Abstract--Modern railway signaling and traction control

systems are complex automated systems. Digital electronics

allow the realization of intelligent and sophisticated control
features, which are widely used for railway. When using latest
automation, alarm and control systems issues related to the
reliability and security emerge due to its low resistance to
electromagnetic interference. Before coordinating protection
from lightning induced surge or switching overvoltages it is
essential to investigate the levels of the overvoltage and work
conditions of surge protections after replacing some of the
network subsystems with modern electronic devices. This
paper analyzes the levels of overvoltage transient processes in
the different points of the electrical network by taking into
account the assessment of surge protection devices
characteristics.

Index Terms--Surge protection, surge protective devices,
transient simulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
AILWAY signaling and traction control systems are
complex automated analog or digital communication
and control networks. During thunderstorms railway
systems are exposed to electromagnetic impulses of
lightning; due to a direct lightning to any conductor above
the ground or induced voltage in a conductor system caused
by a close lightning discharge. A portion of the lightning
energy can get into electronic devices and therefore damage
or even completely destroy them.
With the development of relay protection, automation,
data communications, instrumentation and control systems
and with the integration of microprocessors, often there are
problems related to low-voltage device protection.
According to the statistics, 16% of all malfunctions in
power supply circuits are caused by overvoltage [1].
The equipment, such as computers, mechatronics
systems, various industrial process control systems,
communications, alarm and automation systems, etc., may
be damaged or corrupted by surges, which can reach
equipment through power supply and data transmission lines
or grounding devices. Overvoltages can disrupt the normal
operation of the equipment [2]. In order to re-establish
normal system operation, the damaged parts or an entire
device must be replaced or repaired. However, it can be

Ignas Amontas, Saulius Gudzius, Linas Andronis Markevicius,
Alfonsas Morkvenas are with the Department of the Electric Power
Systems, Kaunas University of technology, Kaunas, LT-51367, Lithuania
(e-mail: esk@ktu.lt).
Vidmantas Ticka with the CJSC Elektros ininerija, Vilnius, LT-08221,
Lithuania (e-mail: vidmantas.ticka@electrica.lt).
time consuming, and it can cost more than surge protection
installation.
Lightning current generates a very strong and rapidly
changing magnetic field, which induces from some to
several tens of kilovolts voltage in the conductors of the grid
[3]. The resistance from surge of the electronic equipment
of the modern control, communication and protection
systems is not greater than 1,5 kV.
The main reasons for bewaring of the overvoltage are as
follows [4].
1) The surge can irreparably damage electronic equipment
and without it any control process would be inconceiv-
able.
2) Electronic equipment repair or its loss is not as
damaging as the loss, caused by disturbed various
processes due to the fault. These are deviations from
the schedules, customer service problems, the loss of
cumulative valuable information, etc.
3) The size of the electronic devices and other integrated
circuits are rapidly decreasing, therefore they become
increasingly vulnerable to overvoltage. The statistics
of the insurance companies shows that the most
common cause of damages of the electrical equipment
is dangerous overvoltage levels in a low-voltage
electrical grid. These types of failures compose up to
35% of all faults.
Consequently, it is extremely important to properly select
surge protection devices. Their selection depends not only
on the type of the electric grid, input line (overhead or
cable), terrain, installation configuration, devices to be
protected, etc. In order to appropriately protect electrical
equipment, it is necessary to apply all the classes of device
protection.
II. DIGITAL MODEL OF OVERVOLTAGE TRANSIENT
PROCESSES
The most efficient way to simulate overvoltage transient
processes is by applying digital matrix methods. In common
circumstances, the wires of the line are situated
symmetrically, because of that, parameter matrixes of the
line are also symmetrical. The most reasonable equations for
the simulation of the transient processes in the power lines
are dAlembert wave equations. These equations model
processes of the electromagnetic waves propagation in
different modes [5]. Matrixes of the electromagnetic waves
propagation constants for the fixed frequency couple
complex current and voltage values in the differential
equations:
Ignas Asmontas, Saulius Gudzius, Linas Andronis Markevicius,
Alfonsas Morkvenas, and Vidmantas Ticka
The Investigation of Overvoltage Transient
Processes in Railway Electric Power Feeding
Systems
R
978-1-4673-1979-9/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

I' =
I =
,
,
2
2
2
2
U
I
I
U
dx
d
dx
d
(1)

here I and I are matrixes of propagation constants,
transposed to each other:

