1.

BASIC GEOMETRY
(0 points) How would you calculate:

1. The area of a circle 2. The volume of a sphere 3. The volume of a cube

Consider your answers, then click the Show Answer box to compare. Area of a circle with radius

A=r2 r
:

Volume of a sphere with radius

V=43r3
:

Volume of a cube with side length

V=l3

Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

2. LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

(9/13 points)

log(100)=

log(10)= 2
1

log(1)=

log(1/10)= 0

-1

log(1/100)=

-2

log(105)= 2

5
5

-2

log(10x)=

10log(x)=

ln(e)=

ln(300)= 1

5.7

5.7
5.7

log(x)=7
What is x?

10000000

ex=1
What is x?

5.7

10000000
10000000

5.7
0

e3.5=

33.12

33.12
33.12 Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

3. PERCENT

(2/2 points) You decide to make gels using the gelling agent gellan (you will learn more about this later in the course). If you use 2.5 g gellan in 200g water, what is the percentage of gellan in the solution? 2% 12% 1.2% Status: correct 5%

Dave Arnold (visiting chef in Week 2) decides to make a gel of cranberry juice made with the thickener agar. If the gel has a 1.5% concentration of agar, what is the total amount needed to make 300 g of gel? 2% 4.5g Status: correct 45g 12g

EXPLANATION

The percentage of gellan is 2.5g/200g = 1.2%

The amount of agar needed to make the cranberry gel is 300g x 0.015 = 4.5 g Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

4. PH REVIEW
(10/10 points) What makes something acidic? A lower pH means something is more:
acidic

acidicStatus: correct

Lemon juice has a low pH

True

TrueStatus: correct

What is the formula for calculating pH from proton concentration? What is the standard unit of [H+]? (Check your answer in the solutions. How many molecules are there in a mole of molecules?
6.022E+23

6.02210+23

6.022e+23 If the pH = 4.0 what is the H+ concentration?

0.0001

0.0001

0.0001 If the pH = 5.0 what is the H+ concentration?

0.00001

0.00001

0.00001 How many-fold more H+ ions are there at pH 4 than pH 5?

10

10

10 If the H+ concentration is 104.3, what is the pH?

4.3

4.3

4.3 If the H+ concentration is 105.3, what is the pH?

5.3

5.3

5.3 What is fold difference in H+ ions for H+ concentration of 104.3 vs 105.3?

10

10

10 How many H+ ions are there in a glass of pure water (~0.3L)?

18100000000000000

18100000000000000

18100000000000000

pH=log[H+]
The standard unit for concentration is mol/L (abbreviated M). Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

5. GRAPHING PRACTICE
(0 points)

You measure the pH of 1 L of milk very carefully with a pH meter as vinegar is added, and get the following data.

Vinegar added pH

0 mL

6.5

1 mL

5.5

2.7 mL

5.1

7 mL

4.6

19 mL

4.2

50 mL

3.8

Plot pH vs. volume of vinegar added. Is this plot linear? Plot

[H+] vs. volume of vinegar added. Draw the best-fit line and calculate

its slope. What is the pH of the vinegar? (You will need to check your answers in the solutions as they cannot easily be entered here.)

The plot shows that the pH starts to change more slowly as more vinegar is added. As more vinegar is added, the pH of the mixture will get closer to the pH of vinegar, but more slowly than it did at first. Since the slope is changing, this is not a linear plot.

This plot is fit very well by a line with slope 3.2

10 6 M protons/mL of

vinegar. In other words, the number of moles of protons in our liter of milk increases by 3.2

10 6 every time one mL of vinegar is added.

This suggests that the concentration of protons in the vinegar is 3.2

10 3 M, so the pH of vinegar is about 2.5.

Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

Previous Next

1. PRACTICE WITH UNIT CONVERSIONS

(2/2 points) The table below shows how the SI prefixes can be applied to describe fractions or multiples of a meter (m). (Most of these prefixes can be used with other units, but the Angstrom, , is used only for units of distance.)

109 m 106 m 103 m 1 m 101 m 102 m 103 m 106 m 109 m 1010 m 1 Gm 1 Mm 1 km 1 m 1 dm 1 cm 1 mm 1 m 1 nm 1

The easiest way to input numbers in edX, especially those followed by many zeros, is to use "E notation." (You may already use this notation when working with a graphing calculator.) A number that would be written "a x 10b" in scientific notation is written "aEb" in E notation. edX will also understand if you simply type out all the extra zeros. However, you cannot input numbers in scientific notation, with commas or full stops to indicate delineate multiples of 1000 (see below for example in U.S. notation), or with any additional text such as unit labels. You can try out correct and incorrect inputs in the questions below without penalty. If you normally use a comma as a decimal mark, be sure to use a full stop instead on edX (e.g., 1/2 = 0.5, not 0,5).

