6.1 The velocity in a certain two-dimen- sional flow field is given by the equation V = 2xti — yd where the velocity is in ft/s when x, y, and ¢ are in feet and seconds, respectively. Determine expressions for the local and convective compo nents of acceleration in the x and y directions. ‘What is the magnitude and direction of the ve~ locity and the acceleration at the point x = y = 2 ft at the time ¢ = 0? From expression for velocity, uz 2xt and vs -2yt, Since Be ae th rege then 4, (lecal)= GE= 2X ana G, Ceonv) = u $e oo = (zet)(2t) + 6 2y4)(0) = 4xt?® Similar |y, Oe a ree qua = (axt)(o) + (-2yt)(-24) AL x=422ft and t=o uz ZQ)(o.)=0 ve -2(2)(0)=0 So That V axe ext? = 2le)+ 4@)lo) = 4 Ff and GZ . . fo) lo) = -4 fels* 7 Ga, = 24+ 494 2) + #2) US, na - 0 ee yh 48 tele — wit | e+ Vereen? SAY6.2 6.2 Repeat Problem 6.1 if the flow field is described by the equation V = (3x + Ii - bj ‘where the velocity isin fs when x and y are in fet. . 7 _. From expression for velocrty, w= Fx +i and =~ 6x5. Since = 3K a4 ou 27 SE thy SS then &x (local) = = O OPA x (om)= 42k + ge (3x71 Nox) —Ubxa)(o) = bx (3x741) = Le x24 bX Simi larly, 2 2 oy ou y= Oe Fuser ry Ss ana @y (local) = FZ =2 & ars 1h = (34741) (-b5) + (by) Ox) a, (oom) " AL xzy=/ft ana to ar3h)*+1 =4 re-bli)i)=-6 So that a Ve kt ep & ana |i? |=V¥%Eu*= Tal tee Gna ; Oy = bx (4741) = 20) [900%] = 24 PEs Gay = 18X74 ~by = 180)%) —bG) = \2 $e/s* hus, ee aa aut +129 te /s* a a [als V@n*+02) = 24.8 ft/s*6.3 The velocity in a certain flow field is given by the equa- tion Vex t xtj + yeh Determine the expressions for the three rectangular components. of acceleration From expression ter velocrty, u= x we Xe urs ye Since au au au au a. ees then _ (x i) + &8)Co0 ) +62)(0) = Xx Svinilarly , = OM, war ae, or GOs i or ag oH and Gy= 0+ OX \oxe)e OBMo) + 2)0°) 2 2xta + x42 Also, our au 4 wr a. dee Ger gor ge se mae or (X Ilo) +(2)@) + las) = Xt + ye 6-3e e ot 6.4 The three components of velocity in a flow field are given by uaxreyre? vexytyzt 2 we 3x2 - 2244 (a) Determine the volumetric dilatation rate, and interpret the results. (b) Determine an expression for the rotation vector. Is this an irrotational flow field? (a) Volumetric diletahin vate = O4, a, 2 H+ Sot oa (&. 69) Thus, for velocity temponents giien volumetric dilatabin rade = 24 + (x2) + (-3%-2) =_0 This resulé tndicates that There i> nv change th the Yolume of a Fluid element as it moves from one location to another. 4) From gs, 6.12, 6.13 4 with , 12, 6.13, and 61 The velocr oe b 4, To locity Components a co: ¢ (5-H) = 4 (9-29) =~ Z w=4 M28) =z [0- (sree) = -Et8) a, = 4 4 [az~ 632)]- a Ts A a = er say - £2 Since B ss not Aero everywhere the Flow field Is not strrotationa). No.[es] 6.5 Determine an expression for the vorticity of the flow field described by Ve - ity Is the flow irrotational? S220 (£4, From expression tor velocity , a= xy, = 4 and with . aur 2 @,- 2 (F- #) as ou a wy, 2 2 SE - He) |e o: 232 33) 't follows That Be: “#2 (ut) a, 7 +0,2) - a 3 2] = 2] + @)fp + Gayle = Bx hk Since F ts nod ero. everywhere The Flow Ws hot trrotetienl, No. G17) ‘ duro, Cy, 6.13) CEE by (Eg, br) Wy20 , and w= f [o- Gs) ]=3 109"66 6.6 A one-dimensional flow is described by the velocity field u=ay + by v=w=0 where @ and b are constants. Is the flow irrota- tional’ For what combination of constants (if any) will the rate of angular deformation as given by Eq. 6.18 be zero? For irrotatrene! Flour distribution given: ©, and for the velocity = 4 (35 - 3 0 4 (2% _ 2 Gyr ZS oe 5%) =2 tog> & (34-52) = - (2 +54) Thus , BD is nod pero everywhere aud the flour snot inrotational, No. Since (from 3. 6.18) | ole 26 fe ee 1B fllows the velocity distribution given That ie a+zby Thus, there are no values of a and b (except both eguel + 70ro) taet will give Feo fer all yalues of Y. None.6.7 For a certain incompressible, two-dimensional flow field the velocity component in the y direction is given by the ‘equation v= Bay — ay Determine the velocity component in the x direction so thatthe ‘continuity equation is satisfied To sakisty the continuity eguetion, ou ave Sat 5g Fe Since ov. > ay 3K-x Then from &%.) au y S = = -3x x = ra BX + Equation (2) can be ittegrated with respect to x to obtein fan = — foeae + frie + £y) or (3 as TExr+ F + fy) where fy) is an undekermined tunekion of 4.GS 6.8 Anincompressible viscous fluid is placed between two large parallel plates as shown in Fig. P68. The bottom plate is fixed and the upper plate moves with a constant velocity, IJ. For these conditions the velocity distribution between the plates is linear, and can be expressed as u=ut Determine: (a) the volumetric dilatation rate, (b) FIGURE P65 the rotation vector, (¢) the vorticity, and (@) the rate of angular deformation. (a) Volumetric dilatabin rate = G44 34 BE = O th) Por velocity distribution given, Bs w,% ana af om). z Thus, wea CH eye iy -2d Ce ve bet a CEB, 6.18) oe[er 7 69 ‘A viscous fluid is contained in the space between con- centric cylinders. The inner ‘wall is fixed, and the outer wall ro- tates with an angular velocity w. (See Fig. P6.9a and Video V6.1.) Assume that the velocity distribution in the gap is linear N61) Assume ta to oa ectngla lent shown in Fig. P6.9b, determine the rate of change of the right So ton bapes your answer nts ers w@ w m FIGURE P64 From 3. 6.18 cae ody ee _. Foy The Iinear distri bution =. Ge kee fe y be se that CD 2° Bn ank sie V20 ys - 3e Boh The pegative sign indiiates that the orignal rigat angle 1s snereasng. 6-46.10 Fora certain incompressible flow field it js suggested thatthe velocity components are given by the equations un2dry v= -ry w= Is this a physically possible flow field? Explain. Ang physically possible incompressible Flow freld must satisty conseration of mess es expressed by The relationship Qu vo jure bet 35 + 9E=0 For the velocity chstribution given, au. aur. yg? aur Qu czy a Bure Substituhon snto Eg.01) shows thet 2Zy-x* +0 #0 Thus, This is net @ physically pessitle flu field, No.6.11 The velocity components of an incompressible, two- dimensional velocity field are given by the equations u=yt=a(l +a) = yx +1) ‘Show that the flow 1s trrotational and satisties conservation of ‘mass, Lf the two~ ala tlw ik Irrotatvonel , = 4 (# one e)= =. the velocity distribution given, 20 au. ry 35 779 Thus, w27+ (29-25) =o ana the Low tz _irrotatinal. To setisty conservation of mass, ou + 3h 20 axt Sinee, - are axe] ox 2% oy then —1-2xX +2x +1 =0 ana Conservation of mass 13 Satisfied, Seaserya tien OF ee Seemed6.12 For each of the following stream functions, with units of ms, determine the magnitude and the angle the velocity vector makes with the x-axis at x = 1m, y = 2m, Locate any stagnation points in the flow field (a) yp =ay ) ya natty From the definition of The stream Funchan, a ’ : uz 5f weet (E45. 6.37) (a) for P= XY, soe 2k 28 are Was Red At x2lm) y= 2om,it follows fut 421% aarz-1% Thus, (Vl = Pater” = VO)? + tug? = 2.24% Since w= 0 ab x20 ana v0 at Y=0, a stagnahon Point eccurs at (£1) For Ws -2x74y , sohe oat 5 ue Sy = 13 a oh $x At x=lon, y=am, it Allows tut us! and v24% Thus, [ Iv[= [ote = Verb s)> = 4b F v 4 ie tan B= . 4 sto Since UO, there are no stagnation pomts. 67/26.13 The stream function for an incompres- sible, two-dimensional flow field is vaay oy where a and b are constants. Is this an irrotational flow? Explain, For the Flow to be jrrotationa/ , - 1 (eae ©,° 7 (5K 55 (£g.b12) and fer the stream fanchen given, = = a- 3by* us Bra y oso =o Thus , au. 2h bby a0 so so Twat a: 4 [o- Gbby)] = 2hy Since (#0 Flow is not wrote tion! Canless b=0), No.G4 614 The stream function for an incompressible, two- dimensional flow field is = ay ~ be ‘where a and b are constants. Is this an irotational flow? Explain, For the How to be jrrotationa/ (see &%.b-l2), 2 (#%-2 3) =o and fer the a fanchon given, Since Canless zo) ; uo 2 sp ag = oe = & ys Ot ou. ar ag 7 Ou ae 4 [o- Ge) |= i, #0 Flow is not wretatone!/ Me. beIs 6.15 The velocity components for an incom- pressible, plane flow are v, = Ar! + Br-* cos 0 vy = Bro? sin 0 where A and B are constants. Determine the cor responding stream function. From the detirition of the stream tunction, i) = oe aE wBr- Fe (eg. b.y2) so that for the velocity distributer given, ¢ Sb Ar! + Br" cose a 2b 2 - BET sine oy Intequte 0) with vegpect to 6 to obtain i = [A+ ar'ese) de + Loi or y= A+ BE'SIné + LW) © Similarly, indeqrate Eg 62) wih respect to + te obtain [ow . ~ farting ar + £@) °r p= Br sine + hE) “wy Thus, te satisty both £35, (3) ana l#) a —CsC where C ts an arbitrary constant. 6-5le 6.16 Fora certain two-dimensional flow field u=0 veV (@) What are the corresponding radial and tan- gential velocity components? (b) Determine the corresponding stream function expressed in Cartesian coordinates and in cylindrical polar co- ordinates. ca) At an arbitrary point P (see Ligure) Vz. Visine Va = V wse (b) Since eee. a 25 =o 1 follows That WY 1s not a function of 4 ancl pe-Ve +o where C ts an arbitmary tonstont, Also, with £= tes © be -V 4ees8 +oG7 y 6.17 Make use of the control volume shown in Fig. P6.17 to derive the continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates (Eq. 6.33 in text). , Volume element has thickness dz FIGURE P6.17 2 fag tt dA x | Pee + [PV -* dA =0 (£4. 6.14) cy es For the differential centro! volume shown a be few a 4 ude de dz rap) cr at and [CVA ds = nek rate of mass outflow trom Cs surfaces of contro! volume (pre 2Eoe (e+ ¥)dede From figure at right: Net pate of mass cutflew tn b- direction = (2% 7£5 Wer ¥)dode — (0% - eh He #)aoee = a 2 opt rdrdade + Pi; drdede (2) (cont ) “7 @e eoI (ont) (pu + Gee) eo v ~~ Met rate of mass : but How th O-directioy = aN ie N AP% ae Oe) ert SAE OB Ble Pb - 48 de oraz Z x From figure ak righk: e = 90% ce = Sa or dedz ) : Ve. From tgure at right : ( py- LEB) rane Net rate of mass a outtlow in E- divechow = 2PM de (pyr 20% 48) de dp . #) (pyr 262 #) rapa - (0% - 2 8) rae ar a = 4 rdrdede : w Subshtuton of Fgs. 1) thru (4) into 2&3. 619 yields 3 tdvdodz + gh bardedz + Ph ardads . 2b adeds + ge rdrdede =O . f+ OR OR +t E. 20% 2 os) Pince OEY PE LB rpm) £3.15) can be written 25 Bee Rien) 9 BO» GH Which is 29,633. oveG18 6.18 A two-dimensional, incompressible flow is given by u = ~y and v= x. Show that the streamline passing through the point x = 10 and y = 0 is a circle centered atthe origin, for two-dimensional Flow along 4& streamline gw. ¥ ax um . : So that for the velocit, eomponents given dy. Xx a dx -y an ~ fs dy = Sea Thus, | 5. 