1.0 Introduction 1.

1 Definition of Piping Pipe is a pressure tight cylinder used to convey a fluid or to transmit a fluid pressure, ordinarily designated pipe in applicable material specifications. Materials designated tube or tubing in the specifications are treated as pipe when intended for pressure service. Piping is an assembly of piping components used to convey, distribute, mix, separate, discharge, meter, control or snub fluid flows. Piping also includes pipesupporting elements but does not include support structures, such as building frames, bents, foundations, or any equipment excluded from Code definitions. Piping components are mechanical elements suitable for joining or assembly into pressure-tight fluid-containing piping systems. Components include pipe, tubing, fittings, flanges, gas ets, bolting, valves and devices such as expansion joints, flexible joints, pressure hoses, traps, strainers, in-line portions of instruments and separators. Piping is typically round. 1.2 Piping Nomenclature, Components !raphic of piping system illustrating "eader #ranch connection $alve %lange &xpansion joint &xpansion loop Pipe support 'educer &lbow

Pipe system essentials: "eader (a e off )tub in Main run of piping #ranch run #ranch fitting connection made to header by direct attachment of branch Material added in the vicinity of a branch opening to restore the mechanical integrity of the pipe *ominal pipe si+e )upport elements which serve to maintain the structural integrity of the piping system, these are typically non-linear elements )upport provided by an element composed of a spring assembly, these are linear support elements )upport provided by an element composed of a non-linear, damping element -ithin reference of #./.., a service classification -ithin reference of #./.., a service classification 0ny vapour or gaseous substance, any liquid under such pressure and temperature such that when pressure is reduced to atmospheric, will change to a gas (est pressure 1 /.2 x M0-P 3some of the time4 Maximum allowable wor ing pressure Minimum design metal temperature (ypically measured by C$* 3Charpy $ *umber4 at M,M(

#ranch reinforcem ent *P) Pipe support )pring support )nubber Category , Category M &xpansible fluid "ydro test M0-P M,M( %racture toughness

1.3 Regulatory cts, Codes ! "tandards Codes Codes are rules for the design of prescribed systems which are given the force of law through provincial, state and federal legislation. 5n Canada, provincial governments have the responsibility for public safety that includes these facilities, among others6 Pressure piping Pressure vessels #oilers Pipelines Plumbing systems !as piping 0lberta )afety Codes 0cts and Codes of Practice (he following are applicable to the first four facilities listed above. #oilers and Pressure $essels 'egulation Prescribes requirements for registration of pressure vessels, boilers, pressure piping and fittings ,esign, Construction and 5nstallation of #oilers and Pressure $essels 'egulations Cites the codes and 7bodies of rules8 that form part of the regulations C)0 #2/ #oiler, Pressure $essel and Pressure Piping Code C)0 #29 Mechanical 'efrigeration Code C0*:C)0 ;/<= !as Pipeline )ystems 0)M& #oiler > Pressure $essel Code 0)M& #./ Pressure Piping Codes

#././ Power Piping #./.. Process Piping #./.= ?iquid (ransportation )ystems for "ydrocarbons, ?iquid Petroleum !as, 0nhydrous 0mmonia and 0lcohols #./.2 'efrigeration Piping 0*)5 @A/./ )afety 'equirements for the )torage and "andling of 0nhydrous 0mmonia *%P0 2< )tandard for the )torage and "andling of ?iquefied Petroleum !ases ,B( 'egulations of the ,epartment of (ransportation !overning the (ransportation of "a+ardous Materials in (an Motor $ehicles M)) )tandard Practice )P 92 )tandard Mar ing )ystem for $alves, %ittings, %langes and Cnions (&M0 )tandards of (ubular &xchanger Manufacturers 0ssociation Pipeline ct Cites the 7minimum requirements for the design, construction, testing, operation, maintenance and repair of pipelines86

C0*:C)0 ;/<. Bil Pipeline )ystems C0*:C)0 ;/<= !as Pipeline )ystems C)0 ;/AD 0luminum Pipe and Pressure Piping )ystems Canadian Petroleum 0ssociation 'ecommended Practice for ?iquid Petroleum Pipeline ?ea Prevention and ,etection in the Province of 0lberta Currently, C)0 ;AA9 Bil and !as Pipeline )ystems 3(his standard supercedes ;/<. > ;/<=4 5n the C)6

