PUMPS

Introduction Types of Pumps Hydraulic Principles Pump Performance Curves Affinity Laws Net Positive Suction Head Power Requirements Pump Selection Discharge and Pressure Requirements Pumps in Series Pumps in Parallel Energy Consumption

PUMPS
Introduction Irrigation systems are designed to operate at specified pressures. In order to develop the required pressure and to lift the water from a well or a reservoir, it is often necessary to pump the water. water Pumps that lift and pressurize the water in irrigation most commonly use the principle of centrifugal force to convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.

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Types of Pumps This category includes horizontal centrifugal pumps and vertical turbine or submersible pumps. The submersible and turbine pumps are the most commonly used for irrigation wells while horizontal centrifugal pumps are often used for pumping from an open water source or for boosting the pressure in an irrigation pipeline.

PUMPS
Types of Pumps

45 degree Elbow Centrifugal Pump Discharge

3m

W t level Water l l
6 IPS-PVC Pipe -- Pipe is 10 m long 6 Basket Strainer

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

PUMP OUTLET

ELECTRIC MOTOR

PUMP INLET PUMP

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Types of Pumps Types of Pumps

PUMPS
DEEP WELL TURBINE PUMP
ENGINE RIGHT-ANGLE GEAR DRIVE PUMP BASE PUMP COLUMN STAGES INTAKE ELECTRIC MOTOR

SOIL SURFACE

GRAVEL PACK CASING

WELL SCREEN BEDROCK

PRESSURE = 75 PSI

10 m

STATIC WATER LEVEL

40 m

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Types of Pumps

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Types of Pumps SPECIFIC SPEED

Types of Pumps SPECIFIC SPEED

PERFORMANCE FOR SINGLE STAGE OF DEEP WELL TURBINE PUMP

60 TOTAL DYNAMI IC HEAD, feet 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 DISCHARGE, gpm

PUMPS
Power Requirements The power required to lift and pressurize water (called water power) power) may be expressed as

wp = (Q) (TDH) / K And A d b = (Q) (TDH)/ (K * Ep ) bp

wp = water power, Q = pump discharge, L3/T TDH = total dynamic head, L K = conversion factor Ep = pump efficiency

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PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE

where:

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Power Requirements

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PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES A pump should be selected that operates near its maximum efficiency at the desired flow rate (capacity) and the corresponding total dynamic head. In the example in the pump FIGURE (FOLLOWING), (FOLLOWING) , it is evident that the pump reaches its peak efficiency at approximately 1100 gpm and 170 feet of head. As you move left on the head capacity curve, the pump efficiency goes down.

WP = (Q) (TDH) / K
Q gpm L/sec L/min m3/sec H ft m m m WP hp kW kW kW K_______ 3960 102 6116 0.102

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PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES As you move to the right of the peak efficiency point, the efficiency also goes down. Note that the peak pump efficiency is approximately 82% for the example shown. You can expect peak pump efficiencies to range between 55 and 82% for pump sizes commonly used in irrigation. In fact, the pump efficiency for a new pump should exceed 75%.

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Hydraulic Principles AFFINITY LAWS The volumetric flow rate, discharge head, and power and power required to drive a pump are related to the impeller diameter and the shaft rotational speed. The relationships between these parameters are called the affinity laws for pump performance.

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AFFINITY LAWS AFFINITY LAWS

PUMPS IMPELLER DIAMETER

Discharge Capacity (Q) varies with impeller diameter (D): Q1/Q2 = D1/D2 Discharge Head (H) varies with impeller diameter (D): H1/H2 = (D1/D2)2 Power (P) versus with impeller diameter (D): P1/P2 = (D1/D2)3

ROTATIONAL SPEED
Discharge Capacity (Q) varies with rotational speed (N): Q1/Q2 = N1/N2 Discharge Head (H) varies with rotational speed (N): H1/H2 = (N1/N2)2 Power (P) varies with rotational speed (N): P1/P2 = (N1/N2)3

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AFFINITY LAWS The headhead-discharge relationship shown in FIGURE applies to a pump operating at a constant speed. If the pump speed is changed, the head discharge relationship also changes. g This is illustrated in the following g FIGURE . As the pump speed decreases, its flow rate and discharge pressure decreases. Therefore, there is a different headhead-discharge relationship for the slower speed. The slower speed curve is approximately parallel to the original line. Note the shift in efficiency.