Your answer in scientific ntation Inputs edX understands Inputs edX doesn't understand 230000 2.3E5 230,000 2.3 x 105 230000 meters

2.3 x 105 meters

One molecule of table salt is approximately 8 Angstroms in diameter. What is this length in meters?

8E-10

8E-10 A typical soft drink bottle holds 355 cm3. What is the volume of the bottle in dm3 (liters)?
0.355

0.355 Explanation

A common technique for keeping track of unit conversions is "multiplication by one." Multiplying any number by one doesn't change its value, which is good: we only want to change the units. The trick is to find an equivalent for the number one that allows you to change the units.

In the table above, you can see that 10 10 m is equivalent to 1 . Therefore,

1010 m1 =1
Now we can multiply our original value by one and cancel the angstrom units found in the numerator and denominator, and our value will be converted to units of meters:

8 =8 1=8 1010 m1 =81010 m

The same method can be used to convert from cm 3 to dm 3 . Notice that since we are starting from units of cubic centimeters, we need to cancel out 3 units of centimeters. This can be accomplished by cubing one (which, of course, does not change its value):

1=101 dm102 cm=1 dm10 cm=13=(1 dm10 cm)3=1 dm31000 cm3 355 cm3=355 cm31=355 cm31 dm31000 cm3=0.355 dm3
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2. CONVERSION FROM IMPERIAL UNITS TO METRIC/SI

(4/4 points) We will use metric/SI units as much as possible within the course, but to develop an intuition for the magnitude of these values, you should be able to convert from the units used in the course to those you encounter on a daily basis. If you typically use imperial units (e.g. inches/feet/yards/miles, pounds, teaspoons/tablespoons/cups/fluid ounces, psi, degrees Fahrenheit, BTUs), this will require extra effort. A table of conversions is given below:

Imperial Units

SI Units

1 foot

0.305 meters

1 pound (mass)

0.45 kilograms

1 pound (force)

4.45 Newtons

1 cup

237 mL

1 pound per square inch (psi) 6895 Pascals

1 BTU or 779 foot-pounds

1055 Joules

Converting from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius is more complicated:

Temperature in C59(Temperature in F32)

Even if you routinely use metric units, you may be less familiar with the Kelvin temperature scale:

Temperature in K=Temperature in C+273.15

If you encounter unfamiliar units in this course, please take the time to consult a conversion table (many can be found through Google) and convert a few values you can easily visualize to get an idea for their scale. Try a few sample conversions below: A breadbox is 12 inches long (and about six inches wide and deep). What is this length in centimeters?
30.4

30.5 The worldwide average adult male weighs about 137 pounds. What is this weight in kilograms?
62

62

What is the volume of a gallon of milk in liters?

3.8

3.8 A typical ambient indoor temperature in summer is 75 Fahrenheit. What is this temperature in Kelvin?
297

297

12 in1 ft12 in0.305 m1 ft100 cm1 m=30.5 cm 137 lbs0.45 kg1 lb62 kg 1 gallon16 cups1 gallon237 mL1 cup1 L1000 mL3.8 L Temperature on Kelvin scale =273.15+59(7532)297 K
1. DENSITY
(3 points possible) "Which weighs more - a pound of feathers, or a pound of bricks?" This classic children's brainteaser takes advantage of a child's intuition that something about bricks makes them inherently "heavier" than feathers. The property that the child has recognized intuitively, but perhaps can't name, is called density: it is the mass per unit volume, a quantity that differs from substance to substance. Bricks have a higher density than feathers: this is why, for example, a box full of bricks weighs more than a box full of feathers. Substances that are less dense than a given liquid/gas tend to float/rise. The following questions can help you practice using the concept of density, which we will use in the following lectures.

One cup (237 mL) of a certain brand of olive oil weighs 216 grams. What is the density of olive oil in g/mL?