0s in Canada, some facilities are governed by federal regulations. 5nterstate pipeline facilities are defined by the6 Code of %ederal 'egulations, (itle =D Part /D9 (ransportation of *atural and Bther !as by Pipeline E Minimum %ederal )afety )tandards Part /D. ?iquefied *atural !as %acilities Part /D2 (ransportation of "a+ardous ?iquids by Pipeline Bther pipeline pressure piping codes include6 0)M& #./.= Pipeline (ransportation )ystems for ?iquid "ydrocarbons and Bther ?iquids 0)M& #./.< !as (ransmission and ,istribution )ystems 1.# $ine Designation %a&les (he Province of 0lberta )afety Codes 0ct F,esign, Construction and 5nstallation of #oilers > Pressure $essels 'egulationsF par G394 requires that construction of a pressure piping system must include submission of drawings, specifications and other information and include6 3a4 %low or line diagrams showing the general arrangement of all boilers, pressure vessels, pressure piping systems and fittings 39 copies4 3b4 Pipeline identification lists showing the maximum pressures and temperatures for each pressure piping system 39 copies4 3c4 0 list of pressure relief devices, including the set pressure 39 copies4 3d4 Material specifications, si+e, schedule and primary service rating of all pressure piping and fittings 39 copies4 3e4 (he welding procedure registration number 3f4 (he pressure pipe test procedure outlining the type, method, test media , test pressure, test temperature, duration and safety precautions 3/ copy4 3g4 0 form, provided by the 0dministrator, completed by the engineering designer or contractor which relates to the general engineering requirements for design and field construction of pressure piping systems 30# DA4

3h4 )uch other information as is necessary for a safety codes officer to survey the design and determine whether it is suitable for approval and registration Problem )et / / -hich 0ct governs the design of plant pressure piping systems in 0lbertaH 9 systemsH . per #./..H = 0re process plant water lines considered pressure piping %or what fluid service category may a hydro test be waived

-hat is the difference between a pipe elbow and a bendH

2.0 Codes and "tandards (he following codes are used for the design, construction and inspection of piping systems in *orth 0merica. 2.1 %'e "() *31 Piping Codes Piping codes developed by the 0merican )ociety of Mechanical &ngineers6 #././ Power Piping

Piping typically found in electric power generating stations, in industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems and central and district heating and cooling plants. #./.. Process Piping

Piping typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, per, semiconductor and cryogenic plants and related processing plants and terminals. #./.= Pipeline (ransportation )ystems for ?iquid "ydrocarbons and Bther ?iquids Piping transporting products which are predominately quid between plants and terminals and within terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering stations. #./.2 'efrigeration Piping

Piping for refrigerants and secondary coolants. #./.< !as (ransportation and ,istribution Piping )ystems

Piping transporting products which are predominately gas between sources and terminals including compressor, regulating and metering stations, gas gathering pipelines. #./.D #uilding )ervices Piping

Piping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings and in multi-unit residences which does not require the range of si+es, pressures and temperatures covered in #.//./ #./.// )lurry (ransportation Piping )ystems Piping transporting aqueous slurries between plants and terminals within terminals, pumping and regulating stations. (he following codes are used to specify the geometric, material and strength of piping and components6 0)M& #/A ,imensional Codes (he 0)M& #/A Piping Component )tandards Piping component standard developed by the 0merican )ociety of Mechanical &ngineers or the 0merican *ational )tandards 5nstitute 30*)54 #/A./ #/A.. #/A.= #/A.2 #/A.D #/A./I #/A.// #/A./9 #/A./= (hreads #/A./2 #/A./< #/A.9I #/A.9/ Cast 5ron Pipe %langes and %langed %ittings Malleable 5ron (hreaded %ittings, Class /2I and .II Cast 5ron (hreaded %ittings, Classes /92 and 92I Pipe %langes and %langed %ittings %actory Made -rought )teel #utt welding %ittings %ace to %ace and &nd to &nd ,imensions of $alves %orged %ittings, )oc et -elding and (hreaded Cast 5ron (hreaded ,rainage %ittings %errous Pipe Plugs, #ushings and ?oc nuts with Pipe Cast #ron+e (hreaded %ittings Class /92 and 92I Cast Copper 0lloy )older Joint Pressure %ittings 'ing Joint !as ets and !rooves for )teel Pipe %langes *onmetallic %lat !as ets for Pipe %langes

#/A.99 %ittings #/A.9.

-rought Copper and Copper 0lloy )older Joint Pressure Cast Copper 0lloy )older Joint ,rainage %ittings E ,-$

#/A.9= Cast Copper 0lloy Pipe %langes and %langed %ittings Class /2I, .II, =II,AII, DII, /2II and 92II #/A.92 #/A.9A #/A.9< 'eturns #utt welding &nds Cast Copper 0lloy %ittings for %lared Copper (ubes -rought )teel #utt welding )hort 'adius &lbows and

#/A.9D -rought Copper and -rought Copper 0lloy )older Joint ,rainage %ittings E ,-$ #/A..9 Cast Copper 0lloy )older Joint %ittings for )ovent ,rainage )ystems #/A... Manually Bperated Metallic !as $alves for Cse in !as Piping systems Cp to /92 psig 3si+es K through 94 #/A..= #/A..A #/A..G $alves E %langed, (hreaded and -elding &nd Brifice %langes "ydrostatic (esting of Control $alves