4 (where C ts « conshint) 2 ank X49 2020! a) Eguation (1) represents the eguation tor the Fan'ly of streamlines, For & given value of C! the eguatien gies a circle centered at the origin with C' the Square of the Yadrus. For X=10 and Y=zo0 |. Gnd the €guation oF The streamline passing through this pormt ts K?7457=/o0 luhich 1s a Circle of raduis 10 centered at the origin, 6-176.14 Inacertain steady, two-dimensional flow field the fluid density varies linearly with respect, to the coordinate x; that is, p = Ax where A is a constant. If the x component of velocity w is given by the equation w = y, determine an expression for v. For a variable density Flow, de) ar) ae F CG. 6.24) “th : per As)ly) = Axy it follows That a eas oe 2G 55 own Lnteqrate 2.1) with respect to y 40 obtaly Jagr = ~ [4g es + $y oe form 4H, Lu) With paAx 7 2 rs ~ GB Wap) + fe or 2 pe 2+ fm where Flx) is an arbytrary funckion of X.G.20 6.20 Inatwo-dimensional, incompressible flow field, the x component of velocity is given by the equation u = 2x. (a) Determine the correspond 109] ing equation for the y component of velocity if v = Oalong the x axis. (b) For this flow field what is the magnitude of the average velocity of the fluid crossing the surface OA of Fig. P6.207 Assume that the velocities are in ft/s when x and oS y are in feet. o FIGURE P6.20 : ol : Consider & (a) Te sadishy the Continuity eguation Cre Thickness * ft) au, are Oi 20 Since Qe 22 . x st follous That avi, a ag Lntegraton of 29.) with respect toy gields 2-294 Fix) If 20 4leng x-axis Cy=0) Then fk) =0 50 That eed: (2) [ sabity Conservation of mass Pon * Pr ~ Ga Gee fur) Along AB u=ali)= 2 50 Thad Gan? 4“ Agg = (2 HMI AIO A) = 2 cad Along OB 4=0 so that Gog =O. Thus, fe ’ Qn? Gn 2 fe cae y= o) 40s tg, ee Ar aren Vee eA | 6-2)Gal 6.21 The radial velocity component in an incompressible, two-dimensional flow field (2, = 0) is v, = 2r + 3r? sin 8 Determine the corresponding tangential velocity component, Vp, Fequired to satisfy conservation of mass. a 1 a% 3 fap ae ee ad + (Eq, 6.35) Since V3z+0, ap, _ Ahuy) : 26 oF “o and with rus Ab? 43h sin @ tt follows rat OGG) 2 Ar FOP sin ar Thus, £3.01) becomes 24% 1 (ur + Win 8) G2) 3e ~ Eguation(2) Can be integrated with respect to © to cbt few 7 - [Ore Wr sino) da + Flr) °r Oe eee ene ee Where tr) & an undedermmed fanction of r. b-22CL 6.22 The stream funetion for an incompres- am sible flow field is given by the equation y = 3xy-y where the stream function has the units of m*/s x and y in meters. (a) Sketch the stream- line(s) passing through the origin. (b) Determine the rate of flow across the straight path AB shown in Fig. P6.22. A 10 =m FIGURE P6.22 ©) Lines of constant $ ore streamlines, For b= BX*4y- 47 the streamline Pressing Through the origin Caz0, y=0) has 2 value 20, Thus, te eguation for the streamlines through the origin ts o=a1ty-9? or ge tVBx A sketch of these streamlines is shown in the tigure. () = O* fe - % At B £20, Y=Im so that es Bly0) 0)? — Ins Cper unit width) At A xelm, Yee 350 that 4+ 30%) -(o)? =o Thus , P= Y= Lambs (per unit twidty) The negatwe sign indicates that the tlow is from rignt + left as we lek trom A fo B.6.23 6.23 The streamlines in a certain incompres- sible, two-dimensional flow field are all concentric circles so that v, = 0. Determine the stream func- tion for (a) vy rand for (b) vy) = Ar*', where Ais a constant. From the detiatin ef the Steam function, -42¢ oy a wy >- 3 (2%. éy2) so tut with U2 =0 it fellows that 9% x0 and Therebre y= Fl) (4) fr ys Ar 2 or ee a Diteqrate Eg) with respet & + 4 ebtai, fae = -fardr er ys ~ ALts fe However, since WU is mt « function of @, 14 Allows thet ye ~ AEC where C ts an arbitrary conshnt. (6) Similarly, fr Yee Art je¢ = ~ [ariar . Ys -Alnr +C = 2a2y* 6.24" ‘The stream function for an incompres- sible, two-dimensional flow field is wa 3xyty For this flow field plot several streamlines. The 2guation for a streamline is found by setting p= constant te the eguation or The stream function. Thus, tor The quwen stream tunchon b= 37y Hy 1b tollews That the eguetion of a shemline is : y See aieaar Where various Constant values Can be assigned to to obtaln a Family of streamiines. Tabulated results for $=1,2, 3,4 and a plot showing the streamlines ave gwen below. vet ge ve8 yd x y y ¥ y 6.0 0.0132 0.0263 0.0305 0.0526 45 0.0162 0.0324 0.0486 0.0648 4.0 0.0204 0.0408 0.0612 0.0816 35 0.0265 0.0530 0.0795 0.1060 “3.0 0.0357 0.0714 0.1071 0.1429, 25 0.0506 0.1013 0.1819 0.2025 20 0.0769 0.1838 0.2308 0.3077 “1.5 0.1200 0.2581 0.3871 0.5161 -1.0 0.2500 0.5000 0.7500 1.0000 05 04 1.1428 1.7143 2.2857 0 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 05 0.5714 1.1429 1.7143 «2.2857 1.0 0.2500 0.6000 0.7500 1.0000 16 0.1200 0.2581 0.3871 0.5161 20 0.0769 0.1538. 0.2308 0.3077 25 0.0508 0.1013 0.1519 0.2025 30 0.0357 0.0714 0.1071 0.1420 35 0.0265 0.0530 0.0795 0.1060 4.0 0.0204 0.0408 0.0612 0.0816 45 0.0162 0.0924 0.0486 0.0648 50 0.0132 0.0263 0.0385 0.0526G24 % (con't) G-2b6.25 * 6.2S* The stream function for an incompres- sible, two-dimensional flow field is y = 2p sin 30 For this flow field plot several streamlines for 0s 0=n/3, Tne eguation ter a streamline 1s found by sethig Y= constant De ey iabay Fens rian ne ee given si function = a Y= Zr? sin 36 it follows Tat the eguation of a streamline ts % re (tas) 2 sin3 6 where various eonstant values can be assigned to b fo obtein a family of streamlines. Tabulated results 4ank & plot ef qe data for Y=l, 5, andlo fe Given below where X= FeosO aud y=bsin®G. theta sin 3ttheta =r v yes y=10 x y x y x y 0.0175 0.0523 2.122 2.121 0.037 3.628) 0.063 4.870 0.080 0.0873 0.2588 1.245 «1.241 0.409 2.120 0.185 2673 0.234 0.1871 0.4540 1.033 1.020 0.162.743 «0.276 «= 2.197 0.348 0.2269 0.6283 0.926 = 0.902 0.208 «1.642 0.356 «= 1.944 0. 4dg 0.2967 0.7771 0.863 0.826 «0.282 1.411 «04311779 Oba 0.3665 0.8910 0.825 «0.770 0.298 «1.316 += 0.505 «1.659.637, 0.4363 0.9659 0.803 «0.728 0.339 1.244 «0.580 1.568 (0731 05061 0.9986 0.704 0.695 0.985 1.187 «0658 «1496 (0.829 0.5760 0.9877 0.797 0.668 «0.434 1.143 0.742 1.440 0.935 0.6458 0.9336 0.812 0649 0.489 1.109 08351307 1.083, 0.7186 0.8387 0.842 0635 0.852 1.086 = 0944 «1.368. 1.190 0.7854 0.7071 0.891 06300630 1.077 1.077 1.387 «1.357 0.8552 0.5446 0.972 0.638 = 0.734 = 1.090 1254 «1.374 1.580 0.9250 0.3584 «1.117 0672 0.892 1.149 1825 1.449190 0.9948 0.1564 1.473 0.802 1.238 «1.371 21411728 2.6616.25" (cont >ko 6.26 A two-dimensional flow field for a non- » viscous, incompressible fiuid is described by the velocity components u= Uy t2y v=0 where U, isa constant. If the pressure at the origin (Fig. P6.26) is py, determine an expression for the ao pressure at (a) point A, and (b) point B. Explain . clearly how you obtained your answer. Assume the units are consistent and body forces may be neglected. Check fo see (fF Flow is wrrotational. Since et ol aM 4 (¢ 53 ) (24.4.12) ana for the gwen velocity distribution, $220 ana $42, it fellows That Wy #0. Since Flow ts not sbrotatonal cannot apply the Bernoulli eguetion between any two point th the flow freld. (a) Since 20, The origin and point A ave on the Same streamline. Thus, 80,1) 6 FIGURE P6.26 ce ee ee oD a 24 Yr 24 AL the brigin \Vy=U, and at A Yy=U, so tat trom Eg.) (4) Pant B 1s net on same streamline as origin so Cann apply Bernoulli eguation between Bando. To find fy use the Y- Component of Eulers eg uations: aoe | ov ov ar 2 04, Shp [Se tage ery we Zt) ey esi) Since V=0 and Wy 7°) So Thad6.27 Ina certain two-dimensional flow feld th | constant with components u = —4 fi/s and v Determine the corresponding stream function and tential for this flow field. Sketch the equipotential line = 0 ‘which passes through the origin of the coordinate system. From the detinitien of the stream function : s/-9P E45. b. us og ve -3f Legs. 6.31) se that tor The velocity components grien oe 4 ag av. oe Beez Lrtequte Eg.0) with respeck te 4 +0 obtain fig = f-4dy 4 £oy Ys-494+ 48h) a) Similarly, integrate Egl2) with respech x te oblah fap = [eae + £Q) ye 2x4 AG) (4) Thus, to satisty bith &ys.(3) and y) Ys 2x ~44 +e where Cts an arbitrary constant . From the delinthen of The velocity pebenta] or = 2¢ = o¢ so That 7 Aes snephents iin ae ae =-4 os) # a. &) Li cont) 5e fon aa) | rtsts=s=—C Lntegqrate E9.(5) w'th respect to x te obtein fad= fn ten + 4) f= -4¥x + LY) a Dntegrate 24. b) win respect t ¥ 4 obtein [4 = frdg + haw or °r ds -2yt KW 2 Thus, +e satist, boty &35,(7) ana (8) f= —Hx-2zy tC 9) there Cis an arbitrary eonstand. Siice the se gupotenta] ue, deo, posses Through the ong Cxly se), tren Cao ty yO) 50 tat the equatein of The pro egal potentval line Is 2yg=-4K | y=-2Kx A sketch of this Iie 13 shown in The ture. 6-3)6.28 6.28 The stream function for a given two-dimensional flow field is W = Sx’y — (5/3)y* Determine the corresponding velocity potential hr 7) us 35 ee 5y Dntegrate wrth respect to x to obtarn [ad = f (50592) dx - d= £x7- sxge £G) cz) Similarly, - of. ab LL CD Vv at af. 10xg aqua S4 = ~ floes dy . ¢= ~ 5x94 EK) C4) To Satisty botr Egs, (ean ly) d=(£)x7- sx +C a where Cis an arbitrary Constant.27 6.24 Determine the stream function corre- sponding to the velocity potential gax- dy Sketch the streamline y = 0, which passes through the origin. Lnteyrate wits vespeck fo y to obhin fay + [32-352 dy ge Ky 2) + hn a or Similarly , pea. 26 : ax a9 and integratiig with respect b x yields JSd¢ = foxy aK ye 3x7y¥ + £Y) a To sabisty both 9s. 1) and (2) = where C is an arbitrary Constent , Since the streamline =o passes Through The eign (X=0,y20) /t follows That C20 and Y= 3x74 -y? 03) The eguation of the streamline Passing through the origi is found by setting =o wi £313) +0 yield = bey or $= 4 fro 4 (3xry*)=0 whih is satished fr Y=0 and @ = tV3~x A sketch of The b=o steamines are shewn sn the Figure.6.36 6.30 A certain flow field is described by the stream func- tion W=AO+Brsind where A and B are positive constants, Determine the corre- sponding velocity poteutial and locate any stagnation points in this flow field. S 4+ Be0s6 a Lite grate witn respect to + & obtaly [= [C4 + 8 es0) ar . ¢=Alny + Brose +4le) @ Sia'larly , Yp=- Ses $3f = -B sind “3) aua Aé =- [brine de er gs Brose +h) “) To satisty both Egs. (2) analy) ¢ Alnr + Breese +c where C /s an arbitrary Constant. Stagnation peirts occur where Vy $20 ana Yyso. Fem F3.(3) Vgz0 at ©=0 ane O=T7. From £4.01) wit B=0 Ge Arb ola ° so That U.20 fr) Ferg . However, since A anaB are beth positive constants This vesult indicates & Negative Value fr F Which 1s not defined, At @=77 24 at Vir +B csr =£-8 so Mat Vps0 fr F=4. Thus, a Stagnatrey port occurs at O=17 ana p28 —— 6-34G31 6.31 Itis known that the velocity distribution for two-dimensional flow of a viscous fluid be- tween wide parallel plates (Fig. P6.31) is para- bolic; that is = y u-U, [ () | with v = 0. Determine, if possible; the corre- sponding stream function and velocity potential. FIGURE P6.3! Ts determine the stream tanchon let an gts u [i- ey] and iiteqrate with vespecl to y to obtary 7 : fuleeple de F ala + hex ee © 13 not a bunctiey of x 50 tat uy ih -£] +6 where C ee To determne the velocity potential let us 3 =o [1-7] and inteqrate with respect te x to obtain fad > [% [i ey ax ae * Since i - g= u% [x ~ hi J+ £09) Howeve r, 4 AAD D ag = |-2Rry z ex A ag and this relationship cannot be satished for a// values of % and gy. Thus, There 1s nota velocity potentie! that describes This tle) (the flow 1s nt irrotebona/) .6.32 6.32 The velocity potential for a certain inviscid flow field is = -Gry-y) where ¢ has the units of f2/s when x and y are in feet. Deter- imine the pressure difference (in psi) between the points (1, 2) and (4, 4), where the coordinates are in feet, if the fluid is water and elevation changes are negligible. Since the Fw Fld 1 described by a velocrty potential te How 4s Irrotatiwhal and the Bernoulli @fuation can be apphéd between any two pots. Thus, a. Lc Oza eG 2g oe us bs bey ws 8b. -axteay? At xulft, 9=2%t 4a, = —bG)lz) = Tf, ay 30% 36)"= 9 So tak = a2 D2 = Ca £)°+(1#)*- 225(4) At x24, y>4 #4 az= ~b044) = —90 Yes -3(4)*+ 3)7= Jo Th — F 4 Mets (-% #) Thus, from ©4.0) Aone Ele w] = t (248s) fi 2 . fee [(- 1) ns (e)'] = 370 #, (9708 RICE): 60.5 psi 6-366.33 6.33 The velocity potential for a flow is given by 623 -¥) where a isa constant. Determine the coresponding steam function and sketch the flow pattern. ae _ ad. Ce yg tox a oo Th clelermne YP integrate witr respect to y tb obtun fey = faxdy er Ga axg + 8) an Ceili) ve 3¢ 238 = ay so That Sats fay ax or bs any 44D (2) Te satisty beth Eys. i) andCr) Y= axy +C Where C is an arbitrary Constant, lel C=0 Se That | (3) a . for @ gives a the streanline pattern 15 obttined by setting Y egual +e various Constants. for E=0 the xand y aves ave Streamlines ana for other values oF a the Streamlines are rectangular hyperbolas 4s shown in the sketch. 