A Report On

MICROCONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATIC VEHICLE OVER SPEED INDICATION AND CONTROLLING SYSTEM
Submitted In Partial Fulfillment ForMinor Project of

Bachelor of Technology

In
Mechanical Engineering

Submitted to: Er. Ajay Sidana (HOD, ME) Er. Dinesh Mittal

Submitted by: Kundan Kumar Dutta (1137917) Ankit Raj (1137888) Md. NaeemAlam (1137920) Dravit Kumar (1137897)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

BABA FARID COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH.

Muktsar Road, Bathinda-151001, Punjab (INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to present my minor project report before you. I thankfully acknowledge Er. Dinesh Mittal and Er. NAVDEEP MITTAL for giving me so many cooperations and thought lot of new things for me which will surely help in my future. A successful teaching can never be completed the efforts of single person but also demands the help and guardianship of some person who help the undersigned actively or passively in completion of successful training. I would like to convey my sincere thank to him. I extend my thanks to my college for giving me such an opportunity under the supervision of Er. Dinesh Mittal(ATPO) who is also an experienced person and Er. Ajay Sidana(H.O.D. of Mechanical Department).

ANKIT RAJ (1137888) DRAVIT ROY (1137897) KUNDAN K.RDUTTA(1137917) MD. NAEEM ALAM (1137920)

Contents
Title Page No.

Cover page Acknowledgement Contents Literature Survey Problem formulation Assessment for viability of project Objective and Methodology

1 2 3 4- 8 9 10 10- 12

LITERATURE SURVEY
Automatic braking is a technology for automobiles to sense an imminent collision with another vehicle, person or obstacle; or a danger such as a high brakes or by applying the brakes to slow the vehicle without any driver input. Sensors to detect other vehicles or obstacles can include radar, video, infrared, ultrasonic or other technologies. GPS sensors can detect fixed dangers such as approaching stop signs through a location database.

OPERATION
Automatic braking by the system after sensing an obstacle can be executed in two modes. In collision avoidance, the collision is avoided by the automatic braking, but the driver will not be warned in this type of system. There is a very good chance of wrongly interpreting the signals, especially in the case of radars or lasers. So this is not so effective method of automatic braking .In collision mitigation system, the sensors detect the possibility of collision but will not take immediate action. A warning will be sent to the driver in the form of a signal or a voice message. There is a threshold safe distance calculated by the system and if the driver fails to respond even when the vehicle crosses that region, then only brakes will be applied automatically. Even if there is a miss-interpretation of signals, there is no problem because, the decision to apply brakes is left with the driver and the brakes are applied automatically only in the most emergency situations. Many vehicles are provided with the option of turning on or off the automatic system based on their surroundings. In some automobiles even though they cannot be completely disabled, they can be limited to warning the driver about coming obstacle. Even this emergency braking initiates ABS which help the driver to retain the control over vehicle without any skidding. Automatic braking system is only effective if the mode of sensing the obstacles is reliable, or else any kind of false interpretation may cause a lot of damage.

New Collision Warning with Auto Brake helps prevent rear-end collisions

29 August 2007

Collision Warning with Auto Brake - including automatic braking when a rear-end collision is imminent Adaptive Cruise Control and Distance Alert - to help the driver keep a proper distance to the vehicle in front

Volvo Cars continues to address the problem of rear-end collisions by introducing Collision Warning with Auto Brake - a refined warning system that makes the car brake by itself if the driver doesn't act when a rear-end collision with a moving or stationary vehicle is imminent. "This can mean the difference between a serious injury and minor consequences for the occupants of both vehicles," says Ingrid Skogsmo, Director of the Volvo Cars Safety Centre. The new system will be available in the Volvo S80, V70 and XC70 at the end of 2007. Rear impacts represent a third of all reported accidents - and in more than 50 percent of these accidents, the driver doesn't brake at all. The new Collision Warning with Auto Brake (CWAB) initially warns the driver and pre-charges the brakes. The brakes are automatically activated if the driver doesn't act when a rear-end collision with a moving or stationary vehicle is imminent. Collision Warning with Auto Brake has an elevated technology level compared to the Collision Warning with Brake Support that was introduced in 2006.