#/A..< ?arge Metallic $alves for !as ,istribution 3Manually Bperated, *P) 9 K to /9, /92 psig maximum4 #/A..D and .II Malleable 5ron (hreaded Pipe Cnions, Classes //2I, 92I

#/A.=I Manually Bperated (hermoplastic !s )hutoffs and $alves in !as ,istribution )ystems #/A.=9 and .II #/A.=G ,uctile 5ron Pipe %langes and %langed %ittings, Class /2I ?arge ,iameter )teel %langes 3*P) 9A through *P) AI4

0)M& #.A Piping Component )tandards Piping standards developed by the 0merican )ociety of Mechanical &ngineers : 0merican *ational )tandards 5nstitute6 #.A./I #.A./D -elded and )eamless -rought )teel Pipe )tainless )teel Pipe

Bther 0)M& or 0*)5 #G../ #G..9 #/...9 9.9 "ori+ontal, &nd )uction Centrifugal Pumps $ertical 5n-line Centrifugal Pumps #asic !as (urbine *&P0 Codes

*ational &lectrical Protection 0ssociation Piping covering fire protection systems using water, carbon dioxide, halon, foam, dry chemical and wet chemicals. *%C - *%P0 Codes *ational %ire Code : *ational %ire Protection 0ssociation *%P0 DD "ealth Care %acilities Piping for medical and laboratory gas systems.

2.3 C" "tandards Canadian )tandards 0ssociation C)0 ;AA9 - D= Bil > !as Pipeline )ystems (his standard supercedes these standards6 C0*:C)0 ;/<. Bil Pipeline )ystems C0*:C)0 ;/<= !as Pipeline )ystems C0*:C)0 ;/<G Bffshore Pipelines Bther C)0 Piping and Component Codes6 # 2/ # 2. # 29 # A. # /.G.. # /.G.= - =<./ - =<.. ; 9=2./ ; 9=2.// ; 9=2./9 ; 9=2./2 ; 9=2.9I ; 9=2.9/ #oilers and Pressure $essels 5dentification of Piping )ystems Mechanical 'efrigeration Code -elded and )eamless )teel Pipes 'igid Poly-$inyl Chloride 3P$C4 Pipe Polyethylene Piping )ystems for !as )ervice Mild )teel Covered 0rc--elding &lectrodes ?ow-0lloy )teel 0rc--elding &lectrodes )teel ?ine Pipe )teel %ittings )teel %langes )teel $alves &xternal %usion #ond &poxy Coating for )teel Pipe &xternal Polyethylene Coating for Pipe

; 9GA

?*! - Production, )torage and "andling

2.# ("" "tandard Practices Piping and related component standards developed by the ManufacturerLs )tandardi+ation )ociety. (he M)) standards are directed at general industrial applications. (he pipeline industry ma es extensive use of these piping component and quality acceptance standards. )P-A )tandard %inishes for Contact %aces Pipe %langes and Connecting &nd %langes of $alves and %ittings )P-92 and Cnion )P-== )tandard Mar ing )ystem for $alves, %ittings, %langes )teel Pipeline %langes

)P-2. Muality )tandards for )teel Castings and %orgings for $alves, %langes and %ittings and Bther Piping Components - Magnetic Particle )P-2= Muality )tandards for )teel Castings and for $alves, %langes and %ittings and Bther Piping Components - 'adiographic )P-22 Muality )tandards for )teel Castings and for $alves, %langes and %ittings and Bther Piping Components - $isual )P-2< manufacture )P-A/ )P-AD )P-G2 )P-<9 )P-<D Practices Pipe "angers and )upports - Material, ,esign and Pressure (esting of )teel $alves Pipe "angers and )upports - )election and 0pplication "igh (est -rought #utt -elding %ittings $alve Pressure (esting Methods Pipe "angers and )upports - %abrication and 5nstallation

2.+ PI 0merican Petroleum 5nstitute (he 0P5 standards are focused on oil production, refinery and product distribution services. &quipment specified to these standards are typically more robust than general industrial applications. )pec. 2? )pec. A, )pec. A%0 )pec. /9, )pec. /9% )pec. /9J )pec. /9@ )td. 2D= )td. 2D< )td. 2DD )td. AII ?ine Pipe Pipeline $alves %ire (est for $alves %ield -elded (an s for )torage of Production ?iquids )hop -elded (an s for )torage of Production ?iquids Bil and !as )eparators 5ndirect (ype Bil %ield "eaters -afer and -afer-?ug Chec $alves $alve 5nspection and (esting Metal Plug $alves - %langed and #utt--elding &nds )teel !ate $alves-%langed and #utt--elding &nds