0.91 You have just bought a home deep fryer with a 3 L capacity. How many kg of oil would it take to fill the fryer?

2.73 The density of water is 1 g/mL. Will oil sink or float on water? Sink Float

Density of oil=216 grams237 mL0.91 g/mL

A substance's density is its mass per unit volume:

Density of

oil=moil3 L

. Therefore,

moil=3 L0.91 g/mL1000 mL1 L1 kg1000 g=2.73 kg (or about six pounds)
Since the density of oil is less than the density of water, oil will float on water. Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

CONCENTRATION NOTATION
(6/6 points) Match the key words below to their definitions at right. Some definitions may be used more than once or not used at all.

a. g/mL 1. A typical unit of concentration

C

c 2. A typical unit of molar molecular weight

D

b. 6.022 x 1023 mol1

d 3. A typical unit of density

A

c. M

a 4. Notation indicating "the concentration of water"

E

d. g/mol

e 5. Avogadro's number, NA
F

e. [H2O]

f 6. Abbreviation for "mol/L"

C

f. 6.022 x 1023 mol1

c Concentrations are typically given in units of moles per liter, which is abbreviated mol/L or simply M for molarity. Other common ways of denoting concentrations are weight/weight (w/w), weight/volume (w/v), and volume/volume (v/v) given as percentages.

For example, a 5% w/w sucrose solution has 5 grams of sucrose for every 100 grams of water, while a 5% w/v sucrose solution has 5 grams of sucrose for every 100 mL of total solution. The molarity of these 5% w/w

and w/v sucrose solutions would not be very different, since the volume taken up by this much dissolved sucrose is negligible, and the density of water is 1 g/mL. However, if you try to make a much more concentrated solution of, say, 200% sucrose, the volume occupied by the sucrose becomes important and it is important to specify whether the solution is w/w or w/v.

1.

You will hear the terms "weight" and "mass" used interchangeably in this course, although they aren't truly equivalent. Weight is the force an object experiences due to gravity, which is proportional to its mass: weight therefore technically has units of force (e.g. Newtons or pound force), unlike mass (grams or pound-mass). Following the colloquial convention, we conversationally use both "weight" and "mass" to refer to mass. As a result, you will see terms like "molecular mass" and "molecular weight" used synonymousl n the Week 1 when discussing pH, as well as later in the course, you will need to understand and use logarithms. Use the following segment to review how and when to apply the different types of logarithms.

2. EXPONENTIALS, LOGARITHMS
(2/3 points) When multiplying

bc, the number b is added to itself c times:

c times

bc=b+b++b

Exponentiation works analogously, but in this case, a number base) is multiplied by itself ctimes. (The number "power" or the "exponent"):

b (called the

c is often called the

bc=bbb
Just as in multiplication, the power multiplication:

c times

c does not need to be a round number.

However, the order of base and exponent cannot be switched as they can in

bc=cb, but bccb

Just as you might think of division as the inverse of multiplication, taking a logarithm is the inverse of exponentiation. Just as every exponent has to have a defined base, so does every logarithm: the base is sometimes indicated with a subscript, as in loga (but see below for a description of common notations). If below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

ab=c, then loga(c)=b, and vice versa. Some

commonly-used properties of exponents and logarithms are summarized

ab+c=abac (ab)c=abc ab=1ab loga(bc)=cloga(b) loga(bc)=loga(b)+loga(c) loga(b)=loga(b1)=loga(1b)

Try out a few practice problems involving exponents and logarithms:

10x=1000. What is x?

x3=8. What is x?

2
2

10log10(5)=?

2
5 The exponent in this problem has a base of 10, so we will take the corresponding logarithm ( above:

log10

) and use the third property given

\[ 10^x = 1000 \\

\log_{10} \left(10^x \right) = \log_{10} (1000) \\

x \log_{10}(10) = 3 \\

x = 3\]

For the second problem, we will use the second property given above by exponentiating each side of the power of 1/3 (which is the equivalent of taking the cube root):

\[ x^3 = 8 \\

\left( x^3 \right)^{\frac{1}{3}} = 8^{\frac{1}{3}} \\

x = \sqrt[3]{8} = 2 \]

Finally, exponentiating and taking the logarithm in the same base are inverse functions, so when both are performed in succession, they cancel each other out:

