Organic Light Emitting Diodes: Display and Lighting Technology of the Future

Karl Leo
Institut fr Angewandte Photophysik, TU Dresden, and Fraunhofer-Institute fr Photonische Mikrosysteme, Dresden

Motivation: What is possible with OLED: Samsung 40 TV display

Organic Semiconductors
Large area & flexible substrates possible Large variety of materials Low cost

Organic materials

Photovoltaic cells

Integrated circuits

Organic semiconductors: Two variants

Polymers Small-Molecules

Technology: Spin-On

Technology: Evaporation

The basics of organic semiconductors: Conjugated -electron systems

Sp2-hybridised Carbon:
p z -o rb ita l p la n e o f th e s p 2 -o rb ita ls -b o n d -b o n d p z -o rb ita l

-b o n d

pz sp 2 pz

sp 2

Molecules with conjugated -electron system

-electron systems delocalize! VdW crystals small -overlap, narrow bands saturated electron system

d e lok a lisie rte delocalized E le k tro n en -electrons

6x pz

LUMO (*) => EC conduction band HOMO () => EV valence band

18 x sp 2

Technology: vapor deposition

Organic Light Emitting Diodes

OLEDs: Basic Principles

A V

Cathode Emissive layer Transparent anode Glass substrate

300nm

LUMO - Cathode

Anode
+ +

Light emission

HOMO x Device energy diagram

Device structure

Organics Collaboration Dresden

IAPP, University of Dresden (www.iapp.de, approx. 40 people) Basic research on novel device concepts Low-voltage OLED
Institut fr Angewandte Photophysik

Fraunhofer-IPMS Dresden (www.ipms.fraunhofer.de, approx. 25 people) Process development with highly efficient OLEDs OLED-Inline-deposition set-up (30x40cm Substrate) Driving Electronic for OLED-Displays Small to medium volume fabrication Novaled GmbH (www.novaled.com, approx. 45 people) Highly efficient OLED-stacks for RGB-Displays Technology licensing

Why doped transport layers: Inorganic vs. Organic LED

Inorganic LED (e.g., GaAs/AlGaAs)
CB EFe Metal
ETL HTL

Organic LED

p
EFh

VB

space charge limited currents Exponential current-voltage relation Flat-band under operation Low work-function contacts not needed ! low work function metals needed ITO-preparation necessary

Double emission layer (D-EML) structure

Al BPhen:Cs BPhen TAZ:Ir(ppy) 3 TCTA:Ir(ppy) 3 Spiro-TAD MeO-TPD:F 4 -TCNQ ITO substrate D-EML structure n-doped ETL HBL PET-EML PHT-EML EBL p-doped HTL

Al

p-HTL

EML1

EML2

ITO

Self-balancing EML system no charge accumulation at interfaces

X. Zhou et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 4070 (2002)

n-ETL

EBL

HBL

Highly efficient & stable PIN Triplet OLED: World record in efficiency
10,000

Luminance (cd/m )

1,000
1,000 cd/m @ 2.9V 61.5 cd/A; 67 lm/W
2

100
100 cd/m @ 2.68V 64 cd/A; 75 lm/W
2

10

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

Voltage (V)

Highly efficient devices are also most stable devices Efficiency higher than for best green nitride LED G. He et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3911 (2004)

Lifetime of PIN-OLEDs

Red triplet pin OLED

1.000.000

100.000

200,000 h @ 150 cd/m 2 30,000 h @ 500 cd/m 2 8,000 h @ 1000 cd/m

Lifetime / h

Current status: phosphorescent red (0.68, 0.32): 100,000 h at 500 cd/m phosphorescent green (0.38, 0.59): 25,000 h at 500 cd/m (Irppy3 based) fluorescent blue (0.15, 0.17): 6,000 h at 500 cd/m Novaled pin-OLEDs have reached state of the art lifetimes for emitter systems in all three colors samples still contain Cs as n-dopant

10.000

n = 1.7
1.000

100

1.000

10.000
2

Luminance / cd/m
OLEDAsia Seoul 2005

OLEDFAB Project

OLEDFAB Projekt iniated by Thomson und BMWA/SMWA Novaled leads Saxonian consortium with IPMS und IAPP Goals: - Demo of a 5 inch active-matrive display with highly efficient pin technology - Display manufactured using novel inline technology Other partners: - Applied Films - Labor fr Bildschirmtechnik Stuttgart - Deutsche Thomson Brandt

