Urinary System: Organs in Function urinary system Kidney 1. pH of the blood 2. controls plasma volume 3.

controls plasma osmolarity 4. controls production of glucose glucogeneis during fasting 5. controls ion levels 6. controls waste to be excreted 7. controls production of RBC 8. controls production of renal hormones Anatomy: composed of renal meduala, renal cortex, nephrons, renal papilla, renal pelvis, major and minor calyx Fluid enter via afferent in the glomeular of kidney and leaves via either efferent arterioles or peritubular capillaries Ureter Conducts urine to bladder via its smooth muscle contractions Bladder Anatomy: detrusor muscle (smooth muscle controlled by PSNS) + internal urethral sphincter (controlled by SNS) + external urethral sphincter (controlled by somatic NS) During filling of urine: PSNS is inactive smooth muscle relax; and SNS and somatic NS are active skeletal muscles contract Stretch receptors in the wall of bladder keep track of volume of liquid in the bladder. Adults and children can control this reflex and babies cannot because in us, the afferent from stretch receptors passes to spinal cord via cerebral cortex During urination: increase in fluid walls of the bladder expand activate stretch receptor spinal cord activates somatic NS, PSNS, SNS PSNS contracts the detrusor muscle an NS and SNS relax both the Excretes urine out of our body Part of nephron it occurs in Function Three main transport processes: glomerular filtration, tubular reabosroption and tubular secretion Type of transport used GF: hydrostatic and osmotic pressure TR: passive in descending + active in ascending TS: active transport

Urethra Processes in nephron Nephron

Glomerular Filtration

Glomerualar To filter fluid coming in the bowman`s capsule capsule Glomerular pressure is affected by changes in MAP; however vascular resistance due to renal autoregulation keeps the pressure here constant. Glomerular filtration is regulated by vascular resistance constriction and dilation of afferent and efferent arteriole: Dilation of afferent or constriction of efferent

Tubular reabsorption

In proximal convoluted tubule

increase GFR vice versa During hammerage: SNS and renal regulation decrease GFR to decrease the rate of urine outflow Reabsorption of ions and water and glocuse Totally reabsorped: glucose and amino acids Partially reabsorbed: water and ions Not at all reabsorbed: para-aminohippuric acid

Ions: Na/K ATPase pump Diffusion (facillated diffusion) Cotransport of glucose with Na from proximal tubule into the medulla of kidney from where it diffuses into the capillaries via carrier proteins

Tubular secretion Equation (PGC + piBC) (PBC + piGC) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)/Plasma Flow rate Filtration rate + secretion rate reabsorption rate Excretion rate/plasma concentration Measure Net filtration pressure Depends on: permeability and SA used for filtration Filtration Fraction Excretion rate Renal clearance: measure the volume of plasma from which a solute is cleared by kidney/unit of time Where is it used (organs) In capillaries, in Glomerular GC: glomerualar capusule BC: Bowman`s capasule In Glomerular capusule Kidney