Symmetrical Components and Sequence Networks

Chapter 11

Balanced sequences

Synthesis equations

Synthesis equations

Analysis equations
1 0 = ( + + ) 3 1 2 1 = ( + + ) 3 1 2 2 = ( + + ) 3

Example: Balanced line to neutral voltages with positive sequence

Calculate the sequence components of the following line to neutral voltages with abc sequence 0 = 277 0 V = 2771200 V 0 = 277 120 V

Solution

Example: Balanced line currents with a negative sequence

Calculate the sequence components of the current in line a of a balanced star connected load with acb sequence = 1000 A = 101200 A = 101200 A

Solution
0 = 0 A 1 = 0 A 2 = 1000 A This example shows that a balanced negative sequence network has only negative sequence components

Example 11.1 Textbook

Example 11.1 Solution

Balanced circuits

Only line voltages are applicable Line currents and phase currents are applicable

Balanced circuits
= = = For positive phase sequence 1 = 3(300 ) 1 The magnitude of the line current is 3 the phase current and lags by 300

Balanced circuits
For negative phase sequence

2 = 3(+300 ) 2
The magnitude of the line current is 3 the phase current and leads by 300

Phasors for balanced circuits

Balanced Y circuits

Only line currents are applicable Line voltages and phase voltages are applicable

Balanced Y circuits
= = = For positive phase sequence 1 = 3(+300 ) 1 The magnitude of the line voltage is 3 the phase voltage and leads by 300

Balanced Y circuits
For negative phase sequence

2 = 3(300 ) 2
The magnitude of the line voltage is 3 the phase voltage and lags by 300

Phasors for balanced Y circuits

Equivalent Y and loads

Given a connected load of impedance per phase, it can be shown that the equivalent Y connected load will have an impedance of = .
3

Equivalent Y and loads

Example 11.2 Textbook

Example 11.2 solution

Example 11.2 solution

Example 11.2 solution

Example 11.2 solution

Example 11.2 solution

Example 11.2 solution

Power in terms of symmetrical components

3 = + + = 30 0 + 31 1 + 32 2

Example 11.3
Using symmetrical components calculate the power absorbed in the load of example 11.2 and check the answer.

Example 11.3 solution

3 = + + = 30 0 + 31 1 + 32 2 When working in per unit the factor of 3 falls away. Therefore 3 =0 0 + 1 1 + 2 2
= 0 + (0.985743.60)(0.9857-43.60) +(0.2346250.30)(0.2346-250.30)

= 1.02300
Actual = 1.02300(500)

= 513.320KW

Example 11.3 solution

Verifying the answer 1 = 0.985743.60 1 = 0.985776.40 1 = 0.9857163.60 2 = 0.2346250.30 2 = 0.2346370.30 2 = 0.2346130.30 0 = 0 = 0 =0

Example 11.3 solution

= 0 + 1 + 2 = 0.783235.870 = 0 + 1 + 2 = 1.02663.20 = 0 + 1 + 2 = 1.189157.40 Base current Ib =
500000 3 (2300)

= 125.5 A

Actual currents = 98.335.870 A = 128.863.20 A = 149.2157.40 A

Example 11.3 solution

Power = 2 + 2 + 2 = 98.32(10.58)+128.82(10.58)+149.22(10.58) = 513 kW

Sequence circuits of Y and impedance loads

Sequence circuits of Y and impedance loads

Neutral current = + + = (0 + 1 + 2 ) + (0 + 1 + 2 )+(0 + 1 + 2 ) = (0 + 0 + 0 ) + (1 + 1 + 1 )+(2 + 2 + 2 ) = (0 + 0 + 0 ) + 0 +0 = 30 The neutral current consists only of the zero sequence current

Sequence circuits of Y and impedance loads

The volt drop across is = 30 This means that the voltages to neutral ( , , ) and the voltages to ground ( , , ) are different under balanced conditions = + = + 30 = + = + 30 = + = + 30

Sequence circuits of Y and impedance loads

The previous set of equations can be written in matrix form as 1 A = A + 30 1 1 Where A =

Sequence circuits of Y and impedance loads

Multiplying throughout by gives

1 = + 30 1 1 Which reduces to
1 = + 30 0 0

Sequence circuits of Y and impedance loads

Writing as previous equations as separate equations Multiplying throughout by gives 0 = ( + 3 ) 0 = 0 0 1 = 1 = 1 1 2 = 2 = 2 2 Where 0 is the impedance to zero sequence current 1 is the impedance to positive sequence current 2 is the impedance to negative sequence current

Sequence circuits of Y impedance loads

The previous three equations results in three separate networks:

Zero sequence network

Positive sequence network

Negative sequence network

Sequence circuits of Y impedance loads

The previous three equations results in three separate circuits for the Y connected load

Sequence circuits of Y impedance loads

0 is the zero sequence impedance 1 is the zero sequence impedance 2 is the negative sequence impedance

Sequence circuits of Y impedance loads

can assume the following values: 0 (short circuit solidly bolted, solidly grounded) Some positive value

Solidly grounded neutral

Open circuited neutral

Sequence circuits of impedance loads

Zero sequence network

Positive sequence network

Negative sequence network

Sequence circuits of impedance loads

Zero sequence network

Positive sequence network

Negative sequence network

Example
Three equal impedances of j30 are connected in . Determine the sequence impedances and draw the sequence networks. Repeat the problem for the case where a mutual impedance of j5 exists between each branch of the load.

Solution

j30 j30 j30

j10

j10

j30

Zero sequence network

Positive sequence network

Negative sequence network

Solution with mutual impedance

Solution with mutual impedance

j40

J8.3

J8.3

Sequence circuits of a transmission line

- self impedance of each phase conductor - self impedance of the neutral conductor - mutual impedance between phase conductors - mutual impedance between neutral and phase conductors

Sequence circuits of a transmission line

The presence of the neutral conductor changes the self impedance and mutual impedance of the phase conductors: = + - 2 (self impedance) = + - 2 (mutual impedance)

Sequence circuits of a transmission line

Using the self and mutual impedance of the line , the volt drops across the line can be calculated from the following set of equations: = =

Sequence circuits of a transmission line

The sequence impedances of the transmission line are defined as: 0 = + 2 = + 2 + 3 - 6 1 = - = - 2 = - = -

Sequence circuits of a transmission line

The volt drops across the line can be calculated from the following equations

Sequence circuits of a transmission line

Zero sequence network

Positive sequence network

Negative sequence network

Example
A three phase transmission line has the following voltages at the sending and receiving ends =182+j70 kV =154+j28 kV =72.24-j32.62 kV =44.24-j74.62 kV =-170.24+j88.62 kV =-198.24+j46.62 kV The line impedances are =j60 =j20 =j80 =0 Determine the line currents , and

Solution
= + - 2 = j60 + j80 j60 = j80 = + - 2 = j20 + j80 j60 = j40 Then using = =

Solution
= =

28 + 42 80 40 40 28 + 42 x103 = 40 80 40 28 + 42 40 40 80

Solution
80 40 40 = 40 80 40 40 40 80
262.5 175 = 262.5 175 A 262.5 175
-1

28 + 42 28 + 42 x103 28 + 42

Solution
Using Symmetrical component The sequence components of the line volt drops are 0 1 1 =1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

Solution
0 1 1 =1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 28 + 42 28 + 42 x103 28 + 42

28 + 42 = x103 V 0 0

Solution
0 = + 2 + 3 - 6 = j60 + j40 + j240 j180 = j160 1 = 2 = - = j60 j20 = j40 So 0 = 0 0 1 = 1 1 2 = 2 2

Solution
(28 + 42) 103 = (j160) 0 0 = 262.5 j175 A 0 = j40 1 1 = 0 0 = j40 2 2 = 0 Therefore = = c = 262.5 j175 A

Sequence circuits of a synchronous machine

Sequence circuits of a synchronous machine

The sequence equations are:
Zero sequence network Positive sequence network Negative sequence network

and are the self and mutual inductances of the windings

Sequence circuits of a synchronous machine

Sequence circuits of a synchronous machine

Sequence circuits of a synchronous machine

Example
A generator rated at 20 MVA, 13.8 kV has a direct axis subtransient reactance of 0.25 per unit. The negative and zero sequence reactances are 0.35 and 0.10 per unit respectively. The neutral of the generator is solidly grounded. If the generator is unloaded at rated voltage = 1.000 per unit and a single line to ground fault occurs at the machine terminals, which results in the following terminal voltages to ground

Example
= 0 = 1.0.13102.250 0 = 1.0.13 102.25 Determine the subtransient current in the generator and the line-to-line voltages for subtransient conditions due to the fault.

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

5 Cases will be considered Case 1: Y-Y bank both neutrals grounded Case 2: Y-Y bank one neutral grounded Case 3: - bank Case 4: Y- bank Y grounded Case 5: Y- bank Y ungrounded

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 1: Y-Y bank both neutrals grounded

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 1: Y-Y bank both neutrals grounded Sequence equations: Positive sequence Negative sequence

Zero sequence

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 1: Y-Y bank both neutrals grounded Zero Sequence equivalent circuit:

0 = 3 + 3

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 1: Y-Y bank both neutrals grounded Zero Sequence equivalent circuit with leakage impedance Z:

0 = Z + 3 + 3

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 1: Y-Y bank both neutrals grounded Zero Sequence equivalent circuit with leakage impedance Z:

0 = Z + 3 + 3

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 1: Y-Y bank both neutrals grounded Positive Sequence equivalent circuit with leakage impedance Z:
1

1 = Z

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 1: Y-Y bank both neutrals grounded Negative Sequence equivalent circuit with leakage impedance Z:
2

2 = Z

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 2 Y-Y bank one neutral grounded

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 2 Y-Y bank one neutral grounded Zero Sequence equivalent circuit

0 cannot flow due to the absence of a path for current flow between the windings

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 3: - bank

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 3: - bank Sequence equations:

VAB 0 = Vab0 = 0

Zero sequence Positive sequence

VAB =
1

1 Vab1 2

VAB =

1 1 Vab 2

Negative sequence

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 3: - bank Zero Sequence equivalent circuit with leakage impedance Z:

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 3: Y- bank Y grounded

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 3: Y- bank Y grounded Sequence equations:
VA
0

1 0 - 3 IA = V ab 2
0

Zero sequence

VA =
2

1 Vab1 2

Positive sequence

VA =

1 Vab2 2

Negative sequence

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 4: Y- bank Y grounded Zero Sequence equivalent circuit with leakage impedance Z:

0 = Z + 3

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 5: Y- bank- Y ungrounded

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 5: Y- bank Y ungrounded Sequence equations:
1 VAB = Vab0 2
0

Zero sequence

VAB =
2

1 Vab1 2

Positive sequence

VAB =

1 Vab2 2

Negative sequence

Sequence circuits of Y transformers

Case 5: Y- bank Y ungrounded Zero Sequence equivalent circuit with leakage impedance Z:

Y transformers
VAB = VAB 2 =
1 1 3 Vab1 300 2 1 3 Vab2 300 2

In per unit VAB1 = Vab1 300 VAB 2 = Vab2 300 The same applies for currents in the per unit case IA1 = Ia1 300 IA2 = Ia2 300

Example
Three identical Y connected resistors form a load with a three phase rating of 2300 V and 500 kVA. If the load has applied voltages = 1840 V = 2760 V = 2300 V Find the line and currents in per unit into the load. Assume that the neutral of the load is not connected to the neutral of the system and select a base of 2300 V, 500 KVA.

Example
If the resistive Y connected load bank is supplied from the low voltage Y side of a Y- transformer, find the line voltages and currents in per unit on the high voltage side of the transformer.

Solution
Voltages and currents on the load side has been calculated previously = 0.882.80 = 1.241.40 0 = 1.0 180 Vab1 = 0.985773.60 Vab2 = 0.2346220.30 Van1 = 0.985743.60 Van2 = 0.2346250.30 Ia1 = 0.985743.60 Ia2 = 0.2346250.30

Solution
The calculated load voltages will be the voltages on the low voltage side of the transformer Vab1 = 0.985773.60 Vab2 = 0.2346220.30 Therefore high voltage side voltages in per unit will be VAB1 = Vab1 300 VAB 2 = Vab2 300 So VAB1 = 0.9857 103.60 VAB 2 = 0.2346 190.30 Next calculate the sequence components of the other lines VBC1 = 0.9857 (103.6120)0 = 0.9857 16.40 VCA1 = 0.9857 (103.6+120)0 = 0.9857 223.60 VBC 2 = 0.2346 (190.3+120)0 = 0.2346 310.30 VCA2 = 0.2346 (190.3120)0 = 0.234670.30

Solution
The line-line voltages on the high voltage side are VAB = VAB 0 + VAB1 + VAB 2 = 0 + 0.9857 103.60 + 0.2346 190.30 = 1.026 116.80 VBC = VBC0 + VBC1 + VBC2 = 0 + 0.9857 16.40 + 0.2346 310.30 = 1.19 22.60 VCA = VCA0 + VCA1 + VCA2 = 0 + 0.9857 223.60 + 0.2346 70.30 = 0.783 144.10

Solution
The calculated load currents will be the line currents on the low voltage side of the transformer Ia1 = 0.985743.60 Ia2 = 0.2346250.30 Therefore high voltage side voltages in per unit will be IA1 =Ia1 300 IA2 =Ia2 300 So IA1 = 0.9857 73.60 IA2 = 0.2346 220.30 Next calculate the sequence components of the other lines IB1 = 0.9857 (73.6120)0 = 0.9857 46.40 IC1 = 0.9857 (73.6+120)0 = 0.9857 193.60 IB 2 = 0.2346 (220.3+120)0 = 0.2346 340.30 IC 2 = 0.2346 (220.3120)0 = 0.2346100.30

Solution
The line currents on the high voltage side are IA = IA0 + IA1 + IA2 = 0 + 0.9857 73.60 + 0.2346 220.30 = 0.8 82.90 IB = IB 0 + IB 1 + IB 2 = 0 + 0.9857 46.40 + 0.2346 340.30 = 1.2 41.40 IC = IC 0 + IC 1 + IC 2 = 0 + 0.9857 193.60 + 0.2346 100.30 = 1.0 179.90

Sequence Networks
Sequence circuits have been developed for the following components: Loads (Y and ) Synchronous machines Transmission lines Transformers The components when combined make up a network Thus combining sequence circuits together make up a sequence network

Sequence Networks
Recapping sequence circuits: 1. Separate volt drop equations for each sequence can be set up 2. Z1 and Z2 are equal for static components (loads, lines and transformers) Z1 and Z2 are approximately equal for synchronous machines under subtransient conditions

Sequence Networks
Recapping sequence circuits: 3. Z0 is generally different different from and Z1 and Z2 4. Only the positive sequence of synchronous machines contains a voltage source (E) 5. The neutral is reference for positive and negative sequence circuits. Voltage to neutral and voltage to ground are the same

Sequence Networks
Recapping sequence circuits: 6. No positive or negative sequence currents flow between neutral and ground 7. The impedance Zn is not included in positive and negative sequence circuits but is represented as 3 Zn in the zero sequence.

Sequence Networks
Balanced 3 phase systems generally make up a positive sequence set. In such cases, the per phase equivalent circuit is the positive sequence network. Changing a positive sequence network to a negative sequence only involves changing the impedances of rotating machines

Sequence Networks
Consider the one line diagram shown below:

Sequence Networks
Positive sequence network:
XT1-1 Xline-1 XT2-1

Xg-1

Xm1-1

Xm2-1

Sequence Networks
Negative sequence network:
XT1-2 Xline-2 XT2-2

Xg-2

Xm1-1 X

m1-2

Xm2-2

Sequence Networks
Zero sequence network:
XT1-0 Xline-0 XT2-0

3Xgn-0 Xg-0

3Xn1-0

Xm2-0

Xm1-0

Sequence Networks - Example

A 300 MVA 20 kV three phase generator has a subtransient reactance of 20%. The generator supplies 2 synchronous motors over a of 64 km long transmission line having two transformers at both ends. The motors are rated at 13.2 kV. The neutral of motor M1 is grounded through a reactance of 0.4 . M2 is not grounded. Rated input for M1 is 200 MVA and M2 is 100 MVA. For both motors = 20%.

Sequence Networks - Example

Transformer T1 is rated at 350 MVA, 230/20 kV with a leakage of 10%. Transformer T2 is rated at 300 MVA, 220/13.2 kV with a leakage of 10%. Series reactance of the transmission line is 0.5 /km. Draw the positive sequence network. Use the generator values as base values.

Sequence Networks - Example

Sequence Networks - Example

Generator = j0.2 Transformer 1 1 = j0.0857 Transmission line = j0.182 Transformer 2 2 = j0.0915 Motor M1 = j0.274 Motor M2 = j0.549

Sequence Networks - Example

Positive sequence network

Sequence Networks - Example

Draw the negative sequence network for the system. Assume the negative sequence reactance of each machine is equal to its subtransient reactance.

Sequence Networks - Example

All negative sequence reactances are equal to positive sequence reactances.

Sequence Networks - Example

Draw the zero sequence network. Assume the zero sequence reactance of each machine (generator and motors) is equal to 0.05 per unit. A current limiting reactor of 0.4 is in each of the neutrals of the generator and M1 . The zero sequence reactance of the transmission line is 1.5 /km.

Sequence Networks - Example

Generator = j0.05 Transformer 1 0 = j0.0857 ( = 0) Transmission line = j0.545 Transformer 2 2 = j0.0915 (( = 0) Motor M1 = j0.0686 Motor M2 = j0.1372 Generator 3 = j0.902 Motor M1 3 = j1.89

Sequence Networks - Example

Zero sequence network