= I'
= I
;
,
YZ
ZY
(2)

here Z and Y impedance and conductivity square
symmetrical (full) matrices:

( )
ik ik
L j R Z e + = (3)

( )
ik
C j Y e =
. (4)

Matrixes of propagation constants can be diagonalized to
the mode matrixes. In common circumstances, matrixes (2)
are diagonalized by different modal matrixes:


( )
( )

I' = =
I = =

,
,
1 2 2
1 2 2
I I S S
U U S S
T T g diag G
T T g diag G
(5)

here g
s
mode of s-th propagation constant; g
s
=o
s
+|
s
;
|
s
constant which forms waves propagation speed;
o
s
component of the dissipation in the mode of the
electromagnetic wave;
G
S
diagonal matrix of propagation constant.
Matrixes T
u
and T
I
allow to discover modal values of
currents and voltages for lines electromagnetic modes:


( ) ( )
( ) ( )

=
=

,
,
1
1

i T i
u T u
I S
U S
(6)

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

=
=
,
,
S I
S U
i T i
u T u

(7)

here s m-th lines wave mode s=p
m,
q
m
, 0;
phase coordinate; = , b, c.
Modal matrixes can always be selected such a way, that
voltages and currents in the third mode would correspond to
zero sequence voltages and currents:

+ +
=
+ +
=
.
3
,
3
0
0
c b a
c b a
i i i
i
u u u
u
(8)
here u
a
, u
b
, u
c
phasic voltages; i
a
, i
b
, i
c
phasic currents.
Then wave resistance of the modes can be evaluated:

( ) ( )
I U S S S
ZT T G w diag W
1 1
Re

= = ; (9)

where
S
W diagonalized matrix of wave resistance of
mode.
The imaginary part represents only about 3-5% and it has
a minor impact on the quantative values of the results.
Consequently, in order not to complicate the algorithm, it is
further ignored.
The structure of modal transformation matrixes depends
on the formation of wires and soil type. As a result, during
each particular case, lines have their individual matrixes.
Clarkes matrix was chosen as a base transformation matrix
in a computation algorithm. This system unifies the prospect
of processes in the node of computational scheme.
Direct and reverse transformations, for example of
electromotive force for voltages e
a
, e
b
, e
c
, are performed:


|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
b
a
e
e
e
e
e
3
1

3
1
0
3
1

3
1

3
2
|
o ; (10)

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
o
e
e
e
e
e
c
b
a

2
3

2
1

2
3

2
1
0 1
; (11)

here e

and e

are Clarkes sequence vectors;
e
a,
e
b,
e
c
electromotive force of phases.
Adding the zero mode to Clarkes modes results in such
pairs of transformation matrixes:


|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
2
3

2
1
1
2
3

2
1
1 0 1
T
;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|


=

3
1

3
1

3
1
3
1

3
1
0
3
1

3
1

3
2
1
T
; (12)

here T and T
-1
are transformation matrixes.
These Clarkes matrixes transform the completely
symmetrical matrixes to the diagonal matrix of the
parameters of the symmetric components:
DAlembert characteristics equation for k-th line, which
is connected with the node, appears like this:

( ) ( ) ( )
k k k k
S i u W = +
1
, (13)
or

( ) ( ) ( )
k k k kU kS kU k
S i u T G T Z = +
1 1
, (14)

here
1
k
Z line k full impedance matrix;
(u
k
), (i
k
) vectors of voltages and currents (columns of
matrix) in phasic coordinates;
(S
k
) vector of propagated waves of currents from k-th
line;
here W
k
line k wave resistance matrix:


1
=
kI kS kU k
T W T W ; (15)

W
kS
surge resistance of mode.
T
kU
k-th lines voltage transformation matrix;
T
kI
k-th lines current transformation matrix;
When a node is connected to n lines, voltages and
currents of the node are linked together by first Kirchhoffs
law:
( ) ( )
k
n
k
i i
1 =
E = ; (16)

and (15) equation becomes into this:

( ) ( ) ( )
kS kI
n
k
kU kS kU k
n
k
S T i u T G T Z
1
1 1
1 =

=
E = +
)
`

E

, (17)