6-37(e354 634 The stream function for a two-dimensional, nonvis- cous, incompressible flow field is given by the expression w= 20-9) Where the stream function has the units of f/s with x and y in | fee. (a) I the continuity equation satisfied? (b) Is the flow field itrotational? If so, determine the corresponding velocity poten- tial. (€) Determine the pressure gradient in the horizontal x di- rection atthe point x = 2 f, y = 2 ft (4) Te satisty the continuity Cguation, g4,ere. Bea a for the stream function given, [36 o un dee a & vs -3¢.2 6 So Mat a4 avno ox a5 and the Centynurty eguation 13 satished. Yes. (Note: when @ flow field 1: defined by a stream funchon The continuity eguation 1 always identically satished,) (2) Since (ey bray and Bu on 547° gy xo it follows That Wz=0 and the Flow field 13 irrotational. Yes, Thus, og 2¢ -— 5x 2 — iG 22 and indegratin yyelds berg C Where C is an arbitrary constant , ce) With The a-axis herigentel, Jy=0, ancl 58 =p (ude +24) (£5. 6.514) A xe > £e #)] = and at forte, y226b 2B - [2 fe +2 #60)] Oo] 6-38 ~ e6.35" 6.35. The velocity potential for a flow is given by oe Us + (cost a ep Determine the stream function for this flow. 9 Jo determine Ib integrate with respet to 4 te obtain Se {[% + ¢ (sin Fx)(- 7) e = '|dy "ys Ly + e(sin are Cs ), Lo a Similarly , : ve —3f= - = 6 (cos fx)(-¥) & (45) ox ur dtsade YL +d (sin CBE se Mat _(@ fre Js ¢ (cos F«)(-2r)e BP) 5. ys ¢ (sn BFsle 4) + £4) @) To satisty both Egs, (1) and(2) Y=th 9+ ¢ (on Bye F4) 6-316.36 636 The velocity potential for a certain inviscid, incom- pressible flow field is given by the equation o = 2xy - OF where @ has the units of m?/s when x and y are in meters Determine the pressure at the point x = 2m, y = 2 m if the pressure at x = 1m, y = 1m is 200 kPa. Elevation changes can be neglected and the fluid is water. Since the flow is srrotatinal, ae z Aeurey® for the velocity potenhal given, with 2 of . = od Lay? ue 5p Fey co I 29 Ad pont 1 led helm and ystm 30 Thad us #(NG) = 42 Ye 2u)*- 24)" =0 2 an “ ee v,2= aye % and ge 2m 50 that At pomt 2 xX22m 4,2 #O)2) = Ib e us 2G)*-2@)*=0 and * Y= Ge BO) = 20S Thus, trom Eg 2 hs He x (y-¥.2) aw 2 2 . (9,¢0x0° =) (u%- asi) 3 _W 2 24S 200 x10 m 90-1 RPe(a) (6) 6.37 A steady, uniform, incompressible, inviscid, two-dimen- sional flow makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal x axis. (a) Determine the velocity potential and the steam function for this flow. (b) Determine an expression for the pressure gradient in the vertical y direction. What is the physical interpretation of this result? Frem kgs. 6.80 ana 6.8) $= UO (CK tosh +4 sind) (xg, 6.80) Gna pr &>30° f= O (x cos50' + y sinz0') = V(0.bbx + 0.5004) Siailarl9, =U (4 tsa -x sind) (Ey. 6.81) ana for X= 50° p= 0 (y 536% x sin 38) =~ U (0.8664 ~ 0.500%) Since u22$ ane T= a¢ ‘ aK 9 1£ follows Thet Uso.9bbU ana V= 0.5000 From the Euler eguation ri the vertical 4 divechon -~2Ps= oo, 4d 2 28, BE = p (H+ ub ore dz) gest) ann with Y= Constant qud J,=-3% OP ot ag 04 oP 2 yt ae This vesult indicates tnat the pressuve distribubdn & hydrostatic . This 13 not & Surprising vesult Sie Tae Bernoulli Cguatiin sdecates Tmt if There 18 no change in velocity The change 1h pressure is Simply due te The weight of Tueflud, LE, A hydrestahe Vanaton, or 6-416.38 6.38 The streamlines for an incompressible, inviscid, two-dimensional fiow field are all con- centric circles and the velocity varies directly with the distance from the common center of the streamlines; that is v9 = Kr where Kis a constant. (a) For this rotational flow determine, if possible, the stream function. (b) Can the pressure difference between the origin and any other point be determined from the Ber- noulli equation? Explain, (a) we - ab aky “ or Lntegrate £4.11) with vespecd te + to obtain [ee = ~ fer ar or “| Ze- + fe) Since i) YP 6 Jé follows That (p is not a fanchion of 8 and therehre y= Fre where C is an arbitrary Constant. (5) The flow 1s rotational and therefore the Bernoullé eguetion Cannot be applred between the origin and any point, since These points are not on the Same streamline. No (Refer to discussion @ssociated with derivation of EG. 6.57.)6.3T 6.31 The velocity potential y $ = —k(x? - y*)(k = constant) may be used to represent the flow against an in- finite plane boundary as illustrated in Fig. P6.39. For flaw in the vicinity of a stagnation paint itis frequently assumed that the pressure gradient along the surface is of the form and along the surface (y=e) v=o So that or. au gx * PY 5g From £9.U) wK>-2kx and Therefore Cn. ax and Eg.(3) becomes Sb so (zhu) (-24) = 4b oP lL Ax Where A= , CS Ba ax Cla : “ FIGURE P6.24 where A is a constant. Use the given velocity potential to show that this is true. For the velocity potential given = $2 _2hy @) ae Ox. ve - =~ 2hy (2) and the stagnahby pot occurs at the engin. for ths steady, two- dumenson! Flow —2t . au oe Bx plusirr#) (£4. esta) <3)6.40. 640 Water is flowing between wedge shaped walls into a small opening as shown in Fig. P6.40. ‘The velocity potential with units m*/s for this flow is @ = —2 In with r in meters. Determine the pressure differential between points A and B. 05m-+—t.0»—| FIGURE P6.40 t, Va" Ys Van 4, Va. te POR Te 2 Along the horiyontal surface , G0, and a¢ 2 LU to OOF F so thet : ve Bere hus, a m fen ggi 4? and from Eg.) Z [nv] = fou an $f a ] 20431) sy ot 2) * ahlop he 6-4464S 6.41 — Anideal fluid flows between the inclined walls of a two-dimensional channel into a sink located at the origin (Fig. P6.41). The velocity potential for this flow field is a o= 7,0 where m is a constant. (a) Determine the cor- Tesponding stream function. Note that the value of the stream function along the wall OA is zero. (b) Determine the equation of the streamline passing through the point B, located at x = 1, FIGURE P6.4{ ye, (a) of OY 2 38 | am : Ver FE 36° Fp Ber . Liteqrate By.) with respect to 6 4 obtain fay = V2 dé or = me y me + F, (+) Since 4, 1%. 02) Ye" “jp 7 F 36 4% us not a Functon of F 50 &%.12) becomes - me ge Be re Where C & a tonstant. Also, 20 fer o> F t So Tha c=-2 and “ CS) At B tnd» + 50 tut O21 33 rad. From Eg (3) the value of % passing Trough tis port 15 yem (#2 -4)+ 0. 0¥50m and ‘Therefore the eguation of The streamline passing Trough B . 0. 0450m= am (E- Z a = 133 rad (wk: Lt can be seen trom £4. (3) that the streamlines are a/f straight lines passing Through the evigin. ) ones @e eO42 6.42 — Itissuggested that the velocity potential for the flow of an incompressible, nonviscous, two-dimensional flow along the wall shown in Fig. P6.42 is $ — r# 008 10 Is this a suitable velocity potential for flow along the wall? Explain Lf this is a suitable $ the corresponding YP must have a constant Value along the wall (since the wall must correspond to a strenmline). sh 9b. bs %,%, 6 + ’ SF rmr—~—O—CSCSS Dantegrake bg 0) wity respect to to obtoiy fiv= [fr %c0s $0 er b= +4 sin to + £0) (2 Similarly, Bie ae eee O° 7° tse FE Sag feos [fr hsinfe a or : ye fF 3 sin to +£) cy To satisty both Egs.tz)and (3) $= FB sntoa +l where C is an arbityary constant. Along one section of the wall, O=0, and =C. Along the ofher secton e- ar and p=C, Thus, lb has « Constant value aleng the wall and the given velocity potenhal can be used +o represent fu) along the wal}. Yes.G43 6.43 _ As illustrated in Fig. P6.43 a tornado can be approx- imated by a free vortex of strength I’ for r > Re, where Re is the radius of the core. Velocity measurements at points A and B indicate that V, = 125 ft/s and Vp = 60 ft/s. Determine the distance from point A to the center of the tomado. Why can the free vortex model not be used to approximate the tomado throughout the flow field (r = 0)? m FIGURE P6.43 For a tree vertex w+ £ (9, 6.86) Thus, at 4, %r 5 so that K=125% ann ot Ig) Me SO 50 toad Ko boty. There fore , /25 B60 Gna since k,-h%=loof it follows thet ®% 25%, = b0(100+%) or A= 23 Ft The tree vorter cannot be used 40 approtinsle a tornete throughout the How eld sme at r=0 the Velocity becomes 1afinjle. oa 2%GH 6.44 The motion of a liquid in an open tank is that of a combined vortex consisting of a forced vortex for 0 = r = 2 ft and a free vortex for r > 2ft. The velocity profile and the corresponding shape ofthe free surface are shown in Fig. P6.44. The free surface at the esuier of the tank is a depth f below the free surface at = oo. Determine the value of h. Note that h = hud + Bsn, WheTe hie ad hee ae the corresponding depths for the forced vortex and the free vortex, respectively. (See Section 2.12.2 for further discussion regarding the forced vortex.) M FIGURE P6.4g For forced vortex Zs @y*Le (&3, 2.32) ae aad with = at rz0 st flows That C70. Aly, Vg=r0Q and since Vy=i0 Pls ot re2he rad w= be ests 2 Th = 2te AUS, oe (5 rd) A? ay “2a ~ “2 (32288) For Free vortex (see Example bt) pe 2° srr? g Where [T=2rrVe jo thak 2 2 : — (Grr%) yr (2) (of) Loote T° ertreg OU* (2%) (32.22 ) Thus, . : = /s6fk + 1.55 = F510 FE he Dea, 6-48fe 6.45 When water discharges from a tank through an cpenng nts onan scone pay ean, Crh an face profile as shown in Fig, P6.4S and Video V6.2. Assume for a free vortex. At the same time the water is being dis- ee rere though Ais nceal te sem ee ee mum strength that the vortex can have in order that no air colin: Anu hate nd meet i distance from the opening at A remains constant and viscous effects are negligible. | | | ao m FIGURE P6.45° From Example 6.6, ee %, a org Air will be sucked into pipe when Z,t-/¢E he baz fs, Thus, 2 ~ b'r*g 2,2 ~ Br? (eft) (52,2 #5) 1 #8) or C47646 6.46 The streamlines in a particular two-di- ‘mensional flow field are all concentric circles, as shown in Fig. P64. The velocity is given by the ‘equation v, = cor where w is the angular velocity Of the rotating mass of fluid. Determine the cir~ culation around the path ABCD. aS FIGURE P6.46 pr: bv : Beco "fb e0 [ae [ast + [mer “ Aa Be co ‘2A Since Geo and Ves or, Fy. 1) becomes 62 a, [= fubtde +e + [oaras +0 = 0b? (6,-6,) + Wa* (6,-6,) or [= & (8-0, )(4>-2*) = wd (4%a*) oso6.¥1 6.7 Water flows over a flat surface at 4 ft/s as shown in 4s % Fig. P6.47, A pump draws off water through a narrow slit ata. > volume rate of 0.1 f'/s per foot length of the slit. Assume that the fluid is incompressible and inviscid and can be represented = ==) ————+ 9 ~ by the combination of a uniform flow and a sink, Locate the stagnation point on the wall (point A) and determine the equa tion for the stagnation streamline. How far above the surface, a5. Hi, must the fluid be so that it does not get sucked into the slit? au (per fot fan of it @ FIGURE P6.47 © Famform + Ui, = Ursna- Be 2 “low i a : ge = - me y= is V cos rt a and oy Ye x sin B Along the wall Ygs0, and the stagnation pot occurs where Vi=0, 30 Met from £3, (2 s “) ~ a o: TV eso’) irk, and therefore am S800) For U2 48 ann mz 0.2 (note thd « source strengite of 0.2 8° must be used 2 obtatn 0.1 £2° through slit With a only one half of « “fall " Sk). Thus, Re 02/8 amr C4 a) = 0.00796 £4 and the Stagnatios point is on the wall 0, 007% ¢é to the right of sit. (eee |a (cont) The value of % at the stagnation point (+= 0.00196 Ht o> o) (8 qere (@3.1) 60 That the eguation of the nee streamline is =T ji~ 2 s Ursin Ze . 