10log10(5)=5
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3. LOG VS LN
(1/1 points) The pH scale of acidity, the decibel scale of sound intensity, the Richter scale of earthquake severity, and many others are based on the logarithm base 10, which we will abbreviate log10 or simply log for short. Later in the course, when studying phase transitions and heat transfer, you will also need to work with exponents of base e. We will abbreviate the associated natural logarithm as

loge or ln in this course, but be aware that some calculators/programs refer to the natural logarithm as log. When Ed types log(10) into his graphing calculator, the result it gives him is about 2.3. Which type of logarithm does his calculator's log() function
perform? Log base 10 Natural log Status: correct On Ed's calculator, the number:

log()

function takes the natural log of a

10=101=e2.3log10(10)=1 and ln(10)=2.3

Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field) 4. FEYNMAN AND EXPONENTIALS In the following passage Nobel laureate Richard Feynman recounts how, using some simple mental math, he fooled his friends into thinking he was a human calculator. As they challenged him to calculate various exponents in base e, he quickly estimated the values using a few handy logarithms: "What happened was this: I happened to know three numbers ln10 (needed to convert numbers from base 10 to base e), which is 2.3026 (so I knew that e2.3 is very close to 10), and because of radioactivity (meanlife and half-life), I knew

ln2

which is .69315 (so I also knew that e0.7 is

nearly equal to 2). I also knew e1 = e, which is 2.71828. The first number they gave me was e3.3, which is e2.3 - ten - times e, or 27.18. While they were sweating about how I was doing it, I was correcting for the extra .0026 - 2.3026 is a little high. I knew I couldn't do another one; that was sheer luck. But then the guy said e3 - that's e2.3 times e0.7 or ten times two. So I knew it was 20.something, and while they were worrying how I did it, I adjusted for the .693. Now I was sure I couldn't do another one, because the last one was again by sheer luck. But the guy said e1.4, which is e0.7 times itself. So all I had to do is fix up 4 a little bit! They never did figure out how I did it." Excerpt from Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, by Richard Feynman. Norton, 1985.

5. FEYNMAN PRACTICE
(2/2 points) Try using Feynman's system to estimate the values of a few exponents of base e.

e7

1095

1095
1096 e10
22026

22026
22026 Notice that

732.3

e7e32.3=e2.3e2.3e2.3=101010=1000
This will be a slight underestimate, since 3

2.3 = 6.9, which is less

than 7. The actual value is about 1096, which is within 10% of our estimate. Similarly,

e10e42.3+0.7=(e2.3)4e0.7=1042=20000,
also within 10% of the correct value, 22026.

y.

CLASSICAL LETTERS PRIMER

(9/9 points)

In this course, we will occasionally use Greek letters as symbols for variables and constants. This exercise is intended to familiarize you with those symbols. Don't worry about the descriptions of what these symbols are at this point, we will introduce their meanings as we go along. Match each Greek letter to its name and description. Instructions for typing these symbols on the forum are given in the solutions. a. 1. Rho, the symbol for density
D

d 2. Capital delta, indicates a difference in values

C

b.

c 3. One glyph of sigma, the symbol for stress

I

c.

i 4. Lunate epsilon, the symbol for bond energy

B

d.

b 5. another glyph of epsilon, the symbol for strain

G

e.

g 6. Pi, a constant (3.14159)

E

f.

e 7. Tau, a characteristic time (e.g. for relaxation or diffusion)

A

g.

a 8. Eta, the symbol for viscosity

F

h.

f 9. Mu, used to indicate 1/1,000,000th of a standard unit (e.g. microns or microseconds)

H

i.

h Using Greek symbols on the forum

The easiest way to type these symbols in the edX discussion forum is to use LaTeX formatting. (You are also welcome to type out symbols in plain text, but you may find this makes them more difficult to understand.) To use LaTeX formatting, you will need to signal where the LaTeX starts and stops within your post using special character strings. In between, you'll type the character(s) you actually want to display. For example, if you type the following in a forum post:

$ \eta

when you and other people view the page, they will see

, the Greek

lowercase letter eta. LaTeX formatting can also gussy up more complicated formulas; for eample, if you type in your post:
$ V = \frac{4 \pi r^3}{3} $

the page will display

V=4r33

. A good beginner's guide to LaTeX is

available here, and many others can be found on Google. Feel free to practice on the forum!

1. ATOMS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

(1/1 points) What is 12C (read: carbon-12)? One of many crystalline forms of carbon, formed under specific temperature and pressure conditions. amu. Status: correct ring. An alloy of carbon. An isotope of carbon weighing 12 A hydrocarbon molecule containing a 12-membered

The number of electrons, protons, and/or neutrons in an atom whenever it ionizes or decays. With so much change going on, what determines whether an atom is, for example, carbon or nitrogen?