G
kS
diagonal matrix of propagation constant for k-th line;
S
kS
vector of propagated waves of currents from k-th line
in mode s;
After the transformation, (17) is converted into a form of
Clarkes sequence. In the algorithm, after preparation of the
source data, it is appropriate to create a special bank of lines
parameters. During the computations, the following
matrixes would be stored in this bank:

T T G T Z
kU kS kU k k
1 1
= A , (18)

kI k
T T
1
= B ; (19)

where A
k
and B
k
dedicated banks for storing matrixes of
line parameters.
After integrating dedicated banks, (17) and the reflected
wave expression will take shape as follows:


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

=
E = +
)
`

E

=

=
. 2
,
1
1
1
1
kS k k kS
kS k
n
k
k
n
k
S u T S
S i u T
v
v v
A
B A
(20)

Moreover, in order to accelerate computations, for every
node of the computational scheme a matrix is formed from
the expression, which is located in the curly brackets in the
first line of (20). Sections of the scheme, which do not
require explicit emphasis of the processes, are equivalented
using special digital filters. Digital filters are also applied to
solve nodal equations that include capacitance and
inductance components.
Computer simulation programs were developed for
modeling lightning and commutation overvoltage. In the
algorithms [6] of these programs there are equations of
wave processes in the lines applied with the adequate
evaluation of energy dissipation phenomenon and wires
arrangement. In the algorithm of calculations, currents and
voltages of electricity line segment were represented in a
modal coordinates, which allowed assessing differences of
the processes among separate wave modes: between wires
and between wires and ground.
III. TRANSITIONAL PROCESSES OF OVERVOLTAGE IN
A STANDARD TWO LEVELS PROTECTION SCHEME
In a railway operation and control systems, schemes are
often encountered, in which 1-st and 2-nd protection zones
do not have a common bus which aligns their potentials
(Fig. 1). The reason for this is to decrease momentary
disturbances transmitted to the 2-nd zone (2 LPZ) by
decoupling 0,4/0,4 kV transformer (T).
1
L2

T L1
2
O
3

4

I
II
Fig. 1. A principle scheme with 2 protection zones without common bus
which aligns the potentials; 1 and 4 dischargers; 2 and 3 surge arresters;
T decoupling transformer; I and II LPZ protection zones; L1 and L2
0,4 kV power lines; O object being protected.

In order to estimate the functionality of this scheme, a
variety of simulations were performed for different
development stages of overvoltage.
An impulse voltage value of electrical insulator flashover
in 0,4 kV lines is no more than 10 kV, however it does not
exceed 50 kV, therefore waves with higher amplitudes
cannot easily propagate in the line. En route of the insulator
surface, a discharge occurs in the front of the wave and the
rest of the wave becomes inoffensive even for equipment of
0
B
protection zone, if the distance to this equipment is 1 2
kilometers. The remaining part of the wave, which has a
high spectrum of frequency, rapidly slopes. In Fig. 2 a case
is illustrated how the shape of the remaining wave changes
after propagating 2 km. Suppose that a wave of U=500 kV
started (it is assumed that lightning stroke into an electrical
pole; it occurs in 50% of all lightning strikes), amplitude of
lightning current is 100 kA; an impulsive resistance of the
pillars grounding device is 5 O, thus U=1005=500 kV. A
discharge occurs when wavefront voltage reaches 50 kV.
A close lightning discharge at a distance of several tens
of meters from protection system can generate a dangerous
overvoltage. The discharger 1 protects from it. However, the
amplitude of the residual impulse highly depends on the
steepness of the lightning current front, which can randomly
scatter over the scale from 1 up to 300 kV/s. At such a
wide range of front steepness, volt-second characteristic of a
discharger can omit an impulse, which magnitude can be
from a few hundred volts up to 1 3 kV depending on the

steepness of the wavefront. In the second circuit, decoupling
transformer converts that impulse into rapidly decaying
oscillation.
However, it should be noted, that high amplitudes of a
current can become extremely hazardous to the 2nd
protection zone, when lightning discharge occurs close to
the 1st zone and when the 1st and 2nd zones do not have a
common bus, which aligns potentials between grounded
shielding metal constructions of both protection zones. In
this case, discharger (4) in the 2nd zone, while trying to
equalize voltage between the supply lines and grounded
shield of the protection zone, can generate an impulse of
tens of kilovolts between the feeding lines. Surge arrester
(3), having a delay of about 0,1 s, may not be able to
restrain this impulse in the 2nd zone.


