Annotated Bibliography Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. American Psychological Association, 2014. Web.

10 Mar. 2014. The American Psychological Association website defines sexualization, gives examples of sexualization, evaluates negative consequences for the sexualization of girls, and gives ways to counteract this sexualization. The APA research explains that the media is responsible for sexualization of girls and contributes to their negative image of themselves. Frequent exposure to media images that sexualize girls and women affects how girls conceptualize femininity and sexuality. Girls and young women who more frequently consume or engage with mainstream media content offer stronger endorsement of sexual stereotypes that depict women as sexual objects. A girls self worth and value stem from the portrayal of women in the media. Becker, Anne, Rebecca Burwell, Stephen Gilman, David Herzog, and Paul Hamburg. Eating Behaviours and Attitudes Following Prolonged Exposure to Television Among Ethnic Fijian Adolescent Girls. British Journal of Psychiatry. 180 (2002): 509-514. Web In this article, research is discussed regarding a study that was conducted in Fiji in which girls watched television and were interviewed before, during, and after. Their exposure to the images in the media negatively effected their self esteem and self worth. 83% responded that they felt television had specifically influenced their friends and/or themselves to feel differently about or change their body shape or weight and 77% reported that television had influenced their own body image (511). There was a rise in

eating disorders amounts the adolescent girls in the village after their viewing. This is a direct correlation between the media and body image. Jhally, Sut. Whats Wrong with a Little Objectification. n.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. Jhally begins his article by saying Advertising is a very powerful form of social communication in modem society. Jhally explains that society is obsessed with gender, that is the socially constructed and acceptable definition of male and female. Gender is exploited in the media through images. It is the most important aspect of ourselves and is also instantly viewable and understandable to a viewer. When looking at a person, gender is instantly understood. Images in media have become more important in society because within the domain of advertising, imagistic modes of communication historically have become more important as has the need for concentrated or instant forms of communication. Kellner, Douglas. Audience Reception and Use of Media Culture. Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism, and Media Culture by Douglas Kellner. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. This article explains that the media is what forms our very sense of self. The media are a profound and often misperceived source of cultural pedagogy: They contribute to educating us how to behave and what to think, feel, believe, fear, and desire -- and what not to. The media are forms of pedagogy which teach us how to be men and women (1). Kellner explains that people are influenced by the media. The problem this article poses is that it was written before the internet became the most popular way of receiving and viewing information, so there is not much connection between the article and the internet.

Kellner does say There is a new terrain of Internet audience research which studies how fans act in chat rooms devoted to their favorite artifacts of media culture, create their own fansites, or construct artifacts that disclose how they are living out the fantasies and scripts of the culture industries (10). Audiences subconsciously receive messages from the media and advertising and their view on themselves is based on this. Kilbourne, Jean. Cant Buy My Love: How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel. New York: Touchstone, 1999. Web. In the chapter In your Face...All over the Place from Jean Kilbournes book Cant Buy My Love: How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel, Kilbourne explains the various places where images of women bombard consumers. They are everywhere from the billboards on the side of the highway to the online services used. Kilbourne cites a quote from editor-in-chief of Advertising Age, Rance Cain, eight percent of an ads message is received by the conscious mind. The rest is worked and reworked deep within the recesses of the brain (59). Kilbourne explains that advertising is everywhere. It is inevitable to be influenced and to be effected in some way, even if unconsciously. ---. Jean Kilbourne. n.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. This website offers information regarding Jean Kilbourne. Biographical and resume information to provide further background on Kilbourne and her extensive work and research. Information regarding her books, lectures, and films is given. There are several pages documenting Kilbournes awards, personal life, and reviews of professional accomplishments. ---. dir. Killing us Softly 4. Cambridge Documentaries. 2010. DVD.

This filmed lecture of Jean Kilbournes lecture, Killing us Softly 4, is an updated version of her past lectures, with newer images and examples. Kilbourne explains advertising and its effect on women and gives an explanation for each ad featured and how it could alter a womens mind. Some ads feature women in little clothing or in compromising positions. Although not always explicitly stated in an advertisement, these images are objectifying women and putting them into a category as being the weaker sex. Our Research. The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. n.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty conducted studies of how women are effected by the media. Some statistics include: only 4% of women around the world consider themselves beautiful, only 11% of girls around the world feel comfortable with using the word beautiful to describe themselves, and more than half of women believe they are their own worst critic when it comes to how they look. The Dove Self-Esteem project was founded in 2004 and aims to help women feel better about their bodies. Retouching is Excessive Says Slimline Covergirl Kate Winslet. Hello! Magazine. 10 Jan. 2003. n.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. In this news article, actress Kate Winslet explains her view on photo retouching. She did not approve photoshop retouching done on her cover photo for the magazine, GQ. She was outraged and told Hello! the retouching is excessive. I do not look like that and more importantly I don't desire to look like that She also explains that her thighs were retouched and reduced in size by about a third. The magazine editor stands behind the decision to retouch because Winslet had actually lost a considerable about of weight since the shoot and looks better at the time of publishing.

Trueheart, Samantha. Opinion: Media Presents Warped View of Beauty. The Daily Beacon [University of Tennessee] 31 Jan. 2012. Web. In this article, the writer Samantha Trueheart, explains the women are not only objectified because of the media and the pressures they then put on themselves, but the pressures placed on them by men. From constantly seeing unnatural women in the television screen and in magazines, men come to expect their partners to be as slim and beautiful as the models. Because a real woman cannot reach those ideal goals, she feels dissatisfied with herself. This self-esteem issue is therefore causing an increased amount of eating disorders in America. These cycles exist: women see the images and desire to have a thinner body leading to an eating disorder. Or women feel pressure from men who see the images and desire to live up to these standards leading to eating disorders. The problem with this source is that it is an opinion article; however, evidence is given and support can be made by using other sources.