Full color AM display based on pin technology

Active matrix OLED made in joint project by ITRI (Taiwan), Thomson (France) and Novaled Panel emitting in both directions on n-channel LTPS backplane (3.25, QVGA, 130dpi) based on PIN structure

Performance: operating voltage for 100cd/m2: around 7V (OLED + backplane) power consumption: 240mW@100cd/m2 (in forward direction only, video mode) about 60% of equivalent LCD display OLEDFAB: Display with improved backplane in preparation

Even higher Light Efficiencies: out-coupling enhancement

Efficiency at 1000 cd/m: 110 lm/W (with outcoupling enhancement)

120 Power efficiency (lm/W) 100 80 60 40 20 0 10 100 1000 10000

Green phosphorescent PIN OLED with outcoupling enhancement

Novaled focuses on further improvement of their record breaking efficiencies by out-coupling enhancements (target 2005: 140lm/W)

Luminance (cd/m)
OLEDAsia Seoul 2005

LED performance vs. time

120
OLED
AlInGaP Red/Yellow

120

100

100

Dresden leading in both RGB and white

Fluorescent Lamp

Power Efficiency (Lumen/Watt)

80

80
InGaN green

60

60

40

PLED

40

20
OLED white

20

0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Tungsten Bulb (unfiltered) Red Filtered

Year

Institut fr Angewandte Photophysik Technische Universitt Dresden

OLED Lighting Applications

Signage General lighting

source: Philips Lighting March 2004

GE demonstrator

Technology Roadmap (USDC)

(Diffuse lighting)

OLLA project
OLLA EU 6th Framework Integrated Project initiated by Philips OLLA: Organic LED for Lighting Applications Aims: - Highly Efficient white OLED - Large Area OLED - Low-Cost manufacturing Other German partners: - Siemens-Osram, Aixtron, Covion, HCStarck, Syntec, Novaled - FhG-IPMS, TU Dresden, Uni Kassel about 15 further partners from other European Universities

A new Initiative: Center for Organic Materials and Electronic Devices Dresden (COMEDD)
Achieve Smooth Transition from R&D to production: Close Collaboration of Fraunhofer Society and Industry Topics: OLED for Displays and Lighting Organic Solar Cells Memory and other Applications

Tools: - Gen 2 Inline Pilot Production Tool (Displays&Lighting) - Reel-to-Reel R&D tool Location: New IPMS cleanroom: Virtually no building investment

Outline of COMEDD
Center for Organic Materials and Electronic Devices Dresden (COMEDD) Funding agencies: Saxony BMBF, EC

Advisory Board Funding agencies, FhG, Industry

COMEDD Operations

Investment by FhG/state of saxony Operations organized in projects Projects are defined by advisory committee OLED foundry does pilot manufacturing

Projects

Tools

OLED Foundry

Inline Manufacturing

Reel-to-Reel Manufacturing

Conclusions
OLED have still a long way to go, but Lifetime problem is close to being solved even for demanding applications Efficiency: OLED displays: will beat all other FPDs OLED lighting: should be able to surpass fluorescent tube COMEDD: New initiative to establish OLED manufacturing in Saxony

Acknowledgment

M. Pfeiffer, J. Blochwitz-Nimoth, G. He, G. Schwartz, K. Fehse, K. Walzer X. Zhou, J. Huang, A. Werner, A. Nollau, J. Drechsel, B. Mnnig, K. Harada, T. Fritz, B. Plnnigs, A. Beyer J. Amelung, W. Jeroch, C. May, M. Schreil, M. Toerker, U. Todt (FhGIPMS)

D. Alloway, P.A. Lee, N. Armstrong, Tucson (XPS/UPS) N. Karl (Stuttgart) D. Whrle (Bremen), J. Salbeck (Kassel), H. Hartmann (Merseburg) C.J. Bloom, M. K. Elliott (CSU) BMBF, SMWA, SMWK, DFG, EC, FCI, NEDO