Fig. 2. A decay of electromagnetic wave remainder after screening an
insulator with the discharge in an overhead line. 1 wave at the time when
insulator was flashovered, 2 wave after propagating 2 km distance.
IV. TRANSITIONAL PROCESSES OF OVERVOLTAGE IN THE 1ST
PROTECTION ZONE
Waves with the amplitudes of 10 kV and more, without
being restrained after screening insulators, reach the 1st
protection zone with the modified shape, depending on the
distance, height of wires above the ground, specific
resistance of the soil and shape of the wave of lightning
current (initial and subsequent impulses). Table I shows
how the amplitudes of waves, generated by initial and
subsequent discharges, change when waves propagate in the
line from 0,1 up to 5 km. In a simulation, assumptions were
made that the average height of wires above the ground was
5 meters and the specific resistance of soil was 100 Om.

TABLE I
OVERVOLTAGE DEPENDENCE ON DISTANCE TO THE LIGHTNING LOCATION
Distance to the impulsive voltage wave,
generated by the lightning, km
Lightning
impulse
Impulse that
arrived at
zone 1 0.1 1 2 3 4 5
U, kV 10.1 13.9 17.0 16.9 16.3 15.7 Initial
10/350 U/Um, % 59.4 81.8 100 99.4 95.9 92.4
Um, kV 19.6 18.0 17.0 16.2 15.3 14.6 Subsequent
0.25/100 U/Um, % 100 91.8 86.7 82.6 78.1 74.5

It can be observed from Table I, that the highest
overvoltages generated by the subsequent impulses of
lightning current produced when they are caused by the
closer lightnings, while overvoltages, caused by the initial
impulse, are significantly more intense when lightning
intervenes from 2 km distance. In Fig. 3 and Fig. 4,
diagrams of overvoltage processes are illustrated, when
overvoltage is generated by the initial and subsequent
impulses of the current. Without any protection measures,
levels of overvoltage can be very high and reach values up
to 17 - 19 kV.
Modeling results indicate that in the end of the line, the
devices, even designed for the 1-st protection zone, such as
electricity meters, decoupling transformers and other similar
devices, cannot be used when the protection devices are not
installed. Nevertheless, it should be noted, that surge
arresters, which are designed in the projects and installed,
for example, a second class surge arrester with U
c
= 350 V,
significantly reduce overvoltage levels, down to 1 kV in this
protection zone.


Fig. 3. Lightning overvoltage in the end of unprotected 0,4 kV line, created
with the initial pulse of lightning current; distance to the lightning strike
location is 1 km; specific resistance of soil beneath the line is 100 Om: 1
process of voltage in the end of the line, 2 10/350 wave that caused
overvoltage.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
5
10
15
20
s
k
V
1
2

Fig. 4. Lightning overvoltage in the end of unprotected 0,4 kV line, created
with the subsequent pulses of lightning current; distance to the lightning
strike location is 1 km; specific resistance of soil beneath the line is
100 Om: 1 process of voltage in the end of the line, 2 0.25/100 wave
that caused overvoltage

A particular risk can originate from a concise initial
impulse of voltage due to an inherent starting delay of the
surge arresters. Next to the decoupling transformer, which is
connected via ~1,5 meter cables, a vivid voltage impulse of
approximately 1,2 kV can occur in the beginning of the
process.
This is the impulse which cannot be limited by the surge
arrester until a sufficiently conductive passage in its resistor
is formed. It is a natural, about 0,1 s time delay for
suppressing the overvoltage. The impulse at this level is not
dangerous to a transformer or electricity meter because even
for 3rd protection zone devices, a permissible level of
overvoltage is 2,5 kV. This impulse of voltage would be
dangerous in this zone for the equipment which is sensitive
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
s
k
V

1
2
Time, s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

k
V

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
5
10
15
20
s
k
V
1
2
Time, s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

k
V

Time, s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

k
V


to a wide frequency range electromagnetic field, generated
by that impulse.
However, as it has been mentioned before, decoupling
transformer practically blocks the passage for the impulse to
spread into the 2nd protection zone. The shape of the
voltage at the end of the line behind the transformer is
illustrated (2-nd curve in Fig. 5). The impulse in the
windings of the transformer generates approximately 170
kHz oscillation, which will be suppressed by a surge arrester
in the 2nd zone.