PUMPS
AFFINITY LAWS Another factor affecting the headhead-capacity relationship is the diameter of the impeller. As the impeller is trimmed to reduce its diameter a new headhead-discharge relationship is established (next ( t FIGURE). FIGURE) Again, as the impeller diameter is reduced, the point of peak efficiency of the pump shifts to a lower flow rate, much like what happened when the speed is changed.

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AFFINITY LAWS

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AFFINITY LAWS AFFINITY LAWS

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NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD

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NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD

PUMPS
Discharge and Pressure Requirements Pumps are chosen to match the required performance characteristics of the irrigation system at a high level of efficiency. The first step is to develop an irrigation system performance curve which relates the total system head to discharge. The total system head is divided into two components: fixed head and variable head. The variable system head increases with discharge. It is made up of well drawdown, friction losses, outlet pressure, plus velocity head.

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Discharge and Pressure Requirements

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Pumps in Series

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Suppose the manufacturer has a pump that will operate at 800 gpm very efficiently, but the total dynamic head produced by the pump is only 54 feet. How can we develop the total dynamic head (216 feet) f t) th that ti is required i df for th the i irrigation i ti system? One approach is to place the pump bowl and impeller assemblies in series. See FIGURE as an example of this process.

PUMPS
With the pump impeller assemblies in series the same flow goes through each impeller. As water passes from one impeller to the next, the total dynamic head is increased. This is called a multiple stage pump. Thus, for this case it would require 216/54 or four stages for this pump to meet the total dynamic head required. The concept of pumps in series in FIGURE.

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DEEP WELL TURBINE PUMP

ENGINE RIGHT-ANGLE GEAR DRIVE PUMP BASE PUMP COLUMN STAGES INTAKE

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Pumps in Parallel
ELECTRIC MOTOR

Another pumping option is to operate pumps in parallel. See FIGURE. With pumps in parallel, the downstream pressure is the same for both pumps. In parallel operation, th there can b be a diff different t fl flow rate t through th h each h pump, but the total dynamic head will be the same. In this case, the total flow rate will be the sum of the flow rates of each pump, but at the same total dynamic head.

PUMPS
An irrigation pumping system should be planned so that the pump operates an near peak efficiency. However, if the operating conditions of the irrigation system will change over time, the efficiency y of the irrigation g system y is likely y to change as well.

PUMPS
It is important that the operator not attempt to produce the desired total dynamic head by throttling the flow with a valve. Any time water flows through a partially closed valve, valve energy is consumed. Thus, if a system must be operated with a partially closed valve, the pumping system does not perfectly match the irrigation system it serves.

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ENERGY CONSUMPTION A pump transfers mechanical energy from an electrical motor or engine to water. Since a pump can not be 100% efficient, the pump efficiency (Ep) is used to account for the energy lost in pumping and is defined as: Ep = output of energy or power input of energy or power

PUMPS
Power Requirements Since the pump has some inefficiency, the power input to the pump must be more than the pump output. The power input to the pump is called the brake horsepower (bhp) and is determined by:

bhp = whp/Ep
where: bhp = the pump input power whp = the pump output power Ep = the pump efficiency.

PUMPS EXAMPLE
A pump operating at 80% efficiency lifts water from a reservoir a vertical distance of 100 feet and also develops a pressure of 50 psi. If the flow rate is 800 gpm, what is the water horsepower requirement? What is the brake horsepower requirement? Given: Q = 800 gpm P = 50 psi and L = 100 feet Ep = 80% whp and bhp EXAMPLE Given:

PUMPS
Q = 800 gpm P = 50 psi and L = 100 feet Ep = 80%

Solution: TDH = 50 psi (2.31 ft/psi) + 100 ft = 216 ft whp = 800 gpm (216 feet) / 3960 = 44 hp bhp = whp/Ep = 44 hp / 0.8 = 55 hp

Find:

PUMPS
Energy Consumption To analyze the rate of energy consumption, we will use the results of several years of experimental data taken at the University of NebraskaNebraska -Lincoln. These are now called the Nebraska Pumping Plant Performance Criteria. Criteria. These widely accepted criteria are given in TABLE.