)td. AI9 Compact )teel !ate $alves-%langed (hreaded, -elding, and &xtended-#ody &nds )td. AI. $alves )td. AIG )td. AI< )td. AID Class /2I, Cast, Corrosion-'esistant, %langed-&nd !ate %ire (est for )oft-)eated Muarter-(urn $alves Metal #all $alves-%langed and #utt--elding &nds ?ug-and -afer-(ype #utterfly $alves

)td. A/I Centrifugal Pumps %or Petroleum, "eavy ,uty Chemical and !as 5ndustry )ervices )td. A// )td. A/9 )td. A/. !eneral Purpose )team (urbines for 'efinery )ervices )pecial Purpose )team (urbines for 'efinery )ervices )pecial Purpose !ear Cnits for 'efinery )ervices

)td. A/= ?ubrication, )haft-)ealing and Control Bil )ystems for )pecial Purpose 0pplication )td. A/2 )ervices )td. A/A )td. A/G )td. A/< )ound Control of Mechanical &quipment for 'efinery !as (urbines for 'efinery )ervices Centrifugal Compressors for !eneral 'efinery )ervices 'eciprocating Compressors for !eneral 'efinery )ervices

)td. A/D 'otary-(ype Positive ,isplacement Compressors for !eneral 'efinery )ervices )td. A9I ,esign and Construction of ?arge, -elded, ?ow Pressure )torage (an s )td. A.I (ube and "eader ,imensions for %ired "eaters for 'efinery )ervice )td. A2I )td. AAI )td. AA/ -elded )teel (an s for Bil )torage "eat &xchangers for !eneral 'efinery )ervice 0ir-Cooled "eat &xchangers for !eneral 'efinery )ervice

)td. AGI $ibrations, 0xial Position, and #earing-(emperature Monitoring )ystems )td. AG/ )td. AG= )td. AG2 )td. AGA )pecial Purpose Couplings for 'efinery )ervice Positive ,isplacement Pumps-'eciprocating Positive ,isplacement Pumps-Controlled $olume Positive ,isplacement Pumps-'otary

)td. AGG )td. AG< )td. //I=

!eneral Purpose !ear Cnits for 'efineries )ervices 0ccelerometer-#ase $ibration Monitoring )ystem -elding Pipelines and 'elated %acilities

)td. 9III $enting 0tmospheric and low-Pressure )torage (an s *on-'efrigerated and 'efrigerated 'P 2.I 'efineries 'P 2AI 'P A<9 'P ///I Calculation for "eater (ube (hic ness in Petroleum %ired "eater for !eneral 'efinery )ervices )haft )ealing )ystem for Centrifugal and 'otary Pumps Pressure (esting of ?iquid Petroleum Pipelines

Publ. D=/ )teel for "ydrogen )ervice at &levated (emperature and Pressures in Petroleum 'efineries and Petrochemical Plants Publ. 9IID Publ. 9I/2 )afe -elding and Cutting Practices in 'efineries )afe &ntry and Cleaning of Petroleum )torage (an s

2., "%( (here are numerous 0merican )ociety for (esting and Materials designations cover the specification of wrought materials, forgings and castings used for plate, fittings, pipe and valves. (he 0)(M standards are directed to dimensional standards, materials and strength considerations. )ome of the more material standards referenced are6 0 .A )pecification for )tructural )teel

0 2. )pecification for Pipe, )teel, #lac and "ot E,ipped, ;inc Coated -elded and )eamless 0 /I2 Components )pecification for %orgings, Carbon )teel, for Piping

0 /IA )pecification for )eamless Carbon )teel Pipe for "igh (emperature )ervice 0 /</ )pecification for %orgings, Carbon )teel for !eneral Purpose Piping 0 /<9 )pecification for %orged or 'olled 0lloy )teel Pipe %langes, %orged %ittings, and $alves and Parts for "igh (emperature )ervice 0 /D. )pecification for 0lloy )teel and )tainless )teel #olting Materials for "igh (emperature )ervice 0 /D= )pecification for Carbon and 0lloy )teel *uts for #olts for "igh Pressure and "igh (emperature )ervice 0 9.= )pecification for Piping %ittings of -rought Carbon )teel and 0lloy )teel for Moderate and &levated (emperatures 0 ... )pecification for )eamless and -elded )teel Pipe for ?ow (emperature )ervice 0 .2I )pecification for %orgings, Carbon and ?ow 0lloy )teel 'equiring *otch (oughness (esting for Piping Components

0 .29 )pecification for )teel Castings, %erritic and Martensitic for Pressure Containing Parts )uitable for ?ow (emperature )ervice 0 =9I )pecification for Piping %ittings of -rought Carbon )teel and 0lloy )teel for ?ow (emperature )ervice 0 AD= )pecification for %orgings, carbon and 0lloy )teel for Pipe %langes, %ittings, $alves and Parts for "igh Pressure (ransmission )ervice 0 GIG )pecifications for %langes, %orged, Carbon and 0lloy )teel for ?ow (emperature )ervice Problem )et 9 /. 0 project award has been made. 0t the ic off meeting, the PM advises that piping design will be to #./.=. (he facility is steam piping in a refinery extending from the boiler to the tan farm. -hat do you do or say and whyH 9. 0 liquid pipeline is to be built to ;/<=. Nou raise an issue. -hyH

.. -hat flange specification would you expect to reference for a gas pipeline facilityH )how the development of your answers.