2p Zeb Since Y= 151n@ the eguatios of The shagnabon stremmline can be writen as sing = Plaid above the stagnation streamline will not be sucked into SNL, The maximum distance, H, for the stagnahon streamlne cccurs as O-7 1 50 Tet 0.2 46 = ave tinniee = 0. H= oa a0FE) 0.0250 ft 3 (Nobe : AI! the Haid below the steqnaben steamhie must poss Through The sht. Thus, from conservation of mass HU = Flow sito slit er fee O18 2 0 025048 Te Which Checks with the answer atove, ) oszGHP 6.48 Two sources, one of strength m and the other with strength 3m, are located on the x axis as shown in Fig, P6.48, Determine the location of the stagnation point in the flow produced by these sources, NH FIGURE Poe Since the Flow from each source is ta the radal direction, (+ 15 only aleag The x-axis that the two Fada! Comporentts can cancel and Create a Stagnation Punk i, + Bm For source (/) ™ + Bir ann for source (2) = Bm n ark, The stagnahin paak occurs where Y, 2%, Se Thet am 3m wishes 20 stag Qnk ‘astag = 3 ; Kistag Also, : . [ Yi stag + “estas = zhr5h = 5h 30 That 7 Nh shag t stag => "shag = Zh Thus, hag =O (2g-E2)= = 0. 75h 6-53O4F 6.49 The velocity potential for a spiral vortex flow is given by 6 = (I/2m) 0 ~ (m/2n) In r. where I’ and mare constants. Show that the angle. ‘a, between the velocity vector and the radial di- rection is constant throughout the flow field (see Fig. P6.4f). FIGURE P6.49 For the velocity potential given, - 2. _ am | Ces. %* Op — ae %* F a6 * aa Since V-é = IV os of and = 3 3 Vi 44 *B% then Vy. lé. Vv & XY; Cos x= —~—- 5 e IVI B+ eB Thus, for a given [ and am the angle is a Constant. Sa6.50 6.50 Fora free vortex (see Video V6.2) determine an ex- pression for the pressure gradient (a) along a streamline, and (b) normal to a streamline. Assume the streamline is in a hor- zontal plane, and express your answer in terms of the circu- ation, For a free vortex yr-L Inr (E9. 6.91) 27 So that LBs 2-2di= UEP FE eT "6 3) = ame Since tne tree verter represents an itrotatwnl flow Field, Te Bernoulli efuetion f+ Ltt = Gonstant a) 15 valid between ang two points . (a) Along @ streamline (= Constant), Vp 13 Constant and Vi=0 50 That trom Fg. Ci) with 2 Goastant the pressure th Constant, Le, oP 36 =? (b) Norma) +o the streamhae with V,20 and #= Constyut # + ae a Z = constant a aa So That (ag?) =-2| 2% 2% SP en aie |= oem oe a rYon --p AY-#.) 2 nm? 4m? FRGSI 6.51 Potential flow against a flat plate (Fig. 6.51.4) can be described with the stream function v= Ay where A is a constant. This type of flow is com- monly called a “stagnation point” flow since it can be used to describe the flow in the vicinity of y @ FIGURE P65} X20, y=h (o> FE, r=h). Fr the guien stream tunckiony 1 oY. am Yap GE: Ar wsze. a) and a ies e ar The pont, 62 EF, r=h, will be a stagnation posit YE=O sine Ypro at tus point. Thus, trom F3.0) - at O= AA CesT + e or om Ah= are Gnd Therehre fl 2rA o-56 pr Any + Mer Arrsnz6+ For the bump the stagnation point will occar the stagnation point at O. By adding a source of strength, m, at O, stagnation point flow against a flat plate with a “bump” is obtained as illus- trated in Fig. P6.51 b. Determine the relationship between the bump height, A, the constant, A; and the source stremzth, m, Source ®) a an? at6.52 6.52 The combination of a uniform flow and a source can be used to describe flow around a streamlined body called a half-body. (See Video V6.3.) Assume that a certain bbody has the shape of a half-body with a thickness of 0.5 m. If this body is placed in an air stream moving at 15 mis, what source strength is required to simulate flow around the. body? The width of halt-body = 2b (See Fig, 6.24) So That be (6.5m) ar rom Eg. 6.99 = 2 b= zany where tm is the source strength, aud Thevehre 5 m = 27Ub= 20 (15 S)( a - am? = 750 36.53 (a) 6.53 A vehicle windshield isto be shaped as a portion of a halt- body with the dimensions shown in Fig. P6.53. (a) Make a scale drawing of the windshield shape. (b) For a free stream velocity of $5 mph, determine the velocity of the air at points A and B. y Windshis v 1s te U=55 mph / = ¢ x a ZO BFIGURE P6s3 From tre tegure bt+rese = Z28t a) Vsin@ = 1.544 C2) ana br a half-bady = (1-9) | sino (3. 6.100) The above egu ations Can be Combined to give / I —— + Ww-6b = fan @nd a tral and trrv solution for O Gives B= 0.837 vad (4¢)¢) So That gu Msine | _behe = 0.651 LE Tr~O TT - 0,834 rad Thus, | etsi te (1-2) sine Equation (9) fives the profile of the Windshield anu With X=r00S6 and y= 3108 Tne Xand y coordinates can be obtained. Tabulated data and a plot of The data follows. C eent) 6-58C.53 (4) (Gort) Theta, raa 3142 3.042 2.942 2.842 2.742 2.642 2.542 2.442 2.342 2.282 2.142 2082 © 0 1942 0.838 -0.304 0781 1842 0878 = 0.235 0.846 1.742 0.925 0.187 0.911 1.642 0.979 0.069 0.977 1542 1.042 0.030 1.042 1442 1.116 (0.144 1.107 1.342 1.203 (0.273 1.172 1242 © 1307 0.423 1.237 4.142 1.432 (0.596 1.302 1.042 1.584 0.800 1.367 0.942 1.771 1.042 1.432 0.839 ©2015 1.346 1.499 xf ys Vif tose + be) G@. 6.101) Rint A 13 @ stagnation Point So Tht Ia =0. AL the top of the windshield (point B) b= 0.839 rad ank b= 20) Ft 50 thet 2 451 £8 0,451 #8 yrs (55 mph)*(1 4 2 CASI EE os (0, 889 rad) + ssi J v= 622 mph 6-59is 6.54 One end of a pond has a shoreline that resembles a half-body as shown in Fig. P6.54. A vertical porous pipe is lo- cated near the end of the pond so that water can be pumped Pioe 4 ‘out. When water is pumped at the rate of 0.08 m°/s through a tag ‘Sem-long pipe, what will be the velocity at point A? Hint: Con- sider the flow inside a half-body. (See Viden V6.3.) 2s m— m FIGURE P6.54 for a half-body, Y= esind + om one (©3. 6.977) So and u O Thus, o£ poit A, O20, Yzo > a Gaye ur 2 for « Flowrate of 006%? jy ag Bom long pipe, the Source strength 13 206 wm Since 3 s mm o* ru then with $= Sm (026 From EG. (1) “+ 637 x0 -+ = Bx a 5Cae 6.55" For the half-body described in Section 6.6.1 show on a plot how the magnitude of the velocity on the surface, V,, varies as a function of the distance, s (measured along the surface), from the stagnation point. Use the dimensionless variables V,/U and s/b where U and b are defined in Fig. 6.24. On the surface of the half-body $(7r-@) sin ds = | (dx)*+(dy)* with x=hCes8 and Y= b sine. Lt follows that dx= + (-sinb)dé + cose dr dg= rltese)do + se dr and Therefore ds =| P@e)* +(ar)* ds= |) r+ (2£)* ae Let s*= Sfp gna K*=+/6 50 that ee 2 JD ast VP FE (£4. 6.100) and ov “” From E4. b.Joo dt*. Sine + (1-6) cas8 @) ab Sin? Thus, the are Length st is gwen by sf [ (r*+ (GB) 46 (3) 7 of bs Coon d 6-616.55" (cont ) The velocity, , on The surface of The halt-bedy can be obtained from £9, b./o/ written 1 The form & 4 Ve 2 ose ee Ve [1+ 2s : fee Thus, for a gwen 8, F* can be cbtemed tom Ey. bleo, S* from 23.13), and V* from £9 ly), Equation (3) Can be vitegrated using the trapepoida| Yale, ¢.8, Deh FG Gen, Wey 8) Where Yo VOT aay oe Law ©. Tabylabed dela are gwen below and a plot of the data is given on Me next Page. Theta, deg Arclength,s/> Velocity, VU 10 ou) 0.000, 170 0.175 0.174 160 0.353 0.344 150, 0.535 0.508 140 0.725 0.661 130 oer 0.801 120 1.144 0.926 110, 1,381 1.032 100 1646 4119 90 1.949 1185 80 2.306 12st 70 2.737 1.255 60 3.281 1.259 50 4.008 1.244 40 5.054 1213 30 6.749 1.169 20 10.142 1116 10 21.549 an ‘Calculated (Calculated rom Ea.(3) rom Ea (4) 1 (Cont ) cH 6-b26.55 * wu Dimensionless velocity, (cont) 40 Dimensionless erc-iengtn, s/o 20 25 é 636.56 Two free vortices of equal strength, but opposite direction of rotation, are superimposed with @ uniform flow as shown in Fig. P6.56. The stream functions tor these two vorticies are w= ~[41{27)] inr. (a) Develop an equation for the x-com- ponent of velocity at point P(x,y) in terms of Cartesian coor- dinates x and y. (b) Compute the x-component of velocity at point A and show that it depends on the ratio T/H. MN FIGURE P656 (0) By vertex 011, 92 E One, : Pl) eu, i er as shown. 2 \ ve, uy= Vp, 38 a -H where sinO= fhntay ef K and Yy, Ke [ty-m+ x+] so that Var) y-a) 4 For vortex (2), Y= fate Vex ant 4. 0 fie Jee n° apr, 45 shown: Ug= — Vp, sind Where Sind= 1th [G++ x4] Gna tee(fgryts «| So that : -(E “ttt a= “(sick Corner x? (cont) Gt46.56 Ceont > Thus, Combining The twe vortices with the uniform flow gives the X- Component of Velocity Mak, +4,+U a cH _ tH HV Gwe xt au ) (b) AL point A Where x=450,Eg. C1) pives ie ue Un rH 6-656.57 A Rankine oval is formed by combining a source-sink pair, each having a strength of 36 ft?/s, and separated by a distance of 12 ft along the x axis, with a uniform velocity of 10 ft/s (in the positive x direction). Determine the length and thickness of the oval. 4 4 : eva . ‘} (£3, 6107) 4 [hy tan [te 4] (84, 6 fon) z a mua _ w (0 )(ef) 36 Thus, lenghh = 22 anq from £3, 6.Jo7 4, length = 2 ce) tye] = 13,1 ft The thickness, 24, can be determined trom £3, 6.104 by trial and error. Assume value for Ale and Compare with right hand side of Eg. 6.109. (See table below. ) = 524 4) 2 [4)*-1) tan [2 Go) 0.250 0.26% 0.25) 0.262 eo a 0.253 0.250 <— use Thus, 4 % 0.253 and thickness = 24 = 2(é#)(0.253) = 3 04 ft659 * 6.58" Make use of Eqs. 6.107 and 6.109 to construct a table showing how t/a, A/a, and t/h for Rankine ovals depend on the parameter w/a! ‘m. Plot t/h versus xUa/m and describe how this plot could be used to obtain the required values of m and a for a Rankine oval having a specific value of Land ft when placed in a uniform fluid stream of velocity, U. For a Rankine oval L. fm ,/]* 4°-/9r | (£9, 6.107) 2 4. IAS) bonfa(Z)h] tay. won where The length of the bedy ts 2L and the width 1s 2h For a given value of wUalin, ©y. 6.107 Can be wolved for Lfa, and Ey. 6.109 can be solved (using an iterator procedure) for A/a. The ratio AIK can then be determined. Tabulated data are given below. slam tla ha uh 10 1.049 0.143 7.342 5 1.095 0.263 4.169 1 1414 0,860 1.644 05 1732 1.306 1.326 ot 3317 3111 1.066 0.05 = 4.583 4.435 1.033, 0.01 © 10.050 9.983 1.007 A plot of the data is shown on The next page.6.58 * Ceon td xUalm For « Rankine oval with Land h specified the following steps Could be followed to dettrmineé mm and a: (1) For a given L/h cebermne the reguned vale of 1De/m from The graph. (2) Using this value of 7Velm caleulabe 4a from bg. b107, (3) Th the Value of Se determmed, and £ opecited, debtrmnne the the of &. L$) With wDalm and a determined, the value of U/m Js Anown, and for a given Vo the value of om is fixed. 6-636.59 6.57 An ideal fluid flows around a fixed cyl- Inder as shown in Fig. P6.53. Note that the uni- form velocity is in the negative x direction. Show that the pressure gradient, 3p/3s, is proportional 10 5 near the stagnation point. The coordinate s is measured along the cylinder surface as shown. ttt ttt ts On the surface of the cylinder 2 BeBe Pl (Wote! Because of The symmetry of The Plow Eq. bilt ts Valid for uniform Flow th either the positiie or negative x-direction.) 4 sin?O) Gey. 6.6) Since s=a@O, 2g. 2828. 