have their reverse breakdown occur at a specific, well-defined voltage (its Zener voltage), and that are designed such that they can be operated be operated continuously in that breakdown mode. Commonly available Zener diodes are available with breakdown voltages (Zener voltages) anywhere from 1.8 to 200 V. The schematic symbol for a Zener diode is shown above it is very similar to that of a regular diode, but with bent edges on the bar. The Zener still conducts electricity in the forward direction like any other

diode, but also conducts in the reverse direction, if the voltage applied is reversed and larger than the Zener breakdown voltage. Power supply Taking this idea a bit further, you can actually build a full multi-rail power supply using nothing more exotic than a set of Zener diodes to generate all the voltages that are needed, provided that the current requirements are modest on the different supply voltages. The circuit above is part of a working laboratory instrument. Voltage clamps: Limiting signals with Zener diodes

LIMITATIONS:
Some of the limitations of this circuit:

> Battery voltage/Frequency stability:

When the battery voltage falls to 8V, the frequency of transmitter may vary.

> >

No immunity to supply voltage ripple 1st transistor biasing changes the oscillator conditions

APPLICATIONS: 1.
Used in low cost Temperature sensor

REFERENCES

http://www.smOvpo.com/ http://www. dxzone.com/cgi-bin/dir/jump2. cgi?ID=2285 "150-300 milliWatt 88-108MHz FM Transmitter by Harry Lythall" http://www. electrokits. com/FM-Radio-Transmitters/Harrys-v7b- 150mW-FM-Transmitter http://transmitters.tripod. com/begin.htm http://www.scribd.com/doc/22458613/High-Power-Fm-Mic "Preamplifiers and Microphones" http://www.electronicsinfoline.com/CircuitBook/Audio_Projects/P reamplifiers_and_Microphones/1374.html

http://divasings.com/products/fm-microphone-working-harry- lythall.html "FM transmitter (personal device) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_transmitter_(personal_device) "WIRELESS MICROPHONE 2 by SMOVPO" http://discostelmar.3x.ro/WIRELESS%20MICROPHONE%202% 20by%20SM0VPO.htm "Capacitor Coding"