By definition, the number of protons determines which element an atom is: for example, all carbon atoms have six protons. Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons: these different versions of the element are called its isotopes, and are named by their atomic mass. The most abundant isotope of carbon is 12 C, which has six protons and six neutrons. Another important (though rare) isotope of carbon is 14 C, which has eight neutrons and is important for carbon dating.

Like many molecules (including Kurt Vonnegut's fictitious ice-nine), elemental carbon is found in several distinct solid forms, including graphite (modern pencil "lead") and diamond, that form under different temperature and pressure conditions.

Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

2. ATOMIC MASS
(1/1 points) In the following lecture, you will learn how to calculate a molecule's mass given the atomic mass of each element it contains. To use this information, you will need to know how to find an element's atomic mass on a periodic table. A sample excerpt from a periodic table is given below.

What is atomic mass of sodium (elemental symbol Na)?

22.9

22.9

22.99 Any periodic table that you use is likely to contain lots of extraneous information, including ionization potential, ionization states, electronegativity, abundance, orbital occupancies, and other information never to be used in this course. A good rule of thumb for identifying a atomic mass is that it's usually approximately twice the atomic number (number of protons) of the element. The atomic number is always a whole number, and it increments as you move to the right within a row. Therefore the atomic number is given in the upper left of each box and the atomic mass is on the upper right.

Find a periodic table to use with this course (we recommend the free online table at WebElements) and make sure you can use it to find atomic masses. Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field) 3. (2/3 points)

Chlorine (elemental symbol Cl) is found in table salt, stomach acid, some plastics, and propellants used in spray bottles. Look up chlorine in a periodic table: the free online table at WebElements is a good option. What is chlorine's atomic mass? Give your answer in amu (or Daltons).

35.5 How many protons does chlorine have? 17 Status: correct 35 35.5 between atoms 18 18.5 How many neutrons does chlorine have? 17 18 18.5 35 35.5

The number varies The number varies between atoms Status: correct

All chlorine atoms have 17 protons: this is their defining characteristic. Each proton or neutron contributes 1 amu to the total mass of the atom, and only whole numbers of protons or neutrons are possible. How, then, is the atomic mass for chlorine 35.5 amu?

Recall that a given element can have many isotopes, i.e., atoms with different numbers of neutrons. Usually one isotope is much more stable and abundant than the others, but in the case of chlorine, two isotopes occur commonly in nature: 35Cl and 37Cl . About 75% of chlorine atoms are 35Cl , and the remainder are mostly 37Cl , which makes

the average atomic mass of chlorine

35.5 amu. It is this average

atomic mass that is listed on the periodic table. Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

Previous Next

1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS: PRE-QUESTION

(10/10 points) Antacids relieve heartburn by partially neutralizing stomach acid. An unbalanced reaction of a typical antacid, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with stomach acid (HCl) is shown below:

aCaCO3(s)+bHCl(aq)KeqcCO2(g)+dH2O(l)+eCaCl2(aq)
What is indicated by the numerical subscripts? The number of moles of that molecule molecule The number of grams of that

The number of atoms of that type in a molecule Status: correct

What is indicated by the subscripts in parentheses:(s), (g), (l), and (aq)? The state of matter of the molecules Status: correct molecules The redox state of the molecules Which compounds in this reaction are products? CaCO3 and HCl What is CO2, H2O, and CaCl2 Status: correct The color of the

Keq ?

The ratio between the masses of products and reactants at equilibrium The ratio between the concentrations of products and reactants at equilibrium Status: correct The rate of conversion of reactants to products Balance the chemical equation by finding the smallest possible whole number values of a through e.

b: a:
1 2

c:
1

1
1 d:
1

2
2 e:
1

1
1

1
1 1

True or false: If you mixed 10 grams of CaCO3 with a large amount of HCl, you would produce 10 grams of CaCl2. True False Status: correct The numerical subscripts in a chemical formula indicate how many atoms of each type are present. The subscripts in parentheses at the end of the chemical formula indicate whether the chemical is liquid, solid, gas, or dissolved in water (aqueous). Dissolving in water does not necessarily imply that any covalent bonds in a molecule are broken: it merely means that the molecule has become surrounded by liquid water molecules. Some molecules do separate into ions when they are dissolved in water: for example, the very strong acid HCl breaks apart into H + Cl when dissolved in water, as do salts. By convention, the products are the compounds found on the right-hand side of the arrows, even when a reaction is reversible (as the bidirectional and

arrows indicate here).

