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12
GIAO TIEP A CNG
12.1 GII THIEU VE A CNG
M au chng nay se la phan gii thieu ve lch s phat trien va cau tao
cua a cng.
12.1.1 Lch s phat trien cua a cng
Hang IBM phat minh ra a cng au tien vao nam 1954. Khi o a cng
co dung lng la 5MB, cau tao gom 50 a t ghep lai. Sau o 25 nam, hang
Seagate (Seagate Technology) a gii thieu mot loai a cng danh cho may
tnh ca nhan co dung lng len en 40MB va toc o truy xuat ti 625 KBps s
dung chuan ma hoa MFM. The he san pham a cng sau o cua hang nay dung
chuan giao tiep ST506 vi ky thuat RLL. Vao thap ky 80 ma co mot a cng
vi dung lng 100MB trong may PC cua ban la ca mot gia tai.
Ngay nay, vi s phat trien cua nganh cong nghe phan mem th oi hoi
may tnh cang ngay cang manh, co bo nh ln hn, dung lng a cng cung
ln hn. May thay, s phat trien dung lng cua a cng ty le nghch vi gia
cua no. ieu nay chung ta co the thay ro qua gia ca cua cac loai a cng trong
thi gian gan ay.
Va khong nhng dung lng tang ma toc o truy xuat cua a cng cung
khong ngng c cai tien. Vi s xuat hien cua ho chip Intel Triton, chuan
EIDE PIO mode 4 ra i cho nhieu tnh nang vt troi.
`hl . !UYL! `!! l!l `h !_.yi !|i| ii!_.yi l .i_

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12.1.2 Cau truc vat ly cua mot a cng
a cng la mot tap gom nhieu a t (platter). a t thng c lam
bang vat lieu khong co t tnh nh hp kim nhom hoac hon hp cua thuy tinh va
gom, sau o c phu mot lp vat lieu co t tnh (magnetic-medium), thng la
mot lp oxit, nhng ngay nay, ngi ta thay no bang mot lp kim loai mong goi
la thin-film medium. D lieu c lu tr tren lp be mat nay. Moi mot a t co
the cha en hang ty iem d lieu hay con goi la bpsi (bits per square inch).


Hnh 12.1 Cau truc ben trong cua a cng
Trung bnh mot a cng co t 2 en 3 a t (hay nhieu hn tuy loai) c
xep chong len nhau, gia co mot truc quay (spindle). Truc quay nay co toc o
quay rat nhanh khoang vai ngan vong mot phut. Toc o quay nay gop phan
quyet nh toc o truy xuat d lieu cua a cng. Cac a t c xep chong len
nhau sao cho con co mot khoang cach gia chung (xem hnh 12.2). Trong
khoang khong gian nay la ni au oc (read/write head) c a vao. au oc
c thiet ke e no gan nh tiep xuc vi be mat cua a, khoang cach gia au
oc va be mat a thng la 0,2mm. Nhng vi cac loai a cng mi hien nay
th khoang cach nay la 0,07mm hay nho hn. Mot chut khong kh ban hay mot
lan vo tnh cham tay vao be mat a t cung co the dan en s tray xt be mat
a t hoac lam cong au t. Cho nen nha che tao thng rut het khong kh ra
khoi buong cha cac a t.

`hl . !UYL! `!! l!l `h !_.yi !|i| ii!_.yi l .i_

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Hnh 12.2 Cac Cylinder, Track, Sector cua HardDisk
a t sau khi c nh dang th c chia thanh cac Track va Sector nh
hnh 12.3.


Hnh 12.3 Cac Sector va Track
Track la nhng hnh vanh khan bao quanh truc (co ca hai mat cua moi a
t). Tap hp cac Track co cung ng knh tren moi a t (platter) tao thanh
mot Cylinder. Trong tng Track lai c chia thanh cac Sector ma moi mot
Sector cha 512 byte. Sector la n v chia nho nhat cua a cng co the truy
xuat c.
12.1.3 Hoat ong
D lieu c ghi len a cng cung giong nguyen tac ghi len a mem.
Trc tien bemat a c xem nh la mot ma tran cac iem, moi iem ch co
gia tr la 0 hay 1. V tr cua tng iem (tng phan t cua ma tran) c xac
nh nh mot bang, ma ta tam goi la bang anh dau. Nh co ban nay ma au t
co the nh c v tr ten a.
12.1.4 Chuan IDE
Mot trong nhng chuan giao tiep ra i sm nhat cho phan cng cua may
PC la chuan IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics). IDE ban au c phat trien bi
Western Digital va Compaq vao nam 1986 e khac phuc cac nhc iem cua
cua hai chuan a ra i trc no la ST506 va ESDI. Chuan IDE con c biet
`hl . !UYL! `!! l!l `h !_.yi !|i| ii!_.yi l .i_