Fig. 5. Overvoltage after the secondary impulse 0.25 / 100 of lightning
current in the end of line, feeding the 2nd protection zone (2 without any
protection measures); 1 primary windings voltage of the feeding
transformer; 3 voltage of the grounding device in the 1st protection zone.

Secondary winding load (two-wire line) of the
transformer loads the supply system with a capacitive
current, which weakens the current and voltage of the surge
arrester in the 1st protection zone from 820 V down to 770
V and voltage of the grounding device to 3 4 kV. It can be
observed from the modeling, that the capacitive link
between the secondary winding and shielding armature can
generate a dangerous charge in the 2nd protection zone
supply line. These charges will be carried in by the voltage
of shielding armature of grounding device from the 1st
zone. Because of the close lightning discharge, this voltage
can reach 4 kV or even higher values (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7).


Fig. 6. Overvoltage after the primary impulse 10 / 350 of lightning current
in the 1st protection zone protected with surge arrester U
c
=350 V. 1
voltage of the earthing device and earthing busbar; 2 residual voltage of
surge arrester.

As a result, exclusive attention is paid to a very low
impulsive resistance of the grounding device. It must be low
enough, no more than 10 . Thereby, after a close lightning
strikes, voltage of the grounding device and shielding
armature will be reduced. Furthermore, impulsive piercing
disturbances will also be reduced for the 2nd and further
protection zones.
For the purposes of using digital model of low-voltage
electromagnetic transient processes simulation, it is
necessary to apply an extremely small, only a few nano-
seconds calculation step.
In order to obtain a complete image of lightning
overvoltage fluctuation in a single session of simulation
with 1 ns step applied, it is necessary to perform up to 10
6

full calculation procedure steps.


Fig. 7. Overvoltage after the subsequent impulse 0,25/100 of lightning
current in the 1st protection zone protected with 5SD7422 surge arrester,
which U
c
=350 V; 1 voltage of the grounding device; 2 residual voltage
of the surge arrester.
V. TRANSITIONAL PROCESSES OF OVERVOLTAGE
IN THE 2ND PROTECTION ZONE
The voltage of supply lines, feeding the 2nd zone is
presented in Fig. 8. These curves illustrate the beginning of
the processes. Therein, 1-st curve represents the voltage of
the surge arrester in the 1st protection zone.


Fig. 8. Potentials of the line wires, feeding 2nd protection zone (2 and 3),
arrester is not installed in the 2nd zone; 1 arresters voltage of the 1st
protection zone; 2 voltage of the secondary winding of the decoupling
transformer; 3 voltage of the primary winding of transformer.

Decoupling transformer suppress the impulse, which was
omitted by the surge arrester from the 1-st zone, effectively
(Fig. 9).
In order to balance voltages, an arrester (arrester 3 in
Fig. 1) was applied, which also maintains proper voltage
level. However, a situation for the 2nd protection zone is
complicated because of the increased voltage of the supply
line, in respect of a grounding device, which is located in
the 2nd zone. This increased voltage was generated by the
charge of the grounding device in the 1st protection zone via
capacitance with the secondary winding of the transformer.
Potentials of the line wires obtain approximately 4 kV
magnitude.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
t, s
u
,

k
V

1
2 3
Time, s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

k
V

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
t, s
u
,

k
V

2
1
Time, s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

k
V

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
t s
u
,

k
V

1
2
Time, s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

k
V
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
t, s
u
,

k
V

1 2 3
Time, s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
,

k
V


The balance of voltages is not dangerous to the insulation
of the equipment as long as the voltage of the discharger 4
(Fig. 1) is lower than the protection voltage level. When the
voltage of the line wire, to which a discharger is connected,
reaches the breakdown voltage of the discharger, a
discharge occurs and reduces the potential of the wire to
potential of the grounding device. In the other wire, because
of the arresters inherent initiation delay, a high level of
potential remains in a form of a concise impulse for a short
period of time (Fig. 9).


Fig. 9. Voltage and current of the line, feeding 2-nd protection zone, an
arrester and a discharger are installed between phase and zero; 1 current
of the arrester (U
c
=275 V) in the II-nd protection zone; 2 voltage of the
line, which feeds II-nd protection zone.