PUMPS
Energy Consumption Table. Nebraska Pumping Plant Criteria Energy Source bhp bhp-hr/energy unit 16.67 9.18 88.9 1.216 11.55 Energy Unit gallon gallon 1000 ft3 kW kW-hr gallon

Diesel Propane Natural gas Electricity Gasoline

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Energy Consumption Electric motors are very efficient; however they are not 100% efficient in converting electrical energy into mechanical energy via a rotating shaft. For motors between 5 and 250 horsepower, the fully loaded efficiency will range from 83 to 94 %. The Nebraska performance criteria were developed assuming a motor efficiency of 88%. Thus, 12% of the electrical energy is lost due to the inefficiencies of the motor.

PUMPS
Energy Consumption The next step is to consider the energy that is transmitted from the motor to the pump. Many electrical motors are directly connected to the pump and there is no energy lost in transmission. Thus, the drive efficiency is 100%. If a VV-belt or right angle gear drive is used to transmit power from the motor or engine to the pump, energy is lost to heat in the drive. Typically, this is approximately 5%.

PUMPS
Energy Consumption The Nebraska Pumping Plant Performance Criteria were developed with what are considered reasonable design g objectives. j We would expect well well-designed and wellwellmanaged pumping plants to perform at the level indicated. However, most pumping plants do not operate at this level.

SEE FIGURE.

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Energy Consumption An index, called performance rating, is used to evaluate the performance and is calculated by: Performance Rating = Actual Performance Criteria PR = Actual Fuel USED/Criteria Find: EXAMPLE 5

PUMPS
Given the following conditions, determine the performance rating of the irrigation pumping plant. Given: L = 100 feet P = 50 psi Q = 800 gpm measured diesel fuel consumption of 4.0 gal/hr Performance rating

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EXAMPLE 5 Solution: TDH = 50 psi (2.31 ft/psi) + 100 ft = 216 ft whp = 800 gpm (216 feet) / 3960 = 44 whp Performance = 44 whp / 4 gal per hour = 11 whpwhp-hr per gallon Performance Rating (PR) = 11 whp whp-hr/gal / 12.5 whp whp-hr/gal = 0.88

PUMPS
Energy Consumption Table 6 Nebraska Pumping Plant Criteria Energy Source whp whp-hr/unit of fuel 12.5 6.89 66.7 0.912 8.66 Fuel Unit gallon gallon 1000 ft3 kW kW-hr gallon

Diesel Propane Natural gas Electricity Gasoline Pump Efficiency = 75%

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Energy Consumption EXAMPLE 5 illustrates how pumping plants can be evaluated or tested in the field! By measuring lift, pressure, flow rate and energy consumption, ti the th actual t l performance f can b be determined. This actual performance can then be compared to the Nebraska Pumping Plant Performance Criteria.

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Energy Consumption To calculate the energy use rate per hour use the following: Energy per hour = whp / {(PC) (PR)} where: PC = Neb Pumping Plant Criteria PR = Performance Rating

PUMPS
EXAMPLE 6 How much diesel fuel would be used per hour if a pumping plant is operating at 100% of the Nebraska Performance Criteria? Assume the same conditions EXAMPLE 5. Given: L = 100 feet P = 50 psi Q = 800 gpm Performance Rating = 1.0 Diesel fuel used per hour. EXAMPLE 6 Solution:

PUMPS

TDH = 50 psi (2.31 ft/psi) + 100 ft = 216 ft whp = 800 gpm (216 feet) / 3960 = 44 whp Whp-hr = 44 whpWhpwhp-hr and use value from TABLE 8.6 Diesel CRITERIA (TABLE 8.6) = 12.5 whp whphr/gal Fuel used = 44 whp whp-hr /12.5 whpwhp-hr/gal = 3.53 gal/hr

Find:

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Energy Consumption Another useful equation for determining the energy consumed per unit of water pumped is: E = TDH / {8.75 (PC) (PR)} where: E = energy consumed per acre inch of water pumped PC = Neb Performance criteria PR = Performance rating EXAMPLE 7

PUMPS
Given the same conditions as EXAMPLE 5, determine the energy required per acreacre-inch of water pumped. Given: L = 100 feet P = 50 psi Q = 800 gpm Performance Rating = 0.88 Fuel used per acreacre-inch of water pumped.