"ection 1 - References ,ue to copyright laws, the following figures have not been published here. -e leave as an exercise for the user to retrieve these for reference. %ig /II./.93#4 of 0)M& #././ %ig .II././ of 0)M& #./.. /DDA %ig .II././ of 0)M& #./.. /DDD %ig =II././ of 0)M& #./.= %ig =II./.9 of 0)M& #./.= %ig /./ of C)0 ; AA9 %ig /.9 of C)0 ; AA9 (able of Contents C)0 ; AA9

3.0 "upplemental Documents 3.1 ./ner0s "pecifications ! Documents Many of the Bwners in the industries we service are technically sophisticated and will often have supplementary specifications, standards or practices. 5t is the intent of these documents to clarify and provide interpretation of the legislated Codes and industry-accepted standards specific to the BwnerLs facilities. (hese specifications typically go beyond the requirements of Codes and without exception do not contravene a Code requirement. 3.2 Contractor0s "pecifications ! Documents &ngineering contractors may be called upon to provide the engineering specifications for a project if an Bwner does not have his own standards or if required by terms of the contract. Pro&lem "et 3 / 9 . = -hat is the typical precedence of documents for engineering standardsH Can the BwnerLs engineering standard override a Code provisionH Cnder what conditions can the BwnerLs standard override a Code provisionH "ow would you deviate from an BwnerLs engineering specificationH

#.0 Piping Design Piping design deals with the6 0nalytical design Material selection !eometric layout %abrication 5nspection specification Component specification of piping and piping components. =./ %ailure Mechanisms

Piping and piping components may fail if inadequately designed, by a number of different mechanisms. (hese failures, in the majority of cases are either load controlled or displacement controlled failures. Pipe rupture due to overpressure #ending failure in pipe span &lbow crac ing after /I years of service, 2III cycles of heat up to 2II % on heat up, a line comes into contact with adjacent header which is at ambient temperature during startup on a cold winter day in !rande Prairie, an outdoor gas line located above grade and constructed to ;AA9 is suddenly subjected to full line pressure and ruptures. a /98 )ch.=I header, bottom supported, =I feet long runs vertically up a tower and connects to a no++le. Bn steam out of the vessel, a /L deflection is observed in the pipe and remains after the steam out procedure is completed and the pipe returns to ambient temperature. a header of a reciprocating compressor has been stressed chec edO during operation vibration is observed in the line. ,uring the

unit turnaround, crac ing is found at midspan in the wrought piping material. 0 stress chec determines that a hot, high alloy line does not pass the flexibility requirements per #./... (wenty-five cycles are expected over the lifetime of the line.

#.2 Code Considerations for Design ,esign of piping systems is governed by Codes. 0ll codes have a common themeO they are intended to set forth engineering requirements deemed necessary for safe design and construction of piping installations. (he Codes are not intended to apply to the operation, examination, inspection, testing, maintenance or repair of piping that has been placed in service. (he Codes do not prevent the Cser from applying the provisions of the Codes for those purposes. &ngineering requirements of the Codes, while considered necessary and adequate for safe design, generally use a simplified approach. 0 designer capable of applying a more rigorous analysis shall have the latitude to do so, but must be able to demonstrate the validity of such analysis. ,esign Conditions ,esign conditions refer to the operating and design temperature and pressure that the piping system will operate at over the course of its design life.

Code Design %emperature ! Design Pressure

Code ,esign (emperature #././ (he piping shall be designed for a metal temperature representing the maximum sustained condition expected. (he design temperature shall be assumed to be the same as the fluid temperature unless calculations or tests support the use of other data, in which case the design temperature shall not be less than the average of the fluid temperature and the outside wall temperature. #./.. (he design temperature of each component in a piping system is the temperature at which, under the coincident pressure, the greatest thic ness or highest component rating is required in accordance with par. .I/.9 ,esign Pressure (he internal design pressure shall be not less than the maximum sustained operating pressure 3M)BP4 within the piping system including the effects of static head.

(he design pressure of each component in a piping system shall be not less than the pressure at the most severe condition of coincident internal or external pressure and temperature expected during service, except as provided in par. .I9.9.=.

