BIOL 286/586 Exam II October 31, 2013 Happy Halloween

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01. How does introducing cis double bonds into the fatty acids of membrane phospholipids effect the packing of these phospholipids in a biomembrane? a. Packing is less tight. b. Packing is more tight. c. There is no effect on packing. d. Packing is entirely disrupted and the membrane dissolves. e. There is an effect but it is of no biological consequence. 02. Fluorescently labeled, single-stranded DNAs are/were used to localize the positions of specific complementary DNA sequences within chromosomes in a. centrifuge tubes. b. F.I.S.H. analysis. c. laser tweezer experiments. d. GFP analysis. e. subcellular fractionation. 03. The types of molecules that pass through a cell membrane most easily are a. large and hydrophobic. b. small and hydrophobic. c. large polar molecules. d. ions. e. monosaccharides such as glucose 04. Which of the following is a characteristic property of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? a. It is a peripheral membrane protein. b. It has high specificity for a particular type of molecule. c. It requires energy to function. d. It works against diffusion. e. It has few, if any, hydrophobic amino acids. 05. The membrane returns near the normal negative value after an action potential due to the a. opening of a voltage-gated K+ channel. b. opening of a voltage-gated Na+ channel. c. closing of a voltage-gated K+ channel. d. opening of a ligand-gated Na+ channel. e. Both b and c are correct answers.

06. In N-linked glycosylation of proteins in the ER lumen, __________sugar(s) are added to the nascent chain at once. a. 1 b. 3 c. 7 d. 14 e. 21 07. In regards to the outer and inner faces of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, the composition of lipids a. is asymmetrical. b. is identical. c. is asymmetrical due to the positioning of cholesterol only on the outer face. d. is asymmetrical due to the positioning of cholesterol only on the inner face. e. is highly random due to flippases and varies throughout the cell.. 08. A cell biological technique that allows various proteins to be separated based on size, once the proteins have been denatured, is a. subcellular fractionation. b. F.R.A.P. c. liposome formation. d. F.I.S.H analysis. e. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 09. __________ but not __________ can be separated from a biomembrane using solutions containing high salt concentrations. a. Integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins b. Peripheral membrane proteins, integral membrane proteins c. GLUT 4 transporters, Na+ channels d. Transposases, reverse transcriptases e. Cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine 10. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is important in the synthesis of a. proteins. b. lipids. c. DNA. d. polysaccharides. e. histones. 11. It is primarily the __________ molecules in a membrane that limit its permeability a. carbohydrates

b. c. d. e.

phospholipids proteins negative ions water molecules

12. Which property of voltage-gated Na+ channels ensures that an action potential will travel in only one direction along an axon? a. They allow Na+ to only flow INTO the axon. b. The location of the channels in the cell membrane at the nodes of Ranvier. c. The inactivation of each channel shortly after it is opened. d. Each channel can sense the direction from which Na+ ions originate. e. Voltage-gated Na+ channels do NOT ensure direction of the action potential.

13. You have approximately __________ similar nucleotide sequence similarities with your classmates. The differences are mostly __________. a. 75%, transposon number b. 90%, transposon number c. 99.9%, transposon number d. 90%, single nucleotide polymorphisms e. 99.9%, single nucleotide polymorphisms 14. Mutations in a germ line cell would likely be more deleterious to a mammal than a mutation in a liver cell because a. germ cells are haploid. b. germ cells are diploid. c. all cells of offspring using that germ cell would have the mutation. d. liver cells have error correction machinery to fix the mutation. e. liver cells are not actively dividing. 15. Gene duplication is thought to occur by a. nonsense mutations. b. unequal crossing over of chromosomes during mitosis. c. unequal crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis. d. exon shuffling. e. alternative splicing. 16. Resting potential is a. a measure of ionic imbalance caused by DNA inside a nucleus and proteins in the cytosol; measured in millimoles b. a measure of ionic imbalance across the nuclear membrane, caused by unequal concentrations of ions in the cytosol vs. in the nucleus; measured in millivolts c. a measure of how many proteins are in the cytosol compared to in the lumen of the ER; measured in milligrams d. a measure of ionic imbalance across the plasma membrane, caused by unequal concentrations of ions in the cytosol vs. in the extracellular space; measured in millivolts e. a measure of how liable you are to sit on the sofa and watch TV; measured in bags of potato chips (millibags). 17. Unsaturated fats a. have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule than saturated fats. b. are more common in animals than in plants. c. are usually solid at room temperature. d. have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. e. are excluded from the lipid bilayer because they are hydrophilic. 18. Because cholesterol is __________ it can associate with phosphoglycerides in membranes. a. a sphingosine derivative b. a steroid derivative c. entirely hydrophobic d. a phospholipid derivative e. amphipathic