Combining radar and camera

While the original system, introduced in the Volvo S80, is radar-based, Collision Warning with Auto Brake uses both radar and a camera to detect vehicles in front of the car. The longrange radar reaches 150 metres in front of the car while the camera range is 55 metres. By using Data Fusion to combine information from the radar and the camera, the system becomes more efficient. "Since the system combines information both from the radar sensor and the camera, it gives such a high confidence level that automatic braking is possible if a collision is imminent. The system is programmed to activate autonomous braking only if both sensors agree that the situation is critical," says Jonas Tisell, technical project manager for Collision Warning with Auto Brake at Volvo Cars. One of the main advantages of the camera is the possibility of detecting stationary vehicles and warning the driver while maintaining a low false-alarm level. "Statistics show that 50 percent of all rear-end collisions involve a stationary object, which means that Collision Warning with Auto Brake covers twice as many situations as with the present system," says Jonas Tisell. To adapt the warning system to different conditions and individual driving styles, its sensitivity can be regulated in the car settings menu. There are three alternative sensitivity positions.

Begins with a warning - and pre-charging of the brakes

If the car approaches another vehicle from behind and the driver does not react, a red warning

light flashes in the head-up display on the windscreen. At the same time, an audible signal can be heard. This helps the driver react and an accident can be avoided in most cases. "The head-up display gives a clear and very efficient warning. The red light appearing on the windscreen in front of the driver produces the same gut-reaction effect as when you see a brake light in front of you", says Jonas Tisell. If the risk of a collision increases despite the warning, the brake support is activated. To shorten the reaction time the brakes are prepared by the brake pads being placed against the discs. The brake pressure is also reinforced hydraulically, ensuring effective braking even if the driver does not press the brake pedal particularly hard.

Auto Brake lowers impact speed

If the driver doesn't brake and the sensor system determines that a collision is imminent, the brakes are activated. Auto Brake is designed to lower the impact speed as much as possible and thereby reduce the risk of injury to the occupants of both vehicles. "A reduction in collision speed from 60 km/h to 50 km/h, for example, gives approximately 30 percent less impact energy. This can mean the difference between a serious injury and minor consequences for the occupants. Depending on the circumstances, it is also possible that the Auto Brake can help avoid the impact entirely," says Jonas Tisell.

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

To make driving more comfortable, Volvo Cars has developed Adaptive Cruise Control, ACC. It helps the driver by maintaining the distance to the car in front and the system contributes to relaxed driving control when the traffic flow is uneven. Adaptive Cruise Control uses a radar sensor to continuously measure the distance to the vehicles in front and the system automatically adapts the speed of the car to ensure that the distance is maintained. The driver activates the cruise control, sets the desired maximum speed between 30 and 200 km/h and chooses a time interval to the car in front. There is a choice of five different time intervals between 1 and 2.6 seconds. When the radar sensor detects a slower vehicle in front of the car, the speed is automatically adapted to that vehicle even when it changes speed. "Since Adaptive Cruise Control handles part of the routine driving operations the driver can focus further ahead and drive with greater safety margins," says Jonas Tisell.

Distance Alert (DA)

Distance Alert is another new comfort feature that helps the driver keep a proper distance to the vehicle in front even when the Adaptive Cruise Control is disengaged. Distance Alert is activated via a button in the centre console. As with ACC, the driver can choose between five settings. If the time gap to the car in front becomes shorter than the selected value, the driver gets visual information in the head-up display on the lower part of the windscreen. If Distance Alert is engaged and ACC is activated, the DA system becomes temporarily disengaged. Both ACC and Distance Alert are tailored to help the driver comfortably follow certain national regulations defining the required distance to the vehicle in front.