19k $3 = 36 9S & 36 Thus, : Sh = f pU*(—8 sind cose) se That ne ot. = yet ane cosé 7 Near the stagnation point (6-0), sih6 28 and cs8%1.0, and &g.l1) Can be expressed as oh x —~ eV" Oe =~ 4au* as a ae Thus, 6-696.60 6.60 An ideal fluid flows past an infinitely long semicircular “hump” located along a plane c boundary as shown in Fig. P6.60. Far from the oe hump the velocity field is uniform, and the pres- sure is fp. (a) Determine expressions for the max- . = imum and minimum values of the pressure along or the hump, and indicate where these points are located, Express your answer in terms of p, U, and py. (b) Ifthe solid surface is the y = Ostream- line, determine the equation of the streamline FIGURE P6.60 passing through the point @ = x/2,r = 2a. (4) On the surface of the hump, R= pe ZAU (1 sine) leg. be) The maximum pressure eccurs where sin O20, 0r at O2g Te and at These points Blmax) + f+ peu The minimum pressure cecurs where sin and at THs point 2 $lmn)= B-Z pV" (ot on F (b) For uniform flow im the negate x-direction , -) pe- ur (1~ a) sae (veter te discussion associated with the deviuaben of EG. 612). At 02%) pa22 2 : pe caay [1~ iy) oF 2-20 and Thus The eguation of The Streamline passing Through This point is : . 4 -2aus-Ur(l- 2 sme er Zr a* sa (-& sn 6= |Gol 6.61 Water flows around a 6-ft diameter bridge pier with a leanne, velocity of 12 fis. Estimate the force (per unit length) that the ae water exerts on the pier. Assume thatthe flow can be approxi- ye yo yy ~~ ‘mated as an ideal uid flow around the front half of the eyline | der, but due to flow separation (see Video V6.4), the average pressure on the rear half is constant and approximately equal to ¥/ the pressure at point A (see Fig. P61). m FIGURE P6.61 From Fig, 6-29 t£ follows That the drag on a section Chetween O=0 ana O=ad) of 4 Cireular cylinder 3 Tee Te ef uactiy Drag = . ne-fa C0s@ ado Fer The force on Tue treat hhelf of the eglinder (per unit login) fae fi esp ade 2) ana dae to symmetry aloo Fron ©%. bib Be Ar apo” (- # sin?) (3 be) andk since we are only interested ti The force due b The flowing Hud we will ket ~=0, Thus, trom 4g.) Roe- [p07 0-4 sie) ce ap a 5 r ee | [ensue = ane]! “I hay he . I and ee SinB tose = SH sii |" “3 %, % (cont ) 6-716.6l (cont) He follows trom €9.02) That | pV" Af GBS Note thet the negate sia tndisbes tut The waber is actually “pulling” on te cylinaer (tmnt helt) ii The upstrom divechoa However, when The effect of The rear half of the cylinder & taken | inks account (jie real Fluid) There will be 4 net drag iin the divecton of flow. The pressure ab te top of the cylinder (pont A) 13 Given by Lae da Cy baie b= B+ ap 1— 4 sin) Eq. 6 18) aud with 02h the -2pU* Since p,=2 Fat Spo bite That The negative pressure will qe a posite F, &e- & x Projected avea =- 44x aati) Se thek * h aod fr Eppa « Ee Thus, oR By th = én, 3pve 3 Zz = Zpwa With the data given, =F (199 Wh in 8)" GA) = 90G62 * "6.62 Consider the steady potential flow around the cir- cular cylinder shown in Fig. 6,26, Show on a plot the vari- ation of the magnitude of the dimensionless fluid velocity, VIU, along the positive y axis. At what distance, y/a (along. the y axis), is the velocity within 1% of the free-stream velocity? ; . FIGURE 6.26 Along the y-axis Vz=0 so thet the magnitede. of the velocity Vv, ts egual to /%[. Since _ uit #) sind (5.6.05) it follows that along the positwe g-ais (@=E, +29) Vz bpl= U (1+ %) er 2 / we lee It THe (1) Tabulated data. and a plot of the dats are given beloa Lt can be seen from these results That tor o> Ze to the velocity V's with 1% of the tree-stream velocity U 2.000 ya IU 400 2.000 coals | ea) 200 1.250 1.800 3004111 4.700 = = a +400 1.083 | | i SS Eee 5.00 1.040, eat 1 | 600 1.028, Se sae) : 700 1.020 4.400 800 1.016 1.300 900 1012 10.00 1.010 | 4.400 4.000 [Calculated | 1,00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 {from Eq. (1) yla 6-726.63 6.63 The velocity potential for a cylinder (Fig, 6.63) rotating in a uniform stream of fluid is o=Ur(1+4) coso+ Zo where I’ is the circulation. For what value of the circulation will the stagnation point be located at: (a) point A, (b) point B? n (4a) ay Stag _ At pomt A, Bag and +t tb) AE porit B, ag Fane Pe ¥rUa sin & ar u, FIGURE P6.63 (ég. 6122) fllows that P=. trom Bg, bie 4nUa6.64 A fixed circular cylinder of infinite length is placed in a steady, uniform stream of an in- compressible, nonviscous fluid. Assume that the flow is irrotational. Prove that the drag on the cylinder is zero. Neglect body forces. 20 Drag = Raf teao «de 0 ae hs 4eU'(1- 4sire) Thus, i Drag > - ap [ core de + Spur 0 ar — tap [wits eos6 db Since, a aw [ esese = cine] oo p ° aua oy oa [ si wso do = sinte | =o I le Follows that Dray =0 (Eg, 6.07) (23, 6b)6.65 Repeat Problem 6.64 for a rotating cyl- inder for which the stream function and velocity potential are given by Eqs. 6.119 and 6.120, re- spectively. Verify that the lift is not zero and can be expressed by Fiq. 6.124. 27 Drag = Fy = [2 ces6 ade (B53. 6.117) ° 2 tb, 2lisind r* he eer (1-4 mee TO aa ) (ey, 423) Thus, = . 4 ov" [ose do - 4 [sitomsede Drag = - ap [osoee «orl | | : aT : ar a + 22 feasosue do - xe oe TAU Jy tev |, Since , ww [ s@ dB = Sin o] =0 ° ° ar ana [ sin*6 cosed6 = ° : ar = { cose sind dB = 0 it follows tut 6-TloCOS (Cond ) ar Lift = Fy + -[2 sin@ add (£9, 6.09) 0 With fp, piven by Eg. 6123 Wt follows Tat . aw our e 3 Lift: - og [ aioe + Sy [[o*ew - + [ sitoas 2 a0 pn 20 | sivede - — _ [se de * Tra Jy med" J, a sine dé = ~ cose ao [- ar and : le sive dds ~ 28° (sin ox) =O av Teds « (= 888) =x rt follows That Lift = - $pv'(25 )m) Thus, Lift (Which is Eg. 6.124), C- 17o.Ge 6.66 A source of strength m is located a dis- v ee ee a eee 1 1 P6.b6. The velocity potential for this incompres- ae sible, irrotational flow is given by = ane - oF +4 = | tule - +) + Inf + 0? + yt} = (a) Show that there is no flow through the wall. Suey (b) Determine the velocity distribution along the wall. (@) Determine the pressure distribution along the wall, assuming p = py far from the source. Neglect the effect of the fluid weight on fort the pressure. FIGURE P6.66 ad (a) aes Since, 2 €x-2) Pde yg] = 2S (x-2)7 49> and 2 (xr) 29 > 2 xt = eed) yr] = 2 At ae Po [Geet 3°] Grape ré hollows That 5 f |. Zbx-£) | eitee) | Ox) +y* Orth) *+y* Arlong the wall, x=0, 30 thet TCC 26 A te Berge Bry Thus, there is no flow through the wall. () The velocity along wall, Y= since u=0. Also ag a and with The given velocity potentsa/ am 2y 24 ve + ~1_ ar (waaay (eee g | 4 (con't ) 6-73e 6.66 (ton ) Along the wall, x=0, and trom &y (1) sn 24 29 Men = UF Fp [Ane eS] = ™ 4 ) Vor 8 (pene 62) (€) Far trom the source, Pep and V%O. Thus, tee te. Mi eo x 24 Where fp is the pressure at the wel], so that t 2 he e + =P Yo With Vp given by Ez, 2 am f_ ) R= a oo frey* 6-796.67 6.67 A long porous pipe runs parallel to a horizontal plane surface as shown in Fig. P67. ‘The longitudinal axis of the pipe is perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Water flows radially from the pipe at a rate of 0.5 x ft/s per foot of pipe. Determine the difference in pressure (in Ib/ ft?) between point B and point A. The flow from the pipe may be approximated by a two-dimen- i bs | sional source. Hint: To develop the stream func- tion or velocity potential for this type of flow, + &% FIGURE P6.67 place (symmetrically) another equal source on the other side of the wall. With this combination Mi Image there is no flow across the x-axis, and this axis source can be replaced with a solid boundary. This tech- nique is called the method of images. For a source , d= Zi knr = we hn v® Where + is measured From the source. With the Coordinate system shown in figure bes x*# Cy-3)> (for upper source) ao prs x2 + (943)* (Lor lower source ) so that for The Combined sources 4 $e fbn [x (y-3)*] + fax Gea] Srey 4a* ox and Bh [ate Gab] = ae 2 [orto]: it hilo that im oe ] BI | xe (gD* xR (yea)? = (y43)* Along the wall, g=0, Y=0 and therefore - a $x > foe LL Ccont ) 6-806.67 (ont ) At pent A, x24ft, end wilh m= 0st SE, _ 0.5m 4 (4fe) 2 ft wa — _—, oe ar (eres rer] 7? 5 At pont B, X=0, and Ving =© Thus, from The Bernoulli eguation to, Veg = Fay Mua Y 24 x 74 or 2 BA = tF Vos = (62.4 #) (4 fe) ——= ls. = 0.00620 psf wy, \25 5 eee 2 G22 SeG68 6.68 At acertain point at the beach, the coast line makes a sight angle bend as shown in Fig. 6.68a. The flow of salt wa ter in this bend can be approximated by the potential flow of, ‘an incompressible fluid in a right angle comer. (a) Show that the stream function for this flow is y/ = Ar? sin 28, where A is ‘a positive constant. (b) A fresh water reservoir is located in the ‘corner. The salt water is to be kept away ftom the reservoir to avoid any possible seepage of salt water into the fresh water Fig. 6.688). The fresh water source can be approximated as a line source having a strength m, where m is the volume rate of flow (per unit length) emanating from the source. Determine m if the salt water is not to get closer than a distance L to the cor- ner. Hint: Find the value of m (in terms of A and L) so that a stagnation point occurs at y = L. (¢) The streamline passing through the stagnation point would represent the line dividing the fresh water from the salt water. Plot this streamline. (a) fer the given stream funchon, peArisin2e Aleng O20 ro Thus, the rays O70 and 0>Th can be replaced With a sel’d boundary along Whih The stream Paust be constant. This forms aright angle and Inerefre This stream function Can be usex te represent Flow wi 4 Sunctioy night angle Coraer. (4) Since = ley .2A 26 yet ay 2 2Arcs at O27, Vs 24 pees = —ZAr For a source located at tne origin =a * ar ® = nee YF £35 7 ate To create a stagnatwon pot ef ba ana 62% Jet UV, = Ve, zi (eon) QnA mM FIGURE PG.68 62], Were. boundary 6-326.68 (Con'L) Thus : Zale, and . m= TAL Cr a co) ques a stagnation pot at The combsaed stream funchen 1s pu) = Apres Ws Arts 26+ on and with tras 4IrAl* Y= Ar? sin26 +2ALO The value of Wat the stagnation pomt (ral, O= My) % ag Al?sint + 2A) = Ar Thus, the eguation for the streamline passing through the stagnatwn peat 13 Alt = Ar’sin20 + 2ALO or aE wlt-20 las } sin 28 ay a Qn ea Lp wp oa For plotting let x'= Fos and gst 'sine ana « plot of the dividiiy streamline From Fg.) 1 shown on the £llowing Page. C¢on't) 6-336.68 Cant) Theta(deg) Theta(rad) rik. x y 10 0175 «2857 2.814 0.496 20 0.349 © 1.950 1.832 0.667 30 0524 15551347 (0.78 40 0698 = 1.331 = 1.020 0.856 50 0873 «1.191 «0765 0.912 60 1.047 1.100 0.550 0.952 70 1.222 1.042 0.986 (0.979 80 1396 1.010 0.175 (0,995 90 1.871 1.000 0.000 1.000 (Streamline [ 1.20 | 1.00 0.80 060 0.40 0.20 ~ - ; - 0.09, Aloo 080 4.00 150 200 260 300 x 6-84G67 6.64 The two-dimensional velocity field for an incompressible, Newtonian fluid is described by the relationship V = (12xy? — 6x°)i + (18x¢y — 4y")j where the velocity has units of m/s when x and y are in meters. Determine the stresses 044, y» and t,, at the point x = 0.5 m, y = 1.0 mif pressure at this point is 6 kPa and the fluid is glycerin at 20°C. Show these stresses on a sketch. Ts ~ pt am # (Eg. 6.254) Oyy > Pt e (eg, 1256) 2 bye jee oe) (Eg, 61284) For the given velocity distribution, with £=05m and y=lom: 26. jay*-1@.x* = 12 (he)*- 18 (a5)°= 7504 = = 2 af ne 2exy = 24(b5)(40) = 1.0% oe = g3bxy* 36 (05)(ho) 18.0 ¢ Qu = 19x72 7247 = 18 (05) 12 (L0)* =~ 150% ay Thus, for ps exw, and x= 150 MS , G2 ~ 6x OH + 2 (150%) (250%) = ~SI4R, Tyy = ~ bx 10H, + 2 Crs0%5 ) (7503) 2602 48 Ty? (50 SS (20g + 18.03) = $5.0 R. : oem 45.0 Pa, —LIe 5.78 RR x = * 6-356.70 a 6.70 ‘Typical inviscid flow solutions for flow around bodies indicate thatthe fluid flows smoothly around the body, even for blunt bodies as showa in Video V6.4. How- ever, experience reveals that due to the presence of viscos- ity, the main flow may actually separate from the body cre- ipa wake Gehind the body. As discussed ina later sec = Gection 9.2.6), whether of not separation takes place en pends on the pressure gradient along the surface ofthe body, |p 48 calculated by inviscid flow theory. If the pressure de- > ZAK creases in the direction of