Design of Fractal Patch Antenna For Size and Radar Cross-Section Reduction

PROJECT REPORT
Design of a Fractal Patch Antenna for size and radar cross-section reduction.
Submitted by:
SAAD SHAHID KHOKHAR
09-TE-01
MUHAMMAD JUNAID ASHFAQ 09-TE-25 NAVEED AHMED CHUGHTAI TAIMOOR SALEEM 09-TE-40 09-TE-50
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

June, 2012
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE # ABSTRACT ..........3 LIST OF TABLES4 LIST OF FIGURES .4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......4 1.1 OVERVIEW....5 02 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 DETAILED INTRODUCTION .....6 2.2 OBJECTIVES ............7 2.2.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES .......7 2.2.2 ACADEMIC OBJECTIVES...7 2.3 PROJECT OVERVIEW.................................................7 2.3.1 MONOPOLE ......7 2.3.2 PIFA ....7 2.3.3 USB CONNECTOR ...7 03 IMPLEMENTATION IN HFSS 3.1 ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS.9 3.1.1 SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS ..9 3.1.2 SYSTEM HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS.........9 3.2 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED ANTENNA 9 3.3 STRUCTURE OF PROPOSED ANTENNA ......11 3.4 IMLEMENTATION ON HFSS...............15 3.4.1 DESIGNING MODEL........15 3.4.2 ANALYSIS PROCEDURES....15 3.5 TESTING AND RESULTS ..14 3.5.1 RESULTS OF SWEEPING THE PROPOSED ANTENNA14 CONCLUSION ...16 REFERENCES ... 17
01 INTRODUCTION
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ABSTRACT
This research study presents a novel design of star-shaped fractal patch antenna for miniaturisation and backscattering radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. The proposed fractal antenna gives 50% size reduction compared with a conventional circular microstrip patch (CCMP) antenna. The antenna is studied experimentally for return loss behaviour using Ansoft HFSS. It can be useful for wireless application in 0.85-5 GHz frequency band. Further, the study focuses on backscattering RCS (both monostatic and bistatic) reduction by the proposed antenna compared with the CCMP antenna. It is found that increase in number of fractal iterations included in the conventional patch to design fractal antenna geometry reduces backscattering RCS at multiband compared to the conventional patch antenna. This reduction in backscattering RCS by the antenna is observed at multiband. The antenna can be tuned for low backscattering by variation in the substrate dielectric constant and thickness and the supersaturate dielectric constant and thickness. For maximum RCS reduction by the antenna, optimisation of substrate thickness becomes necessary. The study also deals with effect of frequency and aspect angle variation on backscattering RCS reduction.
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: OPTIMIZED PARAMETERS FOR THE PROPOSED ANTENNA
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG 1
: PHOTOS OF FABRICATED ANTENNA IN ITS FRONT, BACK AND
SIDE VIEWS . FIG. 3(a): GEOMETRY OF PROPOSED ANTENNA INTEGARTED WITH USB CONNECTOR .... FIG. 3(b): DETAILED DIMENSIONS OF ANTENNA .. FIG. 3(c): SHOWING EXCITATION FIG. 3(d): SIMULATED RESULTS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA.. FIG. 3(e): SIMULATED RETURN LOSS FOR PROPOSED ANTENNA FIG. 3(f): RETURN LOSS FIG. 3(g): RADIATION PATTERN. FIG. 3(h): 3D POLAR PLOT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CCMPA: Conventional Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna RCS: Radar Cross-section
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
Microstrip antennas are used in a broad range of applications such as airborne, navigation and mobile etc. This is primarily due to their simplicity of fabrication, ease of production, low manufacturing cost, light in weight, conformal and easy to integrate with RF devices. The antenna size with respect to the wavelength is the parameter that will have influence on the radiation characteristics. For efficient radiation, the size should be of the order of half a wavelength or larger. Studies proved, for size reduction and multi-frequency performance, fractal geometry antenna is better than conventional antenna. Therefore fractal geometries are used in the design of microstrip antennas for miniaturization and backscattering radar cross-section. These self-similar or self-affine and space filling fractal microstrip antenna increases the effective electrical length of the antenna to reduce the size of the antenna and make them frequency independent. Our project focuses on the designing of a rectangular fractal patch antenna in Ansoft HFSS; that will make a significant size reduction as compared to the conventional patch antenna. Whereas maximum radar cross-section by the antenna will be achieved by making variations in the substrate dielectric constant and thickness.
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DETAILED INTRODUCTION