#./.= (he design temperature is the metal (he piping component at any point in the temperature expected in normal operation. 5t is piping system shall be designed for an not necessary to vary the design stress for internal design pressure which shall not metal temperatures between E9I % and 92I be less than the maximum steady state %. operating pressure at that point, or less than the static head pressure at that point with the line in a static condition. (he maximum steady state operating pressure shall be the sum of the static head pressure, pressure required to overcome friction losses and any required bac pressure. #./.< *o design temperature. (he Code mentions only ambient temperature and ground temperature. 3/DG24 ,esign pressure is the maximum operating pressure permitted by the Code, as determined by the design procedures applicable to the materials and locations involved.

;AA9 %or restrained piping, the temperature differential shall be the difference between the maximum flowing fluid temperature and the metal temperature at the time of restraint.

(he design pressure at any specific location shall be specified by the designer, shall not be less than the intended maximum operating pressure at any location, and shall include static %or unrestrained piping, the thermal expansion head, pressure required to overcome range to be used in the flexibility analysis shall friction loss and any required bac be the difference between the maximum and pressure. minimum operating temperatures.

Design of Piping - *31.1 #././ essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items6 Minimum thic ness for pressure6

tmin 1

P 0 , or

t1 (he limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. (his limit is based on the static yield strength of the material. Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings 3)? 46 )? )h O stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. )ustained loadings are those due to pressure, self weight of contents > piping and other sustained loadings particular to the situation. (he limit is based on the static yield strength of the material.

)lp1 (he computed displacement stress range )& 6 )& )0 1 f3/.92 )c P I.92 )h4. )& stresses arise from the constraint of the thermal strain displacements associated with the expansion of pipe due to temperature. (he limit is based on fatigue considerations. -here the sum of the longitudinal stresses is less than )h, the difference may be used as an additional thermal expansion allowance.

)& 1

*31.1 1cont0d2 (he computed displacement stress range )&6 (he factor 7f8 is a stress range reduction factor6 Cycles, * G,III and less Q G,III to /=,III Q/=,III to 99,III Q 99,III to =2,III Q =2,III to /II,III Q /II,III to 9II,III Q 9II,III to GII,III Q GII,III to 9,III,III %actor, f /.I I.D I.< I.G I.A I.2 I.= I..

Design of Piping - *31.3 #./.. essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items6 Minimum thic ness for pressure6

t1

or t 1

or t 1

3?am

&quation4

(he limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. (his limit is based on the static yield strength of the material. Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings 3)? 46 )? )h O stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. )ustained loadings are those due to pressure, self weight of contents > piping and other sustained loadings particular to the situation. (he limit is based on the static yield strength of the material. (he computed displacement stress range )& 6 )& )0 1 f3/.92 )c P I.92 )h4. )& stresses arise from the constraint of the thermal strain displacements associated with the expansion of pipe due to temperature. (he limit is based on fatigue considerations. -here the sum of the longitudinal stresses is less than )h, the difference may be used as an additional thermal expansion allowance.

Design of Piping - *31.# #./.= essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items6 Minimum thic ness for pressure6

t1 (he limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at temperature. (his limit is based on the static yield strength of the material. , where )MN) is the specified minimum yield strength of the material Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings 3)? 46 )? I.G2 )0

where )0 1 )?, the stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than I.G2 x the allowable stress range, )0 at temperature. )ustained loadings are those due to pressure, self weight of contents > piping and other sustained loadings particular to the situation. (he computed displacement stress range )& 6 %or restrained lines6 )? 1 %or unrestrained lines6 )& )0

Design of Piping - *31.3 #./.< 3/DG24 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items6 ,esign pressure6

P1

&

% 1 design factor for construction type 3includes a location factor4 & 1 longitudinal joint factor ( 1 temperature derating factor , where )MN) is the specified minimum yield strength of the material (otal combined stress6 (he total of the following shall not exceed )6 a4 b4 c4 %urther, (he sum of 3b4 P 3c4 I.G2 ) % ( Combined stress due to expansion ?ongitudinal pressure stress ?ongitudinal bending stress due to internal P external loads

(he computed displacement stress range )& 6 #./.< applies itself to the above ground piping in discussing expansion and flexibility to a temperature of =2I %. %or these 7unrestrained8 lines6 )& I.G9 )

Design of Piping - C" 4,,2 ;AA9 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items6 Pressure ,esign6

P1 % 1 design factor 1 I.<

O units are metric

? 1 location factor per (able =./ 3appear to be safety factors4 J 1 longitudinal joint factor ( 1 temperature derating factor ) 1 )pecified Minimum Nield )trength 3)MN)4 Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings 3)? 46 %or restrained lines 3below ground46 )h - )? P )# ground4 I.DI ) ( O where, )? 1 (, Code 3below

R note conservatism with respect to definition of requires use of temperature at time of restraint )h - )? P )# )

( O 3above ground, freely spanning segments4

(he computed displacement stress range )& 6 %or unrestrained lines 3above ground46 )& I.G9 ) (