flow (a favorable pressure gradi- cent), no separation will occur. However, if the pressure in- creases in the direction of flow (an adverse pressure gradient), separation may occur, For the circular cylinder of Fig. P6.7o placed in a uniform stream with velocity, U, de- termine an expression for the pressure gradient in the di- rection flow on the surface of the cylinder. For what range of values for the angle @ will an adverse pressure gradient occur? FIGURE P6710 From Fy. 6.116 Be pt dee (1-4 a8) Thas, oR _ YU sing c0s® on) 26 ee ieee Since an adverse pressure gradient occurs for a posihie Of fob, it follows tram Fy (1) Tmt 0 Aills in The range oF +t 0° for an adverse pressure gradient This range Corresponds + the rear half of The cylinder.6.71 For a two-dimensional incompressible fiow in the x-y plane show that the z component of the vorticity, ¢., varies in accordance with the equation ee De What is the physical interpretation of this equa- tion for a nonviscous fluid? Hint: This vorticity transport equation can be derived from the Na- vier-Stokes equations by differentiating and elim- inating the pressure between Eqs. 6.127a and 6.127. For two-dimensional Fw with uw=e, Eg, 6.1274 veduees to au ou bey | dee a pls eB avi) eRe eye (FA) and Eg. 6/27b reduces to aye Pe me, yer )e 8 (25-72) CUxgt “ot 75g) = sf © Phy *A( axe dy DiFlerentiate Eg.t1) wrtn vespect to and 84.02) with respect fe x, and subtract 27.0) from Eg iz) obtern ee Oe Ou, nes 7 : on oe th ox - V 55 -2(# + oe «oe = a (er vr a (ae ia ] 4[8 me) 8 xe 8 ) ) By definiton (see Fg. 6.17) a 2 OK | By Re-write Eg, (3) 40 obtas, 2 au dK 2 fay_ de) _ 2 (2-H) «BE )+ REE) = 4[z or du at -)] ? bet ax” a5 : age ax o (cont ) a 6-87(Cont ) since each term in parenthesis in £9.04) is ¥ it follows That f yp 2% = o"Se = haute Bsa) The left side of Egil) Can be expressed as (see £4.45) Dfs where the operator DO) is the matnal ‘DE be derivative The right hand side of £g.(5) Can be expressed as vet where V=ffa so That £¢.(5) Can be written as DE 2, P2-eprs DE al Pov a nenviscous Fluid ,V=°, and in ths Case Df De “7 Thus, for a. two-dimensional tlow of an incompressible, hronviscous Fluid, the change sa the vorticity of a #lucd particle as st moves through the tlow Held is Here. 6-83G.7Z 6.72 The velocity of a fluid particle moving along a horizontal streamline that coincides with the x axis in a plane, two-dimensional incom- pressible flow field was experimentally found to be described by the equation u = x°, Along this streamline determine an expression for: (a) the rate of change of the v-component of velocity with respect to y; (b) the acceleration of the particle; and (¢) the pressure gradient in the x direction. ‘The fluid is Newtonian. (4) From the Continurty eguation , Qu, we ax? 9 — so that with =x or du se 55 — He = ex ” Also, Eg 11) can be integratect with respect te y 4 obteis for . iE Zxdy a= 2x4 + Fix) or Since the x-axis is a Stram[ne, 720 along This axis and therefore flK)20 So That ys —2xy aye a3 ry fe (x2 )(Qax) + (~axy)@) = 2x7 2 a= ners iS = (x2) 624) + (-2xy)(-2x) = 2x4 Along X-axis, ye, and Therefore Gy=0. Thus, a a= 2xtt CC) From ©. 6.1274 (with 9,70), a sb be A (2 ae «7 ax ax* 50 tut 2x7= a ge a (eee) and6.73 U 6.13 Two horizontal, infinite, parallel plates are spaced ee distance b apart. A viscous liquid is contained between the r plates. The bottom plate is fixed and the upper plate moves parallel to the bottom plate with a velocity U. Because of b a the no-slip boundary condition (see Video V6.5), the liquid motion is caused by the liquid being dragged along by the 4 Ing Comday, Fem pesore sein ined | rection of flow. Note that this is a so-called simple Couette x ‘flow discussed in Section 6.9.2. (a) Start with the Navier— Fixed plate ‘Stokes equations and determine the velocity distribution be- tween the plates. (b) Determine an expression for the flowrate passing between the plates (for a unit width). Ex- press your answer in terms of b and U. (a) For steady Flow with Weurso st follows Thet The Naver. Shkes Sguatiins reduce te Cth director of How) 2 atu or #+y (FE (Ey, 6.29) Thus hr Fero Pressure Grediint Dee ay * seo Tet U2 G4t Ce At yzo uso and i+ fllom Mat G=O Similarly, u at yb us and Ce There tore, u b vf? i) g [aces rE [os R a where q 'S the flowrate per unit width . Z 3 6-706.74 Oil (SAE 30) at 15.6 °C flows steadily between fixed, horizontal, parallel plates. The pressure drop per unit length along the channel is 20 kPa/m, and the distance between the plates is 4mm. The flow is laminar. Determine: (a) the volume Tate of flow (per meter of width), (b) the magnitude and direc- tion of the shearing stress acting on the botiom plate, and (¢) the velocity along the centerline of the channel, - 2474 (eq, 6.136) (a) 7 wa -3 WS 3 For f= tam 2 2x10 ‘my f= 0.38 73 ) and Sf 20x00 a? z 3) 4- 2 (2x mn) (20 x10 ey) 2.91 x10 * am 3 (0.38 WS) 7 me th) a3, =p (% . ee) (eg, bred ) Since ws oh 2 (yb) (&g. G134) and vero it fellows That au = BF (ey) and there fore Ty = ZF (4) At the bottom plate, ¥=-R, and since 32 4g, G . SER) = (20 xo, N2410 mn) sig : Oo 4 = HON, acting in the direction of flow mn ce) = £3, 6.138) Umax = N a) (3. ~2(8).3 (281 x10 -% aan eee—sS6.75 Two fixed, horizontal, parallel plates are spaced 0.4 in. apart. A viscous liquid (4 = 8 X 10° Ib- s/f’, SG = 0.9) flows between the plates with a mean velocity of 0.5 ft/s. The flow is laminar, Determine the pressure drop per unt length in the direction of flow. What is the maximum velocity in the channel? (3, 6.137) ad AP e 4 — 1m yi Th -3 Ib 2 SPs eV. 3 (x10? “8 )las #) : ae (2 th a 12. tt 4 Umax =G76 6.76 A layer of viscous liquid of constant thickness (no velocity perpendicular to plate) fiows steadily down an infinite, inclined plane. Determine, by means of the Navier-Stokes equa tions, the relationship between the thickness of the layer and the discharge per unit width. The flow is laminar, and assume air resistance is neg- ligible so that the shearing stress at the free sur- face is zero. Ge 3 sind With The coordinate system shown in the figure V0, uso, and from The Continuity eguation ge =0. Thus, from the x- component of the Navier-Stokes eguations (£%.6/27*), =-22 ino gu 1 o Dl th Ge a) Moe, since There is a free surface, there Cannot be @ pressure radiént th the x-direchow so trot SP = oe rs Ten be written as ee ee a4 = - 22 sind dy? 7 Litegrehien yields de co EZ sind) y + C, @ Since The shearing stress +t au au gx" (ag * ax eguals Jero at The free surface (g=h) it follows that 34 zo at yeh so that The constant ti £y.(2) 4s C,+ a stnd Lntegration of bg.) yrelds (28 sa) $ «(28 = uz- (28 sad)e + [Of sna)y 2G Site uzo at g=0,rt Follows Mut C, =, and therebre : = us OF sina (Ry- 2) y The Flute per unit width can be expresad as gf dy So That ° t 2 a go [ Gh an (dg 2 )dy = a4 wind 6-93Direction of flow 6.17 — Aviscous, incompressible fluid flows be-) tween the two infinite, vertical, parallel plates of Fig. P6:T1. Determine, by use of the Navier- Stokes equations, an expression for the pressure gradient in the direction of flow. Express your answer in terms of the mean velocity. Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, and uniform. babe FIGURE P6.17 With the eeordinabe system shown u=0,ur=0 and from the continuity eguatiin 2%=0. Thus, fram The Y-tomponent of the Navier-Stokes Seguatons ( C&g. 6278), wih Gy=-J, = -9P _ dtr O= -55 PI th Te 2 Since the pressure is ; a function of x, Eg.) can be written as ge. L axe (chere P= 22 spg) and Integrated to obtarn ae. (2) WRX c From symmetry G20 at X20 50 That C,=0. Intymbon Oe A nett, Of 0 The: af te me bro i vier t : 72 Since at x=th, v=o it follows That and Therefore 3 42) The flowrate per unit with, ii The B-direchom can be -expressed as a [re ae =-2F Thus, with V (mean wikis) given by The eyuation WEE i a it Allows Tat6.78 6.78 A fluid of density p flows steadily down- ward between the two vertical infinite, parallel plates shown in the figure for Problem 6:77. The flow is fully developed and laminar. Make use of the Navier-Stokes equation to determine the re- lationship between the discharge and the other parameters involved, for the case in which the change in pressure along the channel is zero. See solution for Problem 6.83 to obtain a PR --$> where g is The dischame per unt width and Ps 3 +g. Thus, er Choke: The negative sign indiaks hak the direction of How must be downward to create a Jere pressure gradient. ) 6-956.74 6.79 Due to the no-slip condition, as a solid is pulled out of a viscous liquid some of the liquid is also pulled along as described in Example 6.9 and shown in Video V6.5. Based on the results given in Example 6.9, show on a dimensionless plot the velocity distribution in the fluid film (w/o vs. x/h) when the average film velocity, V, is 10% of the belt velocity, Vo From Example 6.7, the average velocity 13 given by the ofuaton = Yr xa" aw with the yelocity distri bation re fete Bath «) LL v=0.1% , ten trom &3.0) 0.1% Vo ~ ER or a eat Vs "ae (3) Ln dimensionless Form Eg. (2) becomes ze. rey aE) + +) From E4.(3) and Eq. (4) Gan be written as A plot of xin 0 o4 a2 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 Vo vNo 4,000 0.744 0.514 0.312 0.136 0.013, 0.134 0.229 0.298 0.337 0.350 ms Ys pasl8) 274) +1 (5) tne velocity distri buhen is shown below. (Calculated from Eq. (5)+ 6.90 6.80 An incompressible, viscous fluid is placed between horizontal, infinite, parallel plates as is shown in Fig. P6.80. The two plates move in opposite directions with constant veloc- ities, U, and U,, as shown. The pressure gradient in the x direction is zero and the only body force is due to the fluid weight. Use the Navier-Stokes equations to derive an expression for the velocity distribution between the plates. Assume laminar flow. FIGURE P6.80 For the specified conditians, 20, w=0, 3B =0, and g, So That the x-component of the Navibr -Stokes eguations (Eq. 6./27e) reduces to dtu 25 dyt an Lntegratioh of £9.01) qrelds “sGytrG ca For y= 0, w=-U ana turefre trom Eg.02) C,3|-& For Y= bh, 4=U, so that a er ce Uth 4 &’ Thus,G8/ 6.8) — Twoimmiscible, incompressible, viscous Auids having the same densities but different vis cosities are contained between two infinite, hor- izontal, parallel plates (Fig. P6.85 . The bottom plate is fixed and the upper plate moves with a constant velocity U. Determine the velocity at the interface. Express your answer in terms of U, 1, and 12. The motion of the fluid is caused entirely by the movement of the upper plate; that is, there is no pressure gradient in the x direction. The FIGURE P68 fluid velocity and shearing stress is continuous across the interface between the two fluids. As- sume laminar flow. For The specitied conditions, 7=0, w=0, ZL =0, and 9,70, 30 that the x- component of the Navier-Stokes epuatins (eg. 6.1274) for either the upper or lower lager reduces te dz. re 7) Lntegration of Ef.) elds u=Ayg +8 which gives the velocity distributiéw in either layer, Ln the upper layer at y=24,u=U so that 82U-4, (2h) Where the subscript 1 refers to the upper layer. For the lower layer at y=o, uso se thet B, z where the subserpt 2 refers to the lower layer. Thus, 4s, (y-2k)+U o6.87 (cont ) Since the velocity eistributin 15 Ivear in each layer the shearing stress mee. on 2 S du Lyn» C85 * 7) 2 wy 1s constant Throughout each layer, For the upper layer Te A and for the lower layer Gz Aade At the interface T= T, so thet A, by =f Ae Ve Al. Ay 03 Az Substitutes of Eg 03) inbo Fy.c2 gields --LeAe LU A, 4 fe ae Ue - 1+ 4/p, Thus, velecity ot the mterface 13 u, (4:8) = AF = Ee 1+ 4 - 6-197.82 Ceon'b) ww yb 1 0 f 147A 1282 mS 13208 1.25 05 1.12 06 gos 0.93 07 068 08 0.37 0.9 0 7 (Calculated rom Eq, (2) with P = | To determine where the makimum yelocity occurs ch fherentiate E9.