19. Sphingosine a. is bonded to phosphate in phosphoglycerides. b. is bonded to glycerol in phosphoglycerides. c. is entirely hydrophobic. d. usually constitutes 50% of cell membranes. e. is a component of glycolipids. 20. What is the orientation of membrane-associated carbohydrates? a. Membrane-associated carbohydrates always face the cytoplasm. b. Plasma membrane-associated carbohydrates face toward the outside of cells into the extracellular space. c. Internal cellular membrane carbohydrates face the organelle exterior, towards the cytoplasm. d. Both b and c are correct answers. e. Carbohydrates are only associated with the nuclear membrane. 21. Which of the following proteins is NOT an integral membrane protein? a. KDEL receptor b. Na+/K+ ATPase c. K+ channel d. GLUT4 glucose transporter e. histones 22. An understanding of electrochemical gradients in resting nerve cells can explain a. why the sodium concentration is kept high outside the cell. b. why oxygen, but not glucose can difuse through the plasma membrane. c. that although K+ can leak through the membrane, its concentration remains higher inside the cell. d. why the Na+/K+ ATPase pumps out more Na+ than it pumps in K+. e. why the interior of the membrane is more positive than the exterior. 23. The targeting of vesicles to a particular compartment involves both a. Rabs and SNARES b. COP-I and COP-II c. Clathrin and COP-I d. Clathrin and COP-II e. SRP and SRP receptor 24. One mechanism of getting glucose into cells is to use Na+ outside the cell in a symport mechanism. This is an example of a. direct active transport b. secondary active transport c. facilitated diffusion d. passive diffuse e. osmosis 25. The human red blood cell membrane so well studied because a. red blood cells are inexpensive and easy to obtain. b. red blood cells need not be dissociated from a complex tissue. c. red blood cells have no contaminating internal cell membranes. d. red blood cells are very complicated. e. The answers a, b and c are all correct.

26. A cell biologist has transfected and expressed two proteins in the same tissue culture cells. One of the proteins is labeled with green-fluorescent protein and the other with red-fluorescent protein. The red and green proteins are made by cells and followed through the various organelles in the secretory pathway by microscopy. By five hours, the red protein has been secreted into the cell culture medium, while the green protein in the same cells is concentrated in the ER. These results suggest that a. the green protein is not translated by the ribosomes. b. the green protein does not possess a signal peptide recognized by the SRP for ER insertion. c. the green protein possesses an ER localization sequence. d. COPII in these cells is not functioning correctly. e. COPI in these cells is not functioning correctly 27. What does GT (glucosyltransferase) do if it binds to a misfolded glycoprotein in the ER? a. It translocates it back into the cytoplasm. b. It adds a single mannose back to one of the glucose residues at the exposed end of the recently trimmed oligosaccharide. c. It adds a single glucose back to one of the mannose residues at the exposed end of the recently trimmed oligosaccharide. d. It degrades the protein. e. It degrades the oligosaccharide chain. 28. The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient with the help of energy input is which of the following? a. diffusion b. active transport c. osmosis d. facilitated diffusion e. exocytosis 29. You are conducting research on nerve cells. During an experiment, you administer an electrical stimulation to the cells. The probable result of this stimulation will be to a. start the membrane water pump. b. cause increased saturation of phospholipid tails. c. increase membrane fluidity and asymmetry d. activate the active transport system. e. open gated channels 30. Which of the following processes includes all others? a. osmosis b. diffusion of a solute across a membrane c. facilitated diffusion d. passive transport e. transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient 31. You want to be sure that a transfected liver cell will synthesize and secrete a bacterial protein product. To do this properly, you need to make certain that a. the appropriate N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence is present on the protein. b. plenty of clathrin-coated pits may be formed. c. mannose-6-phosphate is added to the protein. d. the liver cell is capable of phagocytosis. e. the proper nuclear-export signal is on the protein.