Design of Piping (he ,esign &ffort Continuum Code Code P Calculation Method )imple Complex 0nswer Muality Conservative 0ccurate &ffort ?east Most

Design $oads (he Codes prescribe minimum rules for stress conditions and alert the designer explicitly to some of the loadings li ely to act on a system. 5n addition to the previous listing, most of the Codes specify design rules for6 Bccasional loads such as wind > earthqua e &xternal pressure (he Codes caution the designer to consider the effect of other loadings and their impact on the stress state of the system6 5mpact events 3hydraulic shoc , liquid > solid slugging, flashing, transients4 auto- refrigeration, seasonal temperature variations $ibration ,ischarge reactions (emperature gradients bi-metallic connections effects of support > restraint movements Cyclic effects (he Codes do not explicitly alert the designer to other loadings which may cause failure in the piping system, including6 buc ling 3shell > column4 *o++le loadings on attached equipment, such as pumps, compressors, engines Pressure vessels )team generating equipment fired heaters

"eat exchangers ?oadings on in-line equipment such as flanges, valves, filters, strainers

#.3 (aterial "election @ey Considerations Material specification Chemical Composition Mechanical Properties #rittle fracture toughness Carbon equivalent 5nspection 'epair -elding Procedure ?etLs discuss a couple of these considerations at this time.

Material )election E Common )pecifications for Carbon )teel )ystems

Commodity Pipe #././ 0)(M 0 /IA #./.. 0)(M 0 2. 0P5 2? #./.= 0)(M 0 2. 0P5 2? 0P5 2?C Pipe E ?ow (emp Pipe E "igh (emp #olting 0)(M 0 ... !r.A 0)(M 0 /IA 0)(M 0 /D. #G 0)(M 0 ... !r.A 0)(M 0 /IA 0)(M 0 /D. #G 0)(M 0 .9I *ut %ittings %ittings E ?ow (emp %ittings E "igh (emp 0)(M 0 /D= 9" 0)(M 0 9.= -P# 0)(M 0 =9I -P?A 0)(M 0 9.= -P# 0)(M 0 9/A -C# %langes 0)(M 0 /I2 0)(M 0 /</ 0)M& #/A.2 %langes E ?ow (emp 0)(M 0 .2I ?%9 0)(M 0 .29 ?C# %langes E "igh (emp 0)(M 0 /I2 0)(M 0 /</ 0)(M 0 9/A -C# $alves 0)(M 0 /I2 0)M& #/A..= $alves E ?ow (emp 0)(M 0 .2I ?%9 0)(M 0 .29 ?C# $alves E "igh (emp 0)(M 0 9/A -C# 0)(M 0 /D= 9" 0)(M 0 9.= -P# 0)(M 0 =9I -P?A 0)(M 0 9.= -P# 0)(M 0 9/A -C# 0)(M 0 /I2 0)(M 0 /</ 0)M& #/A.2 0)(M 0 .2I ?%9 0)(M 0 .29 ?C# 0)(M 0 /I2 0)(M 0 /</ 0)(M 0 9/A -C# 0)(M 0 /I2 0P5 AII 0)(M 0 .2I ?%9 0)(M 0 .29 ?C# 0)(M 0 9/A -C# 0P5 A, 0P5 AII 0)(M 0 /I2 0)(M 0 9/A -C# 0)(M 0 /I2 0)(M 0 /</ 0)M& #/A.2 0)(M 0 .2I ?%9 0)(M 0 =9I -P?A 0)(M 0 9.= -P# 0)(M 0 ... !r.A 0)(M 0 /IA 0)(M 0 /D. #G 0)(M 0 .9I 0)(M 0 /D= 9"

0s can be seen from the (able, material selection can be made from available national standards such as 0)(M and 0P5.

Material )election E Common )pecifications for Carbon )teel )ystems 3contLd4

Commodity Pipe #./.< 0)(M 0 2. 0P5 2? Pipe E ?ow (emp Pipe E "igh (emp #olting 0)(M 0 ... !r.A 0)(M 0 /IA 0)(M 0 /D. #G 0)(M 0 .2= 0)(M 0 ==D *ut %ittings %ittings E ?ow (emp %ittings E "igh (emp %langes 0)(M 0 /I2 0)(M 0 .G9 M)) )P-== %langes E ?ow (emp %langes E "igh (emp $alves 0)(M 0 /I2 0P5 A, 0)M& #/A..= 0)M& #/A..< $alves E ?ow (emp $alves E "igh (emp C)0 ; 9=2./2 C)0 ; 9=2./2 C)0 ; 9=2./9 C)0 ; 9=2./9 0)(M 0 /D= 9" M)) )P-G2 C)0 ; 9=2.// C)0 ; 9=2.// C)0 ; 9=2. C)0 ; 9=2./ C)0 ;AA9 C)0 ; 9=2./