(2) and set egual te 7¢r0. Thus, dlYr) .. piafZj+ 4) = 4 so re Pf FFE }-4 and wim P=3 (Ce a Be) eg ae. -3[4 (2% a} 4 So thet J 3 elec 6- [01remy 6.83 __A viscous fluid (specific weight = 80 b/f?; viscos- ity = 0.03 Ib- s/f?) is contained between two infinite, hori- zontal parallel plates as shown in Fig, P6.83. The fluid moves between the plates under the action of a pressure gradient, and the upper plate moves with a velocity U while the bottom plate is fixed, A U-tube manometer connected between two points along the bottom indicates a differential reading of 0.1 in. Ifthe upper plate moves witha velocity of 0.02 ft/s, at what distance from the bottom plate does the maximum velocity in the gep between the two plates occur? Assume laminar flow, : 7 = 100 tot? | m FIGURE P6.83 eer ee on we Ute dL (2B) (y% 45) (£4. 6.10) Makimum velocity Wilf eccur at cliskne Yon where Sf =o. Thus, du. vt Le, | 2 +h (Z) b5-s) 2k, Im * ~ SORE ) ale For manometer (see figure to riqnt) , P+ ¥ Ah~ Yee the or Bok liye -% Jah = le ~ 3) & (io #, ~ % )( Also, oo. 0. tu7 ee «ony ie | on (2h ce | a ) Thus, from Eq. 1) J 10 ty. Gm? - (0.03 ‘#8 )(o.02z£) _ ae I Teak” )(~ 0.334 s) Fe : = 0652 gt (th cal 2757 in. G-l0rGBH shat 6.34 A vertical shaft passes through a bearing and is lubri- 75 mm cated with an oil having a viscosity of 0.2 N:s/m? as shown in Fig. P6.8} Assume that the flow characteristics in the gap be- ‘Bearing tween the shaft and bearing are the same as those for laminar flow berween infinite paral pats with zero pressure gradient ae in the direction of flow. Estimate the torque required to over ccome viscous resistance when the shaft is turning at 80 rev /min, oir |—0.25 mm m FIGURE P6.84 \ dre tdA The torgue due te force dF achig ee Trade on a differential avea, dhe Ld0, is (see figure at vight) ~ shaft | aT - dF = y* Th de cr where T is the shearing stress, Thus, ar T= td [+2 5 a! m lo In the gap, us U + (eq, 6192) where Usr,@ and b is tne gap width, Also, oon, Cy al Ae oy ay Ay Thus, from Eg.) Teame@e) ts amnipeg 2am (2.025 ma)" (0.2 2 [oom wy fam vad a) cali “vev Aes] (0.25 x 10am) = 0.355 Nem b-l03C.8S 6.85 A viscous fluid is contained between two long con- centric cylinders. The geometry of the system is such that the flow between the cylinders is approximately the same as the laminar flow between two infinite parallel plates. (a) Determine fan expression for the torque required to rotate the outer cylin- der with an angular velocity «, The inner cylinder is fixed. Ex- Dress your answer in terms of the geometry of the system, the viscosity of the fluid, and the angular velocity. (b) For a small rectangular element located at the fixed wall determine an ex- pression for the rate of angular deformation of this element. (See Video ¥6.1 and Fig. P6.9.) Le cylinder length Te shearing stress ) The torgue which musi be apphed to outer cylinder to overcome ta force due to the Sheaving stvess 13 (see figure ) dg= dF = Y% (THLd0)= yj rede so that or 4 ge tif ae = ary th uy In the gap as u¢ (23, 6.192) Since, c Tones BU © and b= H-r;, UTGw (see figure), it follows from ©.) that (con't) é- lewOFS (cont ) 0) From E9. bie you, Ou U ox + Ty Be tie| Iniear dhebribuhia so The negative sign indicates tit the original Vignt angle shown si Fig. PL.9b is thereasing. 6-1056.96% *6.8 Oil (SAE 30) flows between parallel plates spaced 5 mm apart. The bottom plate is fixed but the upper plate moves with a velocity of 0.2 mis in the positive x direction. ‘The pressure gradient is 60 kPa/m, and is negative. Cor pute the velocity at various points across the channel and show the results on a plot. Assume laminar flow. The velocity distibuton 1s given by te eguation wsUGe ji (GE) 09-45) (£5. 6.140) and for the gwin data, (o.aF) 1 : <2. as sea MVE 2, (0.0050 ) 27 2 (0390-5) é box’ Jy - (0,05) 5] so that w= 404+ 1.89x10" (0.0054 - 4) mM with ut rms when y ts im. Tabulated data and a plot of the data are given below. ym ums 0.005 7 — 0 0 0.0005 0.1975 [> 0.0010 0.3556 Y | Se 0.0015 0.4742 0.0020 0.5534 0.0025 0.5931 0.0030 0.5934 0.0035 0.5542 0.0040 0.4756 0.0045 0.3575 0.0050 0.2000 Fz (Calcutated — trom Eq, (1) ° ot 02 03 04 os 06 u (mis) G-lob6.87 87 Consider a steady, laminar flow through ‘The streamlines are all straight and parallel. In- vestigate the possibility of using an equation for the z component of velocity of the form = ees v= a(t-E-2) as an exact solution to this problem. With this velocity distribution what is the relationship be- tween the pressure gradient along the tube and the volume flowrate through the tube? From the description of The problem, u=0, 720, g,=0, uw # Fl), and the continuity eguatiwn mduates thal durzo, With these Condrivons the Z-Component of The Navitr-Stotes epuations (ky. 6. s2Te) reduces +6 oP. gar otw be ( bx8 * ag 7) Due to the no-ship boundary condition , ur so on The elliptical boundary 2 |g # +Z Thus, The propesed velocity distributon satishes This Condihen Since on the boundary urs A (1-2 - = Ali- (B62) =A fr- ey 0 This result inchcates ad The proposed velocity distri bubow Can be used as @ solution, Subst/tubin of the velocity distribuhon nite Bg.) 9100s the relatuship between The pressure qWadent, 22 and We velocity, Since, x a Our. _ 2a ur 2a ox? at age Se st fellows That ot Q) oP =~ 2AM (S +B) (cont) 6-{o7G87 (con't) The volume flurate, 0, through the tube 13 given by the epuabron Q= [ waa avea b afr g a urdxdy Thus, Bains | gt Qs HA (1-8 -£) deay : = : = x : a] IK, ws, . i, : aS - 1 ce " m [CeIE ( #)- $V E (1-2 Joy / ta . 2 = a - = SAa (3br) = ATab age [0 Bydy = Eds (3) = Agee and there fre 20 A® Fab From 4.2) 6-1086.83 6.82 A fluid is initially at rest between two horizontal, infinite, parallel plates. A constant pressure gradient in a direction parallel to the plates is suddenly applied and the fluid starts to move. Determine the appropriate differential ‘cquation(s), initial condition, and boundary con- ditions that govern this type of flow. You need not solve the equation(s). Differential] eguations ave the same as EBS. 6/24, 6135 ena 6.13) except Tt 2440 Csitce the Flow 1 unsteady ) Thus, 2q. 6.129 rnust snclude The local acceleration term, ae SE and The governng dtlerenhal €guatious are: Cx- divechon) (with # = Constatt) (9- airection ) (B- divection ) Labial Conditon : u=o fer t=o fr sly. Boundary conditions: u=0 for y=th fr tZo. 6-1046.89 6.84 _Itisknown that the velocity distribution for steady, laminar flow in circular tubes (either horizontal or vertical), is parabolic. (See Video V6.6.) Consider a 10-mm diameter horizontal tube through which ethyl alcohol is flowing with a steady mean velocity 0.15 mis. (a) Would you expect the velocity distribution to be parabolic in this case? Explain, (b) What is the pressure drop per unit length along the tube? (a) Check Reynolds number to dettrmae if Flau 1s Jaminar! Re= = _ (731 8h (0.15 2) (0.c10m) iene ene = 995 < Aloo ; Ne Thus, The Flow ts Jamnar and velocity clistr: bebon would be Parabolic. Yes. (4) Since The How is laminar _ 4152 ) VARY (By. 4 that 2 : Wy ee 8 (Lin x? (ais) oe fe (2.210) * = x STI per an 6-1106.70 6.90 A simple flow system to be used for steady flow tests consists of a constant head tank connected to a length of ‘4-mm-diameter tubing a5 shown in Fig. P6.90. The liquid has a viscosity of 0.015 N-s/m, a density of 1200 kg/m, and is- charges into the atmosphere with a mean velocity of 2 m/s. (a) Pressure Verify that the flow will be laminar. (b) The flow is fully de- wae) (2) veloped in the last 3 m of the tube, What is the Pressure at the: Pressure gage? (c) What is the magnitude of the wall shearing he ‘stress, t,., in the fully developed region? : }—am —4 Diameter = 4 mm m FIGURE P6.90 (a) Check Reynolds number to determine if How ts laminar Rez PLR 2 C20 4802 FE YMevctm) _ ae ] a 0.015 WS 7 Since the Reynolds number ts well below too the How is laminar, tb) Fer laminar How, ys a (£5, 6152) ek Since Ap= Bot = he eee figure ) AL anal = (008 B)VAE)im _ pone | ee (22204 »)* © %.2 7 (eis (Ey, bef) For fully oe pipe tlow, =o, so that Tar + SE Also, Ye Yas = (E)*] Ce. 6/54) and with a 2V , where V & The mean velocity er WA Thus, at. the “eal, a Fesealel el | Seer wo (2.02% m ) = bot64 6.91 A highly viscous Newtonian liquid (p = 1,300 kg/m’; # = 6.0N - s/m?) is contained in a long, vertical, 150-mm di- ameter tube. Initially the liquid is at rest but when a valve at the bottom of the tube is opened flow commences. Although the flow is slowly changing with time, at any instant the ve- locity distribution is parabolic, tha is, the flow is quasi-steady. (See Video V6.6.) Some measurements show that the average velocity, V, 18 changing in accordance with the equation V= 0.1t, with V in m/s when tis in seconds. (a) Show on a plot the velocity distribution (v, vs.r) at = 2s, where v, isthe velocity and ris the radius from the center of the tube. (b) Ver~ ify that the flow is laminar at this instant. (a) For parabolic velocity distr bute» es yt (%)* (Eq. 6.154) Toax Since Uney = 2V wav [i-(£y] fo With VzOlE at 4225 V= 0.2% and Re (Somme = 715mm . Thas, Eg. «becomes Wet Ga8)fi ~ (Sis We O4 (1-178) A plot of this velocity distribaton 1 shown below. and ve (mm/s) (mm) 0.000 0.075 ie 0.100 0.065 | Of 0.185 0.055 ne 0286 0.045 0.313 0.035 ed 0.356 0.025 0.04 0384 0.015 002 0.400 0 ea 0.384 0.015 al 0.356 0.025 noe 0313 -0.035 Beal 0.256 0.045 0.06 0.256 0.045 | 0.08 0185 -0.055 i 0.100 -0.085 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0,500 0.000 0.075 ve (vs) fb) ee PEP = (1300 #8, (0.2 #)( 0.150) Zz 6.0 NS =o = 65 << 2100 CFlow is lamar) 6-1269% 6.92 (a) Show that for Poiseuille flow in a tube of radius R the magnitude ofthe wall shear ing stress, r,,, can be obtained from the relation- ship deal = 22 for a Newtonian fluid of viscosity . The volume rate of flow is Q. (b) Determine the magnitude of the wall shearing stress for a fluid having a viscosity of 0.004 N-s/m? flowing with an average velocity of 130 mm/s in a 2-mm-diameter tube. am tea (8 Por Perseuille fw tia tube, U7 0, and Dar 3 eet, [Gy] (Ey. b.ne#) therefore (23. 6.154%) and % = 2V) where V is the mean velocity , it fllows Me thet ayes. er or k* Thus, af the wall (ree), = — HAV (Pre dent z and with Qs TRV 4uQ | (he) on | ore 5 Vo, 130 @) (b) | (sen |. tev 4 (0.004 R 0,002 ( 222% m) = 2.08 6-393 6.93 An incompressible, Newtonian fluid flows steadily between two infinitely long, con- centric cylinders as shown in Fig. P643 . The outer cylinder is fixed, but the inner cylinder ‘moves with a longitudinal velocity Vo as shown. For what value of Vp will the drag on the inner cylinder be zero? Assume that the flow is laminar, axisymmetric, and fully developed. FIGURE P6.93 Eguation bI47, which wes developed for flow mi Circular tubes applies ii The annular regun. Thus, _ was GE)er+ ohne +s ay With Poundary conditions, r=, Vz20, and rere, Y=Ve, tt follows that ile ot CB) y+ ote eG ea Yee CE)n + ttn tC 63) Subtract £g.