Amplitude value of the impulse is highly dependent on
the value of a discharger puncture voltage, which relies on
the steepness of the front of the wave that has reached the
discharger. Supposing, close lightning strikes occurred and
generated very steep fronts of current impulses, under these
circumstances the impulse can increase 2 times or even
more. These impulses are particularly hazardous to
equipment, which is sensitive to high frequency
electromagnetic fields.
The amplitude of the impulse in the supply line can be
reduced nearly 1 kV by connecting a discharger to the
second wire of the line.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
By simulating transient processes it was identified that
the amplitude of the impulse is highly defendant on the
voltage value of the discharger puncture. If close lightning
strikes occur with a very steep wave fronts of current, the
impulse can increase 2 times or even more.
These impulses are especially dangerous to equipment
which is sensitive to high frequency electromagnetic fields.
Although suppressors that are installed in the equipment
limit impulses to the allowable voltage levels, an impulsive
current that leaks through suppressors, generates high
frequency magnetic flux, which disturbs operation of
various circuits.
In order to reduce the levels of the overvoltage, separate
grounding devices have to be connected together through an
earthing bus which equalizes the potentials. If a galvanic
connection cannot be established due to technical
requirements, it is advisable to connect separate grounding
devices using a discharger.

VII. REFERENCES
[1] F. Delfino, R. Procopio, M. Rossi, Overvoltage protection of light
railway transportation systems, Bologna PowerTech Conference,
Bologna, 2003.
[2] O. Deblecker, P. Bertrand, C. Versle, Study of auxiliary railway
power supply facing catenary transient overvoltage, 35th Annual
Conference of IEEE, Industrial electronics, 2009. IECON 09,
Porto. P. 901-908.
[3] N. Theethayi, R. Thottappillil, T. Yirdaw, Y. Liu, T. Gtschl, R.
Montano, Experimental investigation of lightning transients entering
a Swedish railway facility, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,
2007. P. 354-363.
[4] J. Daunoras, S. Gudius, A. Morkvnas, G. Plioplys, J. Baublys,
Low voltage arresters efficiency control system, Proceedings of XV
International Conference on Electromagnetic Disturbances: EMD
2005, ISSN 1822-3249, Bialystok - Kaunas: Technnologija. 2005. P.
233-236.
[5] S. Gudius, L. Markeviius , A. Morkvnas, Paviriaus efekto
laiduose ir emje takos, tiriant virtampius skaitmeniniais metodais,
vertinimas, Energetika, Vilnius: Academia. 2000. Nr.3. P 89-95.
[6] S. Gudius, L. Markeviius, A. Morkvnas, Recursive method to
examine electromagnetic transient processes in cable network , IV
Sympozjum, Metody matematyczne W elektroenergetyce
MMwEE98, Zakopane, 1998. P. 235-244.
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Linas A. Markevicius (D1963, Sc.D1967) was
born on June 7, 1941 in Lithuania. He started his
experience as an assistant at the Department of
Electric Power Systems at Kaunas University of
Technology in 1963. In 1970 he became an associate
professor, and since 2003 he has been a professor at
the Department of Electric Power Systems in
Kaunas. The investigation fields comprise EMC,
high voltage equipment diagnostics, high frequency
electromagnetic transient processes.

Alfonsas Morkvenas (D1972, Sc.D1976) was
born on February 9, 1950 in Lithuania. He started his
employment experience as an junior research
associate. He became a senior assistant at the
Department of Electric Power Systems at Kaunas
University of Technology in 1976. In 2001 he
became an associate professor, and since 2009 he has
been a professor at the Department of Electric Power
Systems in Kaunas. The investigation field
comprises high voltage equipment diagnostics.

Saulius Gudzius (M1994, Sc.D2000) was born on
September 5, 1967 in Lithuania. He started his
employment experience as a senior assistant at the
Department of Electric Power Systems at KTU. In
2003 he became an associate professor, and since
2011 he has been a professor at the Department of
Electric Power Systems at Kaunas University of
Technology. The investigation fields comprise EMC,
high frequency electromagnetic transient processes.

Ignas Asmontas was born on April 25, 1989 in
Lithuania. He has been a junior research associate at
the Department of Electric Power Systems at Kaunas
University of Technology since 2011.




Vidmantas Ticka was born on December 16, 1967
in Lithuania. He graduated from the Department of
Electric Power Systems at Kaunas University of
Technology in 1992. His employment experience
includes managing of power transmission and
distribution department at UAB ABB, Lithuanian
branch of ABB. Since 2012 he has been the director
of CJSC Elektros ininerija.

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