Keq

, the equilibrium constant, describes the ratio

between products and reactants that the reaction will reach if it is allowed to run for a sufficiently long time:

Keq=[CO2]c[H2O]d[CaCl2]e[CaCO3]a[HCl]b
The value of

Keq

does not provide any information about the rate of the

reaction: a reaction may occur very slowly, even if its large.

Keq

is quite

A balanced chemical equation has the same number of atoms of each type on the left and right sides of the arrows. This allows us to set up several expressions:

\[ \textrm{For Ca: } a = e \\

\textrm{For C: } a = c \\

\textrm{For O: } 3a = 2c + d \\

\textrm{For H: } b = 2d \\

\textrm{For Cl: } b = 2e \]

From these equations we can see that a, c, d, and e are equal, and b is twice their value. Therefore, the smallest possible integer values are a=c=d=e=1 and b=2.

Chemical equations tell us about the ratio between the number of moles (not grams) of reactants and products of a given reaction. Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field) Previous Next 1. In this segment, you will consider again the reaction of the antacid CaCO3 with the stomach acid HCl:

CaCO3(s)+2HCl(aq)KeqCO2(g)+H2O(l)+CaCl2(aq)Keq=[CO2][H2O][CaCl2][ CaCO3][HCl]2
2. STOMACH ACID I
(1/1 points) Because of the hydrochloric acid it contains, fluid in the stomach has a pH of approximately 2.5. What is the concentration of protons, [H+], in the stomach? Give your answer in moles per liter (M).
0.003162

0.003162

0.003162 \[ \textrm{pH } = - \log \left[ \textrm{H}^+ \right] \\

\left[ \textrm{H}^+ \right] = 10^{-\textrm{pH}} = 10^{-2.5} = 0.003162 \textrm{ M} \]

Assuming that all of these protons come from HCl, this implies that the concentration of hydrochloric acid is also 0.003162 M. Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

3. STOMACH ACID II
(1/1 points) The estimated equilibrium constant the following is true? The reaction will proceed exceptionally quickly. converted into products. Status: correct converted into products. The very large value of The reaction is effectively unidirectional: at equilibrium, almost all of the reactants will have The reaction is effectively unidirectional: at equilibrium, the vast majority of reactants will not have At equilbrium, the ratio between the moles of products and moles of reactants will be approximately 1:1.

Keq for this reaction is 1022. Which of

Keq

implies that the numerator of the

expression for the equilibrium constant is much larger than the denominator:

[CO2][H2O][CaCl2][CaCO3][HCl]2

This means that almost all of the reactants that can will convert into products.

The equilibrium constant

Keq

is not related to reaction rate. Even

reactions that are highly energetically favorable (i.e., have a high

Keq

may proceed very slowly because they have a high activation energy. Enzymes, a special type of protein that catalyzes chemical reactions, lower the activation energy of biologically-important reactions so that they can proceed more quickly. We will discuss enzymes again in the fermentation and enzymatic reactions weeks of the course. Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

4. STOMACH ACID III

(3/3 points) You take two antacid tablets containing 1 gram of CaCO3 total. (Most of the volume of the tablet is filler.) The molar molecular weight of CaCO3 is 100 g/mol. How many moles of CaCO3 are in your stomach?
0.01

0.01

0.01

Since you've just eaten, your stomach has approximately 500 mL of fluid in it. Assume the CaCO3 fully dissolves. What is the concentration of CaCO3 in your stomach in mol/L (M)?
0.02

0.02

0.02 Compare the concentrations of HCl and CaCO3 in your stomach. When they react, which reactant will be fully used up first? HCl Status: correct CaCO3 They will be used up simultaneously

1 g1 mol100 g=0.01 mol of CaCO3

\frac{0.01\textrm{ mol of CaCO}_3}{500 \textrm{ mL} \cdot \frac{1000 \textrm{ m L}}{1 \textrm{ L}} = 0.02 M

We saw above that the

Keq

of this reaction is so large that we can think

of it as unidirectional: as much of the reactants will be used up as is possible. According to the chemical equation, 2 molecules of HCl will react for every molecule of CaCO 3 that reacts. Since the HCl concentration is already lower than the CaCO 3 concentration, it is clear that the HCl will run out first. Therefore, we should think of the number of moles of HCl as setting the limit for how much of the products can be produced. Hide Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

5. STOMACH ACID IV
(1/2 points) How many moles of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) will be produced when the antacid and your stomach acid react?
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Assume that a mole of carbon dioxide gas occupies 24.4 L of volume. What is the volume of gas, in mL, that will be produced in your stomach?
19.3

19.3

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