Types of Pre-collision Systems

Some systems sound an alarm to notify drivers that a collision may be imminent -- a sound simply to alert the driver and get him or her ready to take evasive action. Other systems actually take control of certain aspects of the car. There are pre-crash brake systems, which apply additional pressure to the car's brakes to assist the driver in slowing the car down as fast as possible and potentially reducing damage caused by an accident. Some systems also connect the PCS unit to a pre-crash seat belt system, which can automatically tense passengers' seat belts before a crash. These are often referred to as seatbelt pretensioners. The development of these types of systems needs to be fine-tuned and highly accurate, since any malfunction could disrupt a drivers' attention and potentially cause an accident. Obviously, designers and manufacturers put pre-collision systems through rigorous testing to ensure that this doesn't happen. One of the earliest uses of accident detection was the Mercedes-Benz Pre-Safe system in the 2003 S-class sedan, which the company touted as the "world's first production car equipped with an astonishing new system that can sense a possible collision a few seconds in advance and take pre-crash protective measures." The system used sensors to measure the car's steering angle and acceleration, but not its surrounding environment -- actions such as pre-tensing of the seat belts, automatic sunroof closing and raising of reclined seats were triggered during any emergency maneuver More recent accident detection technologies use radar systems, like Toyota's Pre-Collision System. The company introduced its PCS in 2003 on a vehicle sold in Japan called the Harrier. In 2010, the system will be available on the Toyota Prius. The system uses millimeterwave radar to determine when additional braking assistance is required as well as when to apply tension to the seat belts. Toyota has also added pre-crash seatback preparation for rear seat occupants. If a crash situation is imminent, reclined rear seats are automatically brought to an upright position. Ford has also announced its own radar system, called "Collision Warning with Brake Support," for its latest models of the Ford Taurus, the Lincoln MKS sedan and the Lincoln MKT crossover. And Honda and Nissan also offer lane-deviation prevention and front collision avoidance systems on many of their domestic models. For more information about pre-collision systems, hybrid cars and other related topics, follow the links the next page.

Figure 1 Collision Warning

Figure 2 Distance Alert

PROBLEM FORMULATION
As for Indian road transport scenario is concerned, accidents are becoming a day to day cause an attempt has been made in this project to reduce such mishaps. In our project a high speed indication is given and automatic braking is applied by cutting off the fuel supply to the engine when the setup speed is exceeded. In our project, we have used solenoid valve and a microcontroller unit. The alternations to be made to implement this project in the vehicles are also discussed. In this fast moving world accidents are becoming proportional to high speed. In this project we are dealing with the speed limit taking into consideration, the wheel speed. A speed limit, the electronic gets closed. This makes the solenoid valve to close, which is placed between the carburetor and the engine. The fuel supply is cutoff due to the action of solenoid valve that in turn decreases the speed. As soon as speed decreases the timer circuit disables the supply to the solenoid valve, which makes it to open and allows the fuel flow in a regular manner to the engine.

NECESSITY OF USING AUTOMATIC BREAKING SYSTEM

The rider while in action may drive in different speeds depending on his needs and his substance of mind. This may lead to negligence of visual indication of the speed that he is driving which in many incidents have proven to be a disaster. In our AUTOMATIC BREAKING SYSTEM the audible alarm is given to the rider against the high speed sop that he is brought to his senses from the deviation, the AUTOMATIC BREAKING SYSTEM enables the control limit and brings the vehicle to the safety limit. To prevent high speed in automobiles, To reduce the accidents caused be over speed, To provide smooth/steady drive throughout the ride, To provide additional brake in addition to the conventional breaking system, To reduce the fuel intake of the Engine, To reduce the deviation of the rider by the usage of alarm facility.

ASSESSMENT FOR VIABILITY OF PROJECT OBJECTIVES

To provide automatic braking system. To provide hazard free atmosphere. To provide smooth ride for the motorist. To provide mind free ride for the motorist. To provide the nation with a accident free roads

APPLICATIONS
Automatic braking system can be used in both light moving vehicles such as two wheelers as well as in heavy moving vehicles such as buses and trucks etc. Automatic breaking system is flexible enough to be used in any type of breaking system such as mechanical, hydraulic, vacuum and air brakes. Automatic breaking system can be implemented in institutional vehicles, taxis, driving school vehicles, etc.

METHODOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM

LIGHT INDICATION MICROCONTROLLER (CONTROL UNIT) SOLENOID VALVE

ENGINE SPEED

MANUAL SPEED SETTING

FUEL SUPPLY ADJUSTMENT

BLOCK DIAGRAM

8 5 6 7

3 4

COMPONENTS
1. ENGINE 2. WHEEL 3. CARBURETOR 4. SOLENOID VALVE 5. SPEEDO METER 6. INDICATION LIGHT 7. CIRCUIT 8. FUEL TANK

Figure 3 Automatic Vehicle Over Speed Controlling System

COMPONENTS
1) Fuel tank 2) Fuel inlet tube 3) Exhaust tube 4) Engine 5) Wheel 6) Indication Panel 7) Connecting wire 8) Stand