Find:

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EXAMPLE 7 Solution: TDH = 50 psi (2.31 ft/psi) + 100 ft = 216 ft E = TDH / {8.75 (PC) (PR)} E = 216 / {8.75 (12.5 whp whp-hr/gal) (0.88)} E = 2.24 gal per acreacre-inch EXAMPLE 8

PUMPS

Determine the energy consumption per acreacreinch for the pump used in EXAMPLE 7 if the performance rating p g can be improved p to 1. Given: Find: PR = 1. ENERGY USED (E)

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EXAMPLE 8 Solution: E = TDH / {8.75 (PC) (PR)} E = 216 ft / {8.75 (12.5 whp whp-hr/gal) (1.00)} E = 1.97 gal per acreacre-inch.

PUMPS
Electrical energy (kWh) per acre-inch of water Discharge Pressure, psi Pumping Lift, feet 40 50 60 70 80 25 18 21 25 28 32 50 22 25 29 32 36 75 25 29 32 36 39 100 29 33 36 40 43 150 37 40 44 47 51 200 44 48 51 55 58 300 60 63 67 70 74 Based on Nebraska Standard for Electricity at a Performance Ratin

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Electrical energy cost ($) per acre-inch of water Pumping Discharge Pressure, psi Lift, feet 40 50 60 70 25 1.25 1.49 1.74 1.98 50 1.51 1.76 2.00 2.25 75 1 78 1.78 2 02 2.02 2 27 2.27 2 51 2.51 100 2.04 2.29 2.53 2.78 150 2.58 2.82 3.07 3.31 200 3.11 3.35 3.60 3.84 300 4.17 4.41 4.66 4.90 1. Based on 0.07$/kWh for electricity.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION
80 2.23 2.49 2 76 2.76 3.03 3.56 4.09 5.15

CONTINUNITY EQUATION Q t = 452.5 d A where (1)

Q = Total system flow rate (gallons per minute) t = operating time (hours) d = the average gross irrigation depth (in) A = the irrigated area (acres)

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POWER EQUATION Power = QH/(3960 E) where (2) Power = the BRAKE power required (HORSEPOWER) Q = Total system flow rate (gpm) H = the total dynamic head required (feet of water) H = L + 2.31 P L = Dynamic pumping lift (feet) P = pressure requirement (psi) E = pump efficiency (decimal)

PUMPS
Combining equations (1) and (2) results in the following: Power = Q H/(3960 E) = 452.5 d/t AH/(3960 E) Power P = 0 0.1143 1143 d/t A/E H BRAKE ENERGY = Power * time Brake Energy = 0.1143 d A H/E

PUMPS
Also, this can be expressed as fuel units by dividing equation (3) by a conversion factor which accounts for the efficiency of the power unit. FUEL = 0.1143 d A H / (EKR) (4) Where K is a conversion factor that accounts for the efficiency of the power plant and the rating of the pumping system (decimal). Typically, R ranges between 0.76 and 0.8 and should be near 1.0 for properly designed new pumping plants.

PUMPS
Energy Consumption Table. Nebraska Pumping Plant Criteria Energy Source bhp bhp-hr/unit of fuel 16.67 9.18 88.9 1.216 11.55 Fuel Unit gallon gallon 1000 ft3 kW kW-hr gallon

Diesel Propane Natural gas Electricity Gasoline

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EXAMPLE Diesel pumping plant: Pressure requirement = 70 psi Well drawdown = 120 feet Elevation change = 20 feet Gross irrigation = 20 inches Flow rate = 750 gallons per minute Irrigated area = 127 acres Pump efficiency = 75 % Calculate the annual fuel requirements (GALLONS) EXAMPLE SOLUTION:

PUMPS

Power = QH/(3960 E) = 750 * (120 + 20 + 2.31* 70)/(3960 *0.75) = 750 * (140 + 161.7)/(3960 * 0.75) = 750 * 301.7 / (3960*0.75) = 76.19 BRAKE Horsepower (bhp)

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EXAMPLE Annual hours of operation (Use continunity) Q t = 452.5 d A, and solve for time, t t = 452.5 452 5 d A/Q = 452 452.5 5 * 20 * 127 /750 = 1532.5 hours ENERGY = power times time Energy = 76.17 * 1532.5 hours = 116,761bhp116,761bhp-hrs EXAMPLE

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FUEL = energy (kWh)/factor in the table Fuel = 116,761bhp / 16.67 bhp/gallon = 7,004 gallons

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EXAMPLE ALTERNATE SOLUTION (EQUATION 4) Fuel = 0.11432 d A H / (E K R) Fuel = 0.11432 * 20 * 127 * 301.7 / (0.75 * 16.67 * 1.0) Fuel = 7,006 gallons

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