(2) from £3.03) 4 obtain V+ i E)lr #47) + ¢, Ln YE) 4) An fe The drag on the sinner cylinder will be zero if (Ee oor = VY c tere + 2% ) (£3, ens#) Gand with V0, jt follows Mat - so Mat Since ,6.93 (Cont) Di Flerentiate Eg.) with respect to to obtemh a ay. oh (pele & ar ae so Tat af rer a . ( efi 2E)e + wag BIG) ba). Mae ty An te Thus, th order for the drag +> be zero, ~ 4, (#)ip2-5”) LB der Vo wGG 6 _, br. an te _ h ye - HE [2 ln — Oi -)] bus6.44 — An infinitely long, solid, vertical cyli uy der of radius R is located in an infinite mass of 6 an incompressible fluid. Start with the Navier- 7 ‘Stokes equation in the 0 direction and derive an expression for the velocity distribution for the 5 steady flow case in which the cylinder is rotating 6 about a fixed axis with a constant angular velocity @. You need not consider body forces. Assume that the flow is axisymmetric and the fluid is at rest at infinity. For this Flow) field, Yz=0, Uz20, and trom the combnuitly eguaton, ) a(ry, Uy, HR tt follows That 2% | (See figure hr rotabon) 36 °° Thus, the Navier- Stokes eguation 1h the O-direction (EB. 6./28b) for steady How fae to o=-738 pn [E RM Due to the symmetry of the How, Ue Fe 2k ay That a So ole 0%)_ w% té& + B)-B ° 2 24% 1 4B wB 2 F Or Ge FO on Since Uy is @ funchiey of only b, Eg t) can be expressed as an ordinary d Herne] Cguatioy, and ve-writlen as Pus 4% ae op (2 ca (2? Eguation (2) can be Integrated +o yield Oe | A Ce + -@ = dr te [ or rp te ems Gr 2 Ceont 6-6C94 (eont ) Ezuation ) tan be expressed as d (Ug) . Gr alr and & second integration grelds oo a [oe “ a icine G LU As b-Pe0, 3-70, since fluid 1 at rest at mtnty) so tt C=0. Thus, and since Wz= Rew, t follows that G2 Ra and ee695 6.95 Avviscous fluid is contained between two infinitely long vertical concentric cylinders. The ‘outer cylinder has a radius r, and rotates with an angular velocity «. The inner cylinder is fixed and has a radius r,. Make use of the Navier-Stokes equations to obtain an exact solution for the ve- locity distribution in the gap. Assume that the flow in the gap is axisymmetric (neither velocity nor pressure are functions of angular position @ within gap) and that there are no velocity com- ponents other than the tangential component. The only body force is the weight. The velocity distribution 1 the annular space is given by the equation Vee Gb & (eo - CO (See solution 40 Problem 69% tor derwetion. ) With Te boundary conditwns r=: , Yg=0, and Fh, Hz ® Csee tijwe for notation ) , it follows from Eg.) thet: - ah Co or Us z. a % There fore , and so That | re _ rte o r, i. a oes 5 a ee) or 2 ae eke! [: | = fain ee ee 2 GB) ——— 6-1186.96 6.96 For flow between concentric cylinders, with the outer cylinder rotating at an angular velocity w and the inner cylin- der fixed, itis commonly assumed that the tangential velocity (vs) distribution in the gap between the cylinders is linear. Based ‘on the exact solution to this problem (see Problem 6.95) the ve~ locity distribution in the gap is not linear. For an outer with radius r, = 2.00 in, and an inner cylinder with r 1.80 in., show, with the aid of a plot, how the dimensionless velocity distribution, v/row, varies with the dimensionless ra- ial position, r/r,, for the exact and approximate solutions. For 4 Miner velocity aistributiin (approsimede soluhin) Uys O oe and in nondimensional form rhe Ye. BH a) BW I- = Bre the exact solution (see Problem 6.95) %° Gam) |! Fe and sh Nendimensional form 2 “2 Ve i. oe (4) (2) Ge ) Te*\ bo For We21g0 in ana b= 2.001. some tabulated values ona a graph are Shown below, Note Tut there 03 ttle difference between the exact and approsimete solutions for this Small gep widty. For all practical purposes toth solutions tal! on the Single curve shawn. 1.000 Unear [Exact Yeltew | Vpltow | tite 0.980 }- ‘0.000 | 0.000 | ~“6.900 0.125 | 0.131 | 0.913 43 0.960 0.250 | 0.260. | 0.025 = 0.375 | 0.387 _| 0.938 hes 0.500 [0.512 | 0.950 oe 0.625 _| 0.637 | 0.963 0.750 |_0.759__| 0.975 0.900 - 0875 | 0.880 | 0.988 0.000 0.500 4.000 7,000 [4.000 | 1.000 lee b-1/46.97 697 A viscous liquid (u = 0.012 Ib-s/ft?, p = 1.79 slugs/f@) flows through the annular space between two hori- zontal, fixed, concentric cylinders. If the radius of the inner cylinder is 1.5 in. and the radius of the outer cylinder is 2.5 in., ‘what is the pressure drop along the axis of the annulus per foot when the volume flowrate is 0.14 tt?/s? Check Reynolds number to determme sf tlow is laminar! Re PMR . @ wh Dy= 2Ck-b ad a ere Dpzalg-n) @ v ee) Thus , eo. 208, 2 B8)on #) Co tp let) aw (oon BE (25 = 34.49 < 2100 Since the Reynolds number is well below 2100 the Flow 1's laminar and @= a 4 CE. 6.186) so that 4. 4 be 9 (6.012 we Vs) ne), (agae)* (se) [gy Copy) 6-1206.79 ¥* 6.4% * Plot the velocity profile for the fuid flowing in the annular space described in Problem P6.97.. Determine from the plot the radius at ‘which the maximum velocity occurs and compare with the value predicted from Eq. 6.157. The velocity distribution in the annulus 13 given by ‘the eguaton eG 2e [ apy % pl rg + ae dn (ey, 6186) % From Probkm 6.7 op. _4 Ib of: $e aay B, Thus, with (fr ene Mesffe*, b= 15 tn, and = 268i, wt follows “That Ge - (224 #s) [r (es #)+ (og o)-GEA) ft | Tbe. 4 (0.010 4s) or : _ —nyp (42 0.0434 ~ 0.0544 In oe ) where Vz in ft/s with b wn ft. Tabulated data and a plot of the deta are giren below. From these date s(t 1s seen that the maximum velocrty ale ee Fen % O.105 This value corresponds 6 the value calculated es £4. 6.157 : Ki-te ‘}: (6 @ra)- E#) (#)" & 2 on Be 2 nee = 0.165 £t0.23 21 019 = 07 0.15 6.75* Cent) v, (fs) 0.00 0.422 0.70 1.051 1.267 1.421 1.516 1.554 1.537 1.466 1.344 4.474 0.949 0.680 0.364 0.00 rift) 0.125 0.131 0.136 0.142 0.147 0.153 0.158 0.164 0.169 0.175 0.181 0.186 0.192 0.197 0.203 0.208 occurs at r 1.00 Ve fs 1.50 2.00 6-/22699 *] "6.11 As is shown by Eq. 6.150 the pressure gradient for laminar flow through a tube of constant radius is given by the expression: Compare the pressure drop over the length € for this nonuni- form tube with one having the constant radius R,. Hint: To solve this problem you will need to numerically integrate the equation for the pressure gradient given above, ap _ 840 % Re For a tube whose radius is changing very gradually, such as the one illustrated in Fig, P6.%, it is expected that this equa- tion can be used to approximate the pressure change along the tube if the actual radius, R(2), is used at each cross section. The following measurements were obtained along a particular tube. m FIGURE P6497 zt__[o Joa Joa [03 Joa Jos os [09 10 Rar, loolotoatosstostloaolosolontozstoti.o0 From the eguation given for the pressure gradient, Since =Ap (the ee ee it follows that Ap= wo (7 [eel] dz or, with B 2/L and R= R/R,, : = %OS ees Ap: [ (et) "de For a constant radius tube (see £3. 6.151), Apz SOS eek, 1 R,* Jo thet AP Cnonum form tube) Ap “Ap (umform tube) jer az* This tategr! can be evaluated numerically ae The trapegerdal rule, Le, 2B er I, Corr 4.) where i Ya @*)* ank Kw Zz (con't) 6-123Using The Thas, approximate va ére Coon td ue RIRO(RIRo)*-4 0.0 1.00 4.00 o4 O73 382 2 067 4.96 os 06s = 5.60 04 067 4.96 05 080g 06 = 0.80244 07 071 3.94 08 073352 09 om? es 10° 4.00 4.00 tabulated clata above, The oe athe ee integral 13 3.52. Ap (nonuniform CC Ap (um form tube) b-1246.100 Show how Eq. 6.155 is obtained. From £g. 6./47 ae % GEC + Gh te (£3. 6.197) Per flow sh an 4nnalus, Yyro ab r= and zo at b=";. Thus from &y. b1*7 e Le 2 os £4) + Ghee te Se 2 oo (RIN rsa rs and solving tr C, ana G We have | KE) i - 2) ¢, "Tn ey — In (&.) Substitution of E48.) ana 2) into Eg b1¥7 lees we RAEN BSP] Which 1s the desited eguation (ER. b155) . 6 25"601 6.101 A.wire of diameter d is stretched along the centerline of a pipe of diameter D. For a given pressure drop per unit length of pipe, by how much does the presence of the wire reduce the flowrate if (a) d/D = 0.1; (b) d/D = 0.017 The volume tlowrebe 4s given bq FG. 6/56 O+ 4p [at-nt - (gr- “| (£4. 6186) SAR o CG Inf) Which Can be written 43 # h, oe Th APE — (ty , fi- ey] au () Since fe 4 1 Fy) Can abe be written as Th tap ce g= TAPS) - (4), TT ts a) Not thet hr 220 (ho wire) Q- my * 4p oMk which Corresponds to Pojsewlles Law (Eg. 6./51) @) Br B=0l, Ey. gues & [i-6 ay Q: a? fi aie temas {- 0.51% SMh In(@@.1) Thus, fr The same bp The Flowrete ts reduced by he teducken vi = G— 0.574) % 00 = 42.6% 6) Similarly, hr B= 0.01 £9.) gives = WL (o01)", G- GT) - 6793 Fak In G01) a ,,r~r..:Cs«aCasrstizast zasisC*iCiCéCCOC_CNW ana Mote that The presence of €ven a very small wire along the. take Centerline has 4 signi tim effect on The Aowndbe 6-/266.102 6.102 (See “Some hurricane facts,” Section 65.3.) Consider category five hurricane that has a maximum wind speed of 160 ‘mph at the eye wall, 10 miles from the center of the hurricane. Ifthe flow in the hurricane outside of the hurricanes eye is ap- proximated as & free vortex, determine the wind speeds at loca- tions 20 mi, 30 mi, and 40 mi from the center of the storm. Fer tree vertex Vee « (3.4.36) Thus, at eye wall kK 160 mph = a 10am so thet k= (ibonnph )(10 ani) and yg = bomphi(r0 mi) B= a For, (iyo (10 ame. Yaz tonne Vz= “Wemed) (Lome) = $0.0 mph : = Mpompn) Gomi) p= 30 anc Yps “Le mee a = 53,3 mph Foz ¥omme = yyz fibonmph) Ciomé) ome 6-127G.1035 6.103. (See “A sailing ship without sails.” Section 6.6.3.) De- termine the magnitude of the total force developed by the two rotating cylinders on the Fletiner “rotorship” due to the Mag- nus effect. Assume a wind speed relative 10 the ship of (a) 10 mph and (b) 30 mph, Each cylinder has a diameter of 9 ft, a length of 50 ft, and rotates at 750 rev/min. Use Eq. 6.124 and. calculate the citculation by assuming the air sticks tothe rotat- ing cylinders. Note: This calculated force is at right angles to the direction of the wind and itis the component ofthis force in the direction of motion of the ship that gives the propulsive thrust. Aso, due to viscous effects, the actual propulsive thrust will be ‘smaller than that calculated from Eq. 6.124 which is based on inviscid flow theory. Fy =-e vr (force per unik length) (eg. 6,124) p- 60 as (eg. 6.87) On the Cylinder surface V= rub, and ds = rdbe 4 So tha _ i [crartede) 6-3 = 2ry7ew = (am)(4,54)* (150 Fe, (2m te) (<=) 9aq0 £* (0.00238 Set \(ea90 #)u- —13,8U ) By a eylinder with length = 5oft and Number of cylinders = 2 and wind speea =(Pmph, |, |= (22.8 42)(iom ) (5280 $6) (Lor \ (sy H)(2) = 34,900 |b (b) AE 30mmph | F,l= 3x (fe tomph) = 105, 000 Ib 6-128C.10F 6.104. (See “10 tons on 8 psi.” Section 6.9.1.) A massive, pre- cisely machined, 6-t-diameter granite sphere rests upon & 4-ft- diameter eylindrical pedestal as shown in Fig. P6.104, When the pump is turned on and the water pressure within the pedestal reaches 8 psi, the sphere rises off the pedestal, creating a 0.005- in. gap through which the water flows. The sphere can then be rotated about any axis with minimal friction. (a) Estimate the pump flowrate, Q,, required to accomplish this. Assume the flow in the gap between the sphere and the pedestal is essen- tially viscous flow between fixed, parallel plates. (b) Describe ‘what would happen ifthe pump flowrate were increased 10 2Q,, SFIGURE Peto if a O psc (a gs thee where g=Elourete (2p tia) Os ge i Suh Unit widta % 7 = 005 br = 000519. 6 9925 %y 2.08x10 he —— 6.005 in aa . £ 2 22(2,08 x10) (8 Be (2) a ¢ 3 (2.34 xi0* es )/ Gin. ) ; 40 Fe eine width = 1 (4#) = 8.8L x0" Be ber unit widte oe (eevan® £2) (4m #t) = o.olll co (4.98 sell) (b) Since 8 psi supports the sphere It is expected Tet This Pressure vemains approximately The same as “the Flowra te Ineveases. To maintain this pressure the distance A would have +y increase as @, Cor g) 18 increased . Thus, Prem ig. 6.186 , eo (haw) * Aine = C2) (0.0028 in.) = 0.00318 in. Thus, the Qap widtw would Increase. to Opproximately 0.00630 in. 6-129