32. How does decreasing the length of the fatty acid tails of phospholipids from 18 to 14 carbons affect the movement of proteins in the same lipid bilayer? a. It increases it. b. It decreases it. c. It first increases, then decreases it. d. It first decreases, then increases it. e. Protein movement is unrelated to the number of carbons in the fatty acids of phospholipids. 33. Where are the sorting signals that are used by the cell to direct proteins to the correct cellular location found? a. In the protein's nucleotide sequence. b. In the protein's amino acid sequence. c. In the protein's fatty acid sequence. d. In the protein's attached oligosaccharides. e. Both b and d are correct answers. 34. The direct stimulus for the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft is increased a. calcium ion levels. b. chloride ion levels. c. sodium ion levels. d. potassium ion levels. e. neurotransmitter levels. 35. What word describes the synthesis and secretion of a substance from the cell in a continual unregulated manner? a. constitutive b. regulated c. conditional d. constantive e. regulative 36. Phospholipids are made by integral ER membrane enzymes whose active sites face the cytosol and they are inserted into the outer (cytoplasmic) leaflet of the ER membrane. How then do lipids destined for the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane get there? a. They diffuse freely into the luminal leaflet. b. There are enzymes that actively translocate them across the bilayer. c. They are disassembled on the cytoplasmic side and reassembled on the luminal side. d. They move to the cytoplasmic leaflet by osmosis. e. They are translocated by aquaporin. 37. Synthesis of ER targeted proteins a. is completed before transportation across the ER membrane. b. begins in the trans face of the Golgi apparatus. c. begins in the cytosol. d. occurs exclusively on free ribosomes in the cytosol. e. is completed in the cytosol, whereas folding occurs in the ER lumen.

38. Which of the following oligosaccharide chains is assembled exclusively in the Golgi complex? a. O-linked oligosaccharides b. N-linked oligosaccharides c. oligosaccharides attached to asparagine residues d. oligosaccharides attached to serine residues e. Both a and d are correct answers. 39. What are the two sites within a cell at which protein synthesis is generally thought to occur? a. cytosolic surface of RER and luminal surface of RER b. luminal surface of RER and free ribosomes c. cytosolic surface of RER and free ribosomes d. cytosolic surface of RER and cytosolic surface of SER e. free ribosomes and cytosolic surface of SER 40. Which of the following complexes recognizes the signal peptide on a protein being translated and stops translation until the ribosome binds to the ER? a. KDEL b. SRP c. SNARE d. Rab e. eIF2 41. Which of the following is/are NOT made on RER-bound ribosomes? a. insulin b. glucosyltransferase c. lysosomal acid hydrolases d. histones e. KDEL receptor 42. What is the path a secreted protein takes from synthesis to secretion from a cell? a. Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicle, plasma membrane b. Golgi apparatus, rough ER, lysosome c. Lysosome, vesicle, plasma membrane d. Plasma membrane, coated vesicle, lysosome e. Rough ER, cytoplasm, plasma membrane 43. What happens to the clathrin coat once the vesicle has budded from the plasma membrane? a. It is lost. b. It is strengthened. c. It is rearranged. d. It is thickened. e. It swells. 44. What are the recognition signals for lysosomal enzymes that allow them to be targeted to lysosomes? a. Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains. b. Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains. c. Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated mannose residues on O-linked carbohydrate chains. d. Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on O-linked carbohydrate chains. e. Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated glucose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.

45. Vesicles budding from the endoplasmic reticulum have a fuzzy, electron-dense coat on their __________ surface. The coat appears to be made of __________. a. b. c. d. e. luminal, protein cytosolic, protein luminal, lipid cytosolic, carbohydrate cytosolic, lipid

46. The ER is continuous with a. the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. b. the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. c. the outer mitochondrial membrane. d. the outer chloroplast membrane. e. the Golgi complex.

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Base your answers to questions 47 to 50 on the graph below, depicting an action potential CHANGE VALUES TO THAT USED IN CLASS

47. In the graph above, the point at which the voltage-gated potassium channels open is indicated by the letter a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 48. In the graph above, at which point in the action potential will the voltage-gated sodium channels be opened? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 49. The parts of the graph indicated at points C and D represent a. depolarization. b. hyperpolarization. c. the refractory period. d. repolarization. e. sodium channel activity. 50. Based on the graph above, after approximately what period of time could another impulse be propagated? a. Immediately following the stimulation (~0 msec) b. 1 msec c. 2 msec d. 3 msec e. 4 msec