#rittle %racture #rittle fracture refers to the often catastrophic failure of materials when subjected to stresses at a lower temperature which the materially would normally be able to withstand at higher temperatures. 0 7transition temperature8 can be defined at the /..2, 9I, 9G J 3/I, /2, 9I ft-lb4 energy level. Charpy test results for steel plate obtained from failures of ?iberty ships revealed that plate failure never occurred at temperatures greater than the 9I-J 3/2 ft-lb4 transition temperature. (his transition temperature varies with the material and is not used as a criterion. (ransition (emperatures (he transition temperature establishes the temperature at which a material 7goes brittle8. 5tLs major shortcoming is itLs imprecision and nonrepeatability. Charpy (esting 5mpact testing provides a repeatable means to establish the impact toughness capability of a material under temperature. (he more common method is the Charpy drop test measurement which determines the energy absorbing capacity of a standard specimen. Minimum 'equired Charpy $ *otch 5mpact $alues 3#./..-/DDD4 Joules %t-lbf Joules %t-lbf 3a4 Carbon > ?ow 0lloy )teels 0verage for . specimens Minimum for / specimen )M() A2 si

/< /A /. /I /= /I /I G A2 si )M() G2 si 9I /A /2 /9 /< /= /. /I G2 si )M() D2 si 9G 9I 9I /2 S

S S S ?ateral &xpansion DA si )M() Minimum for . specimen I.I/2 in 3b4 )teels in P-*os. A, G, < Minimum for . specimen I.I/2 in

Impact Testing Exemption Temperatures B31.3 'efer to %igure .9..9.9 in the Code. (his figure provides a correlation between material group, reference thic ness and exemption temperature. Material group is defined in (able 0-/. %or example, )0 /IA # is given a Min (emp rating of 7#8. &ntering %igure .9..9.90, this material is impact testing exempt up to a thic ness of I.28 down to a minimum temperature of E9I %. Curve # rises to a minimum temperature of G2 % for a material thic ness of .8. Minimum 'equired Charpy $ *otch 5mpact $alues 3C)0 ; AA9-/DDD4 (able 2./ provides a toughness category matrix. (his matrix is somewhat cumbersome to apply as it requires cross referencing to C)0 ; 9=2 and ma es use of toughness categories 5, 55 > 555. 5t is not intuitively obvious what these categories represent. (his (able also inherently provides for a ris based approach by bringing in service fluid, test fluid and pipe design operating stress parameters. Case )tudy6 Bn the next page, the Material 'equisition %orm has certain boxes mar ed off to indicate inspection needs. *ot all mar ed boxes are appropriateT ,o you now whichH

#.# 5a&ricated %ees ! rea Reinforcement Paragraph .I=...9 of the Code provides explicit direction on the proper design of branch connections. 5n summary, this paragraph states that branch connections must be made using fittings that are inherently reinforced such those listed in (able .9A./ or fabricated and sufficiently reinforced using design criteria based on area reinforcement principles. (his presumes that a branch connection opening wea ens the pipe wall and requires reinforcement by replacement of the removed area to the extent it is in excess to that required for pressure containment. (he Code is fully detailed in the necessary calculations. (hese calculations can be very tedious, time consuming prone to error if done by hand. 0 computer program is advised for productivityO a spreadsheet based program is more than adequate. *o calculation is required for branch connections made by welding a threaded or soc et weld coupling or half coupling if the branch does not exceed 9 *P) nor U the nominal si+e of the run line. (he coupling cannot be rated for less than 9III C-P. Multiple openings are addressed by the Code. (he area reinforcement rule can be at times, be overly conservativeO in other instances, this approach can be deficient even within the limits of applicability defined in the Code. Code users must be aware of the limits of applicability of the Code rules which are given in paragraph .I=.../. Jurisdictions such as the 0lberta #oiler )afety 0ssociation 30#)04 have defined additional limits. -'C publications also have guidance on this issue. #.+ 5le6i&ility nalysis )tress 0nalysis Criteria6 (his stress analysis criteria establishes the procedure, lists critical lines and piping stress:design liaison flow sheet to be followed. ?ines to be analy+ed6 all lines attached to pumps, compressors, turbines and other rotating equipment all lines attached to reciprocating compressors

all pressure relief valve piping all category m piping all lines on rac s 3with discretion4 all lines which the piping designer is uncomfortable with all vacuum lines all jac eted piping all tie-ins to existing piping all non metallic piping all steam out, deco ing and regeneration lines all lines /A8 and larger all lines A8 and larger over 2II % all lines over G2I % all lines specifically requested by the stress department. all lines specifically requested by the client. (he above list is actually very conservative and discretion is required in applying these rules to ensure economical approach to piping analysis. Paragraph ./D.=./ lists the conditions under which flexibility analysis may be waived. 5f formal analysis is deemed necessary, follow the requirements of paragraph ./D.=.9. (he other Codes will have similar provisions.