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The viscosity of a fluid is an important property in the analysis of liquid behavior and fluid motion near solid boundaries. The viscosity is the fluid resistance to shear or flow and is a measure of the adhesive/cohesive or frictional fluid property. The resistance is caused by intermolecular friction exerted when layers of fluids attempt to slide by one another. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow The knowledge of viscosity is needed for proper design of required temperatures for storage, pumping or injection of fluids. Molasses is highly viscous Water is medium viscous Gases have a low viscosity There are two related measures of fluid viscosity - known as dynamic (or absolute) and kinematic viscosity.
The dynamic or absolute viscosity can be expressed like = dc/dy where (1)
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= shearing stress = dynamic viscosity Equation (1) is known as the Newtons Law of Friction. In the SI system the dynamic viscosity units are N s/m2, Pa.s or kg/m.s where 1 Pa.s = 1 N s/m2 = 1 kg/m.s The dynamic viscosity is also often expressed in the metric CGS (centimeter-gram-second) system as g/cm.s, dyne.s/cm2 or poise (p) where 1 poise = 1 dyne s/cm2 = 1 g/cm.s = 1/10 Pa.s = 1/10 N.s/m2 For practical use the Poise is to large and it's usual divided by 100 into the smaller unit called the centiPoise (cP) where 1 p = 100 cP 1 cP = 0.01 poise = 0.01 gram per cm second = 0.001 Pascal second = 1 milliPascal second = 0.001 N.s/m2 Water at 68.4oF (20.2oC) has an absolute viscosity of one - 1 - centiPoise. Absolute Viscosity at Room Temperature (Pa.s) 1.983 x 10-5 1 x 10-3 1 x 10-1 1 x 100 1 x 101 1 x 102 1 x 1040
Liquid Air Water Olive Oil Glycerol Liquid Honey Golden Syrup Glass
Kinematic Viscosity
is the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to density - a quantity in which no force is involved. Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity of a fluid with it's mass density =/ where = kinematic viscosity = absolute or dynamic viscosity = density In the SI-system the theoretical unit is m2/s or commonly used Stoke (St) where 1 St (Stokes) = 10-4 m2/s = 1 cm2/s Since the Stoke is an unpractical large unit, it is usual divided by 100 to give the unit called Centistokes (cSt) where 1 St = 100 cSt 1 cSt (centiStokes) = 10-6 m2/s = 1 mm2/s Since the specific gravity of water at 68.4oF (20.2oC) is almost one, the kinematic viscosity of water at 68.4oF is for all practical purposes 1.0 mm2/s (cSt). The kinematic viscosity of water at 68F (20C) is 1.0038 mm2/s (cSt). Kinematic Viscosities of Some common Liquids and Fluids (2)
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Conversion from absolute to kinematic viscosity can also be expressed as: = 6.7197 10-4 / where = kinematic viscosity (ft2/s) = absolute or dynamic viscosity (cP) = specific weight (lb/ft3) (2a)
Newtonian Fluids
Fluids for which the shearing stress is linearly related to the rate of shearing strain are designated as Newtonian Fluids.
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Newtonian materials are referred to as true liquids since their viscosity or consistency is not affected by shear such as agitation or pumping at a constant temperature. Fortunately most common fluids, both liquids and gases, are Newtonian. Water and oils are examples of Newtonian liquids.
Thixotropic Fluids
Thixotropic liquids have a time-dependent structure. The viscosity of a thixotropic liquid decreases with increasing time, at a constant shear rate. Ketchup and mayonnaise are examples of thixotropic materials. They appear thick or viscous but are possible to pump quite easily.
Dilatant Fluids
Shear Thickening Fluids or Dilatant Fluids increase their viscosity with agitation. Some of these liquids can become almost solid within a pump or pipe line. With agitation, cream becomes butter and Candy compounds, clay slurries and similar heavily filled liquids do the same thing.
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Typical liquid SAE 30 Crankcase Oil SAE 85 Gear Oil Tomato Juice SAE 50 Crankcase Oil SAE 90 Gear Oil SAE 140 Gear Oil Glycerine (20oC) SAE 250 Gear Oil Honey Mayonnaise Sour cream
Kinematic viscosity can be converted from SSU to Centistokes like Centistokes = 0.226 SSU - 195 / SSU where SSU < 100 Centistokes = 0.220 SSU - 135 / SSU where SSU > 100
Viscosity Measurements
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Three types of devices are used in viscosity measurements capillary tube viscometer Saybolt viscometer rotatiting viscometer
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Centrifugal Pumps and Viscosity - When a liquid flow through a pump, hydrodynamic losses depends on fluid viscosity Fuel Oils - Viscosities - Fuels oils - their viscosity versus temperature Oil Viscosity Conversion Values - Convert between common oil viscosity units Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Oil or Fat - Heat emission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in oil or fat - assisted (forced) and natural circulation Dynamic Viscosity of Motor Oils - SAE 10 to 50 - temperature ranging 0 - 10 deg C Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity Online Converter - Convert between dynamic or absolute viscosity units - Poiseuille, Poise, centPoise and more Viscous Fluids - Recommended Suction Flow Velocity - Recommended suction flow velocity of viscous fluids International Standard Atmosphere - International standard atmosphere - ranging elevation -2000 to 30000 meters - pressure, temperature, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and velocity of sound Dynamic or Absolute Viscosity Converting Chart - Absolute or dynamic viscosity converting chart units like Poiseuille - Poise - centiPoise and more Comparing Secondary Coolants - Specific gravity, freezing points and viscosity for secondary coolants like calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ethylene glycol and propylene glycol Industrial Lubricants - Viscosity ISO-VG Grade - ISO-VG viscosity grades for industrial lubricants Viscous Liquids - Recommended Delivery Flow Velocities - Normal flow velocities on the delivery side of the pump in viscous systems ISO Grade Oil Properties - Viscosity and density of ISO Grade oil Viscosity of Foods - Absolute or dynamic viscosity of some common foods Gases - Dynamic Viscosity - Absolute viscosity of some common gases Sea Water Properties - Seawater properties - specific volume, specific heat and absolute viscosity
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