Fractal geometries are used in design of microstrip antennas for miniaturization and multiband [1] applications. These self-similar or self-affine and space filling fractal microstrip antenna increases the effective electrical length of the antenna to reduce the size of the antenna and make them frequency independent. Also, selfsimilar or self-affine property gives multiband resonance in the antenna. Most practical planar antennas give rise to a very large backscattered field at normal incidence [2, 3]. Geometrical shaping and ferrite substrate use are reported for radar cross section (RCS) reduction. Elimination of specular reflection over a wide range of aspect angles by using strip grating surface is also reported in [4, 5]. Other RCS reduction techniques reported are resistive loading [6], varactor tuning [7] and substratesupersaturate layer structure [810]. The antenna can be responsible for the larger part of the total RCS of the aircraft designed to have low observability. Therefore scattering behavior of antennas is important for defense applications [11]. In fact, antenna scattering can be source of electromagnetic compatibility problems and causes interference with other systems on the same platform [12]. Wide usages of fractal antennas make sense in the RCS study and its reduction for antenna designer [1315]. Fractal geometries show multiband [16] Backscattering reduction. The study can be used to design antenna for low backscattering in the applicable frequency band.
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2.2 OBJECTIVES
2.2.1 Project Objectives i. ii. Design a square shaped fractal antenna for size reduction. Achieve maximum radar cross-section by the antenna
2.2 .2 Academic Objectives 1. Study HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator). 2. Detailed observation of the Fractal Geometries antennas applied in Patch Criterion.
2.3 PROJECT OVERVIEW
2.4 .1 Fractal Geometries in Antenna: A fractal antenna is an antenna that uses a fractal, self-similar design to maximize the length, or increase the perimeter (on inside sections or the outer structure), of material that can receive or transmit electromagnetic radiation within a given total surface area or volume. 2.3.2 Patch Antenna: A patch antenna (also known as a rectangular microstrip antenna) is a type of radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat surface. It consists of a flat rectangular sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal called a ground plane. The assembly is usually contained inside a plastic radome, which protects the antenna structure from damage. Patch antennas are simple to
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fabricate and easy to modify and customize. They are the original type of microstrip antenna; the two metal sheets together form a resonant piece of microstrip transmission line with a length of approximately one-half wavelength of the radio waves. The radiation mechanism arises from discontinuities at each truncated edge of the microstrip transmission line. The radiation at the edges causes the antenna to act slightly larger electrically than its physical dimensions, so in order for the antenna to be resonant, a length of microstrip transmission line slightly shorter than one-half a wavelength at the frequency is used. A patch antenna is usually constructed on a dielectric substrate, using the same materials and lithography processes used to make printed circuit boards. 2.3.3 Microstrip Antenna: In telecommunication, there are several types of microstrip antennas (also known as printed antennas) the most common of which is the microstrip patch antenna or patch antenna.
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CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION IN HFSS
3.1 ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS
3.1.1 System Software Requirements HFSS 3.1.2System Hardware Requirements Not Implemented
3.2 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED ANTENNA

First, a circular metallic patch of dimension 80 mm is designed. Then a 12 point star shaped fractal geometry with dimension 79.3 mm is subtracted from solid nearly circular patch to expose substrate material to create first fractal iteration. Proper care has been taken to maintain electrical connectivity throughout the circular boundary. Such four electrically interactive iterations are included in the antenna geometry to design the final fractal geometry for the proposed antenna as shown in Fig. 1g. The axis dimensions in mm for subsequent nearly circular patches are 57, 41.766, 29.7, whereas axis dimensions in mm for subsequent star fractal geometry are 57.86, 41.18, and 29.42. The design is fabricated on the substrate with dielectric constant r 4.3, thickness 1.53 mm and dimensions 110 mm*110 mm backed by metallic ground of the same dimensions. The coaxial feed is located at -24.85 mm (X-axis), 24.32 mm (Y-axis) at nearly 458 radially.
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Table 1: Optimized Parameters for the Proposed Antenna
Parameters
Size of Substrate Size of Ground Thickness Width Gap iterations
Values
100x100mm2 100x100mm2 0.05 mm 100 mm
between 0.2 mm
Gap ground and 0.05 mm Patch
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3.3 STRUCTURE OF PROPOSED ANTENNA
Fig.3 (a) Step wise procedure for Fractal Geometry
(a) Conventional circular microstrip patch antenna (CCMPA) (b) First fractal iteration in CCMPA (c) Second fractal iteration in CCMPA (d) Third fractal iteration in CCMPA (e) Fourth fractal iteration in CCMPA (f) Previously studied fractal CMPA
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3.4 IMPLEMENTATION ON HFSS
3.4.1 Designing Model First task is to make iteration of peculiar pattern. In HFSS, there is no option for drawing star; therefore we followed the indirect approach. First we create a cylinder of desired dimension, than form 3 polyhedral of 3 sides with equal spacing then combining all 3 polyhedral using UNITE option we have created a star shaped pattern of 12 corners sharing space with cylinder. The star shaped pattern then subtracted from the cylinder using SUBTRACT option in HFSS. By doing this we have achieved the desired shape of the iteration. Similarly we draw 4 iterations of different dimensions. Then we created the substrate and air with box. Feed is subtracted from the first iteration.
Fig.3 (b) Design of proposed antenna for size and backscattering RCS reduction Note: Black color indicates substrate. White color indicates metallic patch on substrate.
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Fig.3 (c) Design of Fractal Antenna Geometry in HFSS
3.4.2 Analysis Procedures in HFSS Excitation is performed through the coaxial feed. This is done by drawing a circle in the bottom, and using Lumped port excitation option in HFSS. Then the air box is radiated by RADIATION option. The GROUND is implemented by infinite ground plane on the bottom face of the air 0.05 mm beneath the patch. In the solution setup, frequency of 4.8 GHz is given. The sweep is done by discrete method in the range of 2 to 10 GHz with 100 counts.
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3.5 TESTING AND RESULTS

3.5.1 Results of Sweeping the Proposed Antenna Analyzing the Model, following are the results.
Fig. 3(d) Return Loss
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Fig. 3(e) Radiation pattern
Fig. 3(f) Directivity
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CONCLUSION
The research study is mainly focused on the miniaturisation of antenna and backscattering RCS reduction in various aspects. Fractal-based antenna geometry helps to reduce size of antenna as well as backscattering RCS compared to conventional antenna geometry. Fractal antenna geometry gives multiband RCS reduction because of frequency selective nature. Backscattered RCS reduction is a function of the dielectric thickness and the dielectric constant for all types of RCS calculations. Backscattering reduction can be achieved for wide beamwidth and bandwidth by optimising the thickness of the substrate. The superstrate loading on The metallic patch can be used for frequency tuning, bandwidth enhancement and RCS reduction. This study is useful to model the target of low backscattering. The study helps antenna designer to tune the antenna for minimum RCS since RCS reduction is important for many defence and civilian applications.
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REFERENCES
[1] PUENTE-BALIARDA C., ROMEU J., POUS R., CARDAMA A.: On the behaviour of the Sie rpinski multiband fractal antenna, IEEE Trans. Antenna Propog., 1998, AP-46, pp. 517524 [2] BACH ANDERSEN J.: Transmitting, receiving, and scattering properties of antennas. Proc. Antenna 03, Kalmar, Sweden, May 2003 [3] PAQUAY M., IRIARTE J.C., EDERRA I., GONZALO R., DE MAAGT P.: Thin AMC structure for radar cross-section reduction, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2007, 55, (12), pp. 5567 [4] STEPHEN D.S., MATHEW T., MOHANAN P., NAIR K.G.: A modified strip grating with dual periodicity for RCS reduction, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 1994, 7, (7), pp. 315317 [5] MATHEW T., STEPHEN D.S., ANANDAN C.K., MOHANAN P., NAIR .G.: Wideband trapezoidal strip grating for elimination of specular reflection, IEEE Electron. Lett., 1994, 30, (13), pp. 10371039 [6] POZAR D.M.: Radiation and scattering from a microstrip patch on a uniaxial substrate, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 1987, 35, pp. 613621 [7] SAED M.A.: Broadband CPW-FEW planar slot antennas with various tunning stubs, Progress Electromagn. Res., 2006, PIER 66, pp. 199212 [8] WU B.I., WANG W., PACHECO J., ET AL.: A study of using metamaterial as antenna substrate to enhance gain, Progress Electromagn. Res., 2005, PIER 51, pp. 295328 [9] JACKSON D.R.: RCS of a rectangular microstrip patch in a substrate superstrate geometry, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 1990, 38, pp. 28 [10] WANG S., GUAN X., WANG D., MA X., SU Y.: Electromagnetic scattering by mixed conducting/dielectric objects using higher order MOM, Progress Electromagn. Res., 2006, PIER 66, pp. 5163
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[11] LI Y.L.: Scattering cross section for airborne and its application, J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., 2007, 21, (15), pp. 23412349 [12] JOSEFSSON L., PERSSON P.: Conformal array antenna theory and design, Inst. Electr. Electron. Eng., Inc., 2006, p. 421 [13] CUI G., LIU Y., GONG S.: A novel fractal patch antenna with low RCS, J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., 2007, 21, (15), pp. 24032411 [14] JACKSON D.R.: RCS of a rectangular microstrip patch in a substrate Superstrate geometry, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 1990, 38, pp. 28 [15] ARVAS E., SARKAR T.K.: RCS of two dimensional structures consisting of both dielectric and conductors dielectric and conductors of arbitrary cross section, IEEE Tans. Antenna Propag.-37, 1989, 5, pp. 546554 [16] MUNK B.A.: Frequency selective surfaces, theory and design (Wiley Publication, New York, 2000)
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Design of Fractal Patch Antenna For Size and Radar Cross-Section Reduction

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Design of Fractal Patch Antenna For Size and Radar Cross-Section Reduction

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PROJECT REPORT

SAAD SHAHID KHOKHAR

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

TABLE 1: OPTIMIZED PARAMETERS FOR THE PROPOSED ANTENNA

: PHOTOS OF FABRICATED ANTENNA IN ITS FRONT, BACK AND

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 DETAILED INTRODUCTION

2.3 PROJECT OVERVIEW

CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION IN HFSS

3.1 ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS

3.2 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED ANTENNA

Table 1: Optimized Parameters for the Proposed Antenna

Gap ground and 0.05 mm Patch

3.3 STRUCTURE OF PROPOSED ANTENNA

Fig.3 (a) Step wise procedure for Fractal Geometry

3.4 IMPLEMENTATION ON HFSS

Fig.3 (c) Design of Fractal Antenna Geometry in HFSS

3.5 TESTING AND RESULTS

Fig. 3(d) Return Loss

Fig. 3(e) Radiation pattern

Fig. 3(f) Directivity

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