Lesson 6 SH 6.

1Examples of Nationalism
1. In 1870, Italian troops entered Rome in a final effort to unify Italian-speaking people into one nation, free from foreign rule and under their own central government. his effort had !egun in the 18"0s and continued through the li!eral #uropean revolutions of 18$8. %or the ne&t twenty years, leaders such as 'ount di 'avour and (iuseppe (ari!aldi negotiated and fought to gain control of territory ruled !y )ustria, %rance, and the 'atholic 'hurch. *y 18++, the Italians had gained control of all territories e&cept for the ,apal -tates, which were controlled !y the ,ope and protected !y %rench troops. .hen war !roke out !etween the ,russians and the %rench in 1870, the %rench were forced to withdraw their troops from the ,apal -tates, and the Italians gained control of the final territory and completed the unification of Italy. /. In 1808, a group of 'hinese re!els, angered !y the steady takeover of the 'hinese empire !y foreigners and 'hinese 'hristians, !egan attacking 'hristian missionaries and others in the northeastern part of the country. he 1*o&er2 uprisings, as they were called, resulted in the deaths of hundreds of foreigners and 'hinese 'hristians. )lthough the *o&er re!els were officially denounced !y the royal court, they secretly gained support from some people, including the 3owager #mpress 'i&i, in the palace of the 4ing dynasty. In 1000, the *o&ers laid siege to foreigners in the 'hinese capital at *ei5ing. )fter months of assault, a relief army of (erman, *ritish, )merican, %rench, 6apanese, and Russian troops moved in and took control of the city. ) peace treaty signed in 1001 re7uired the 'hinese to pay for the failed re!ellion. ". )fter the 8e&ican-)merican .ar 918$+-18$8: and a civil war, a group of conservative 8e&icans encouraged ;apoleon III of %rance to intervene in the government of 8e&ico. he conservatives were unhappy with the li!eral program that ,resident *enito 6u<re= had !een pushing. #ncouraged !y %rance, 8a&imilian von >aps!urg of )ustria took over the throne of 8e&ico in 18+$. >owever, he did not live up to the conservatives? hopes. >e supported some of 6uare=?s li!eral policies that had !een installed !efore his reign. 3espite this support, 6u<re=, the former president, re5ected the idea of a foreign emperor and organi=ed a resistance movement. .hen ;apoleon III withdrew %rench troops in 18+7, 8a&imilian was captured and e&ecuted. 6u<re= returned to power in 3ecem!er, 18+7.

Benito Jurez