DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

EEE 332 EXPERIMENT NO-5 ALTERNATOR SYNCHRONIZATION

OBJECTIVES *To learn how to synchronize an alternator to the electric power utility system. *To observe the effects of improper phase conditions on the synchronizing process. DISCUSSION The frequency of a large electric power distribution system is established by the speed of rotation of many powerful alternators all connected by various tie-lines in the total network. The collective inertia and power of these generators is so great that there is no single load or disturbance, which would be large enough to change their speed of rotation. The frequency of an electric system is, therefore, remarkably stable. An alternator can only deliver power to an e isting electric power system if it operates at the same frequency as the system. A system whose frequency is !",""" #z cannot receive power from an alternator operating at !",""$ #z. They must both operate at e actly the same frequency. This is not as difficult to achieve as may appear at first because %when an alternator is connected into an e isting system& automatic forces come into play to keep its frequency constant. 'ynchronization of an alternator with a large utility system, or ()nfinite bus* as it is called is comparable to matching a small gear to another of enormous size and power, if the teeth of both gears are properly synchronized upon contact, then the matching will be smooth. +ut should the teeth edges meet shock would result with possible damage to the smaller gear. 'mooth synchronization of an alternator means first that its frequency must be equal to that of the supply. )n addition, the phase sequence %or rotation& must be the same. ,eturning to our e ample of the gears, we would not think of trying to mesh two gears going in opposite directions, even if-their speeds were identical. The ne t thing to watch for when we push gears together is to see that the teeth of one meet the slots of the other, in electrical terms the voltage of the alternator must be in phase with the voltage of the supply. -inally, when matching gears we always choose a tooth depth, which is compatible with the master gear. .lectrically, the voltage amplitude of the alternator should be equal to the supply voltage amplitude. /ith these conditions met, the alternator is perfectly synchronized with the network and the switch between the two can be turned on.

INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS 0.'1,)2T)34 01 motor78enerator 'ynchronous 5otor78enerator A1 Ammeter A1 <oltmeter 'ynchronizing 5odule 2ower 'upply #and Tachometer 1onnection 6eads Timing +elt PROCEDURE W !"#"$% H#$& '()* $+, !+ -!+,+"* #" *&#, L .(! *(!/ E0-+!#1+"*2 D( "(* 1 3+ "/ 4(""+4*#(", 5#*& -(5+! ("2 T&+ -(5+! ,&(6)7 .+ *6!"+7 (88 8*+! 4(1-)+*#"$ + 4& #"7#'#76 ) 1+ ,6!+1+"*2 *$. ?sing your 'ynchronous 5otor78enerator, 01 5otor78enerator, 'ynchronizing 5odule, 2ower 'upply, A1 Ammeter and A1 <oltmeter, connect the circuit shown in -igure. 4ote that the output of the alternator is connected through the 'ynchronizing 5odule to the fi ed ;$! <, @-phase output of the 2ower 'upply, terminals $,: and @. The rotor of the alternator is connected to the fi ed :;" < dc output of the 2ower 'upply, terminals 9 and 4. The dc shunt motor is connected to the variable "-:;" < dc output of the 2ower 'upply, terminals A and 4. * :. a& 1ouple the 01 5otor78enerator to the 'ynchronous 5otor78enerator with the Timing +elt. b& 'et the field rheostat of the 01 5otor78enerator at its full cw position %for minimum resistance&. c& 2lace the synchronizing switch in its open position. * @. a& Turn on the 2ower 'upply and, using your #and Tachometer, adBust the 2ower 'upply output for a motor speed of appro imately $!"" r7min. b& 5easure the 2ower 'upply fi ed ac voltage .: .: C DDDDDD < ac c& 1lose the people switch of the alternator e citation circuit and adBust the dc e citation of the alternator until the alternator output voltage .$ is equal to .: N(*+% These two voltages must be kept equal for the remainder of this 6aboratory . periment. 530.6 9:$$ 9:;$ 9;:! 9;:= 9=:$ 99:$ 9>$" 9>;$ 9>;:

d& The three synchronizing lights should be flickering on and off.

E
2

V
1 415 V 3 -PHASE 2 3

2 0-500 V ac

DC MOTOR/ GENERATOR 7 0-240 V DC N 1 2

3 0-500 V ac E1

SYNCRHONO R MOTOR/GENERATOR

V A

1 2 3

4 4 6

I 1 0-1.5 A ac 3 5 8 240 V DC N
.

4 6 7 8

;.a& 1arefully adBust the 01 5otor78enerator speed until the beat frequency becomes quite low. b& 0o all three lights become bright and then dark, at the same timeE Fes 4o c& )f they do not all become dark and then bright simultaneously, the phase sequence is wrong. Turn off the 2ower 'upply and interchange any two of the leads coming from the stator. d& 1arefully adBust the motor speed until all three lights slowly darken and then slowly brighten. Four alternator frequency is very nearly equal to that of the power company. e& /hen all of the lights are completely dark, the alternator and supply voltages are in phase. f& /hen all of the lights are fully bright, the alternator and supply voltages are $9" degrees out of phase. %This is the (tooth-to-tooth* condition, and the 'ynchronizing 5odule should never to be closed under these conditions&. g& 1heck to see that the two voltages . $ and .: are equal. )f not, re adBust the dc e citation to the alternator.

!.a& 1lose the switch of the 'ynchronizing 5odule when all three lights are dark and note the behavior of )$ at the moment of closure. ,eturn the switch to its (3--* position. DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D b& 1lose the switch of the 'ynchronizing 5odule when all three lights are dim and note the behavior of )$ at the moment of closure. ,eturn the switch to its (3--* position. DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D c& 1lose the switch of the 'ynchronizing 5odule when all three lights are partially bright and note the behavior of )$ at the moment of closure. ,eturn the switch to its (3--* position. DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D

= a& /ith the switch of the 'ynchronizing 5odule in (34* position, adBust the dc e citation to the alternator until the output voltage .$ C ;!" < ac. b& AdBust the motor speed until all three lamps are synchronized. c& Turn on the 'ynchronizing 5odule when all three lights are dimmest and note the effect on ) at the moment of closure and after closure.

)$ at closure DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD )$ after closure DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD d& 3pen the synchronizing switch. e& ,eturn the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply. A. a& ,everse the rotation of the 01 motor7 generator by interchanging the shunt field. b& Attempt to synchronizing the alternator as before. c& #ow do the lights reactE DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD d& /hat does this indicateE DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD e& ,eturn the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply. f& #ow can you remedy the situation without again reversing the dc motorE DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD G?.AT)34 A40 A4'/.,'H

$. /hat conditions must be met to synchronize an alternator to an e isting three-phase power lineE DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD :. An alternator could be severely damaged mechanically in attempting to synchronize it with the power line. ?nder what two conditions could this happenE DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD @. An alternator generating a different value of voltage also may not be e actly in phase with the power line, but one condition must be met in order for it to deliver power. /hat is that conditionE DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD