Angeles, Joan C. IV St.

. John Law of Inertia Inertia comes from the Latin word, iners, meaning idle, or lazy. The law of inertia states that a body will preserve its velocity and direction so long as no force in its motion's direction acts on it. This law is the basis of the new physics of the seventeenth century. This law is also true according to modern physics. Galileo discovered the law during the first decade of the seventeenth century, but in fact he did not understand the law in the general way we have formulated it here. The general formulation of the law of inertia was devised by Galileo's pupils and by Descartes - a French philosopher, mathematician and physicist. Up to the time of Galileo, it was thought that one must exert force in order to cause and preserve motion, as claimed by the physics of Aristotle. Indeed, when we look at the world surrounding us, we see that in order to continue movement we must exert force. Objects on which no force is exerted to preserve their movement eventually come to a stop. Galileo understood that one can explain the stopping of bodies by the common experience that we always encounter a force of friction which resists the motion of bodies. However, without such resistance force, the bodies would continue to move at their previous speed. As the first law of Isaac Newton, he defined inertia as his first law in his PhilosophiNaturalis Principia Mathematica, which states: The visinsita, or innate force of matter, is a power of resisting by which everybody, as much as in it lies, endeavours to preserve its present state, whether it be of rest or of moving uniformly forward in a straight line. The first law states that if the net force (the vector sum of all forces acting on an object) is zero, then the velocity of the object is constant. Velocity is a vector quantity which expresses both the object's speed and the direction of its motion; therefore, the statement that the object's velocity is constant is a statement that both its speed and the direction of its motion are constant. The first law can be stated mathematically as

Consequently, An object that is at rest will stay at rest unless an external force acts upon it. An object that is in motion will not change its velocity unless an external force acts upon it. This is known as uniform motion. An object continues to do whatever it happens to be doing unless a force is exerted upon it. If it is at rest, it continues in a state of rest. Changes in motion must be imposed against the tendency of an object to retain its state of motion. In the absence of net forces, a moving object tends to move along a straight line path indefinitely. Example: A package thrown out of an airplane will continue to move at the speed of the airplane on the horizontal axis (in the direction of the airplane's movement). Since the law of gravity acts on the package (a vertical downward axis), the package will gather speed along the vertical axis, but on the horizontal axis its speed will remain equal to that of the airplane.

Law of Acceleration Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects for which all existing forces are not balanced. The acceleration of an object depends on the 2 variables - directly upon the force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object. Newton's second law of motion can be formally stated that the acceleration of an object as produced by a force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the force, in the same direction as the force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. Where a = acceleration; F = force; m = mass

Example: Where, F is the force and its unit is Newton, m is mass and has the unit kg and a is the acceleration has unit m/s. Find the acceleration of the block given in the picture below.

Given in the picture below, a horse is pulling the horsebox having 8 kg mass in it with a force of 40N; if the applied force has an angle of 37 to the horizontal; calculate the acceleration of the horsebox.

Direction of the acceleration is in the direction of Fx which is the net force in direction of motion.

Law of Action-Reaction In every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The size of the force on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object. The direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the second object. Forces always come in pairs - equal and opposite action-reaction force pairs.Such forces often cause one object to speed up (gain momentum) and the other object to slow down (lose momentum). Action: the tires on a car push on the road Reaction: the road pushes on the tires. Action: while swimming, you push the water backwards... Reaction: the water pushes you forward.