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nh la chuan ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) do s cong tac cua cac
nha che tao may tnh quy nh va thong nhat vi nhau.
Mot rong nhng iem chnh cua chuan IDE la s tch hp cua chc nang
ieu khien a vao ben trong o a cng. Nhng a cng dung chuan IDE co the
noi trc tiep vao ng bus cua he thong ma khong can mot bo ieu khien tach
d lieu tren bus, ieu nay lam giam gia thanh cua toan bo he thong.
S chap nhan rong rai chuan IDE cua cac nha san xuat va cua ngi tieu
dung, lam thay oi bo mat cua PC, tao ra mot s chuyen bien mang me trong
nganh nay. Ve sau, vi s phat trien cua cac bo vi x ly manh, th i oi vi no
la s xuat hien cua chuan EIDE (Enhance IDE) va ATAPI (AT Attachment
Packet Interface).
12.2 GIAI THUAT IEU KHIEN
Mot a cng co tat ca la 12 thanh ghi bao gom:
- Thanh ghi Alternate Status.
- Thanh ghi Status.
- Thanh ghi Command.
- Thanh ghi Cylinder High.
- Thanh ghi Cylinder Low.
- Thanh ghi Data.
- Thanh ghi Device Control.
- Thanh ghi Device/Head.
- Thanh ghi Error.
- Thanh ghi Features.
- Thanh ghi Sector Count.
- Thanh ghi Sector Number.
Trong o moi thanh ghi c quy nh chc nang rat chat che. Moi thanh
ghi eu co a ch rieng, va viec truy xuat no c thong qua viec ket hp tn
hieu cac chan /CS0, /CS1, A0, A1 va A2 theo bang sau:
Bang 12.1 Bang a ch mot so thanh ghi chu yeu
READ WRITE
CS0 CS1 A2 A1 A0
Thanh ghi ieu khien
0 0 x x x Data bus hiZ Khong s dung
0 1 0 x x Data bus hiZ Khong s dung
0 1 1 0 x Data bus hiZ Khong s dung
0 1 1 1 0 Trang thai chuyen tiep ieu khien thiet b
0 1 1 1 1 a ch o a Khong s dung
`hl . !UYL! `!! l!l `h !_.yi !|i| ii!_.yi l .i_

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Thanh ghi lenh
1 0 0 0 0 Data Data
1 0 0 0 1 Error register Features
1 0 0 1 0 Sector count Sector count
1 0 0 1 1 Secter number Sector number
1 0 0 1 1 * LBA bits 0-7 * LBA bits 0-8
1 0 1 0 0 Cylinder low Cylinder low
1 0 1 0 0 * LBA bits 8-15 * LBA bits 8-16
1 0 1 0 1 Cylinder high Cylinder high
1 0 1 0 1 * LBA bits 16-23 * LBA bits 16-24
1 0 1 1 0 Drive/head Drive/head
1 0 1 1 0 * LBA bits 24-27 * LBA bits 24-28
1 0 1 1 1 Status Status
1 1 x x x Invalid address Invalid address


Vi bat ky mot a cng muon truy xuat d lieu, chung ta phai tuan thu quy
trnh sau.
`hl . !UYL! `!! l!l `h !_.yi !|i| ii!_.yi l .i_

Thiet ke, che tao va ieu khien tay may Trang 95

A
BSY =0 ?
BSY=0 ?
DRDY=1
oc thanh ghi Status hay
thanh ghi Alternate Status
Ghi vao thanh ghi Device
bit DEV
oc thanh ghi Status hay
thanh ghi Alternate Status
Bat au









`hl . !UYL! `!! l!l `h !_.yi !|i| ii!_.yi l .i_

Thiet ke, che tao va ieu khien tay may Trang 96

A
BSY =0 ?
oc thanh ghi Status hay
thanh ghi Alternate Status
a d lieu vao/oc d lieu ra
Ghi lenh vao thanh ghi Command
Ghi ng dan cho cac thanh ghi
Sector, Cylinder, va Device
DRQ =1 ?
Ket thuc

12.3 CHNG TRNH IEU KHIEN VA S O NGUYEN LY MACH
IEU KHIEN
Chng trnh ieu khien va s o nguyen ly mach ieu khien c in
phan phu luc trang 3.
12.4 KET LUAN
Nh the ta a nghien cu cac nguyen tac c ban nhat e giao tiep vi mot a
cng theo chuan IDE. Bang cach nay ta co the lu c mot khoi lng ln d
lieu, va co the truy xuat de dang. Ben canh o, ta cung a hieu c cau tao
chung cua mot a cng.
`hl . !UYL! `!! l!l `h !_.yi !|i| ii!_.yi l .i_