WELL COMPLETIONS

Area open to flow : The calculated flow area provided by perforations across a specific zone of interest. The resulting value is used to calculate pressure drops and fluid-flow performance. Blast joint : A section of heavy walled tubing that is placed across any perforated interval through which the production tubing must pass, such as may be required in multiple zone completions. In addition to being heavier than normal completion components, the wall of a blast oint is often treated to resist the etting action that may result in the pro!imity of the perforations. Blasting cap : detonator Bridge plug : A downhole tool that is located and set to isolate the lower part of the wellbore. "ridge plugs may be permanent or retrievable, enabling the lower wellbore to be permanently sealed from production or temporarily isolated from a treatment conducted on an upper zone. Casing collar locator CCL! : A downhole tool used to confirm or correlate treatment depth using #nown reference points on the casing string. The casing collar locator is an electric logging tool that detects the magnetic anomaly caused by the relatively high mass of the casing collar. A signal is transmitted to surface equipment that provides a screen display and printed log enabling the output to be correlated with previous logs and #nown casing features such as pup oints installed for correlation purposes. Casing collar log : A log provided by a casing collar locator tool that generally incorporates a gamma ray log to correlate the relative position of casing string features, such as the location of a pup oint, with the reservoir or formation of interest. Crus"ed #one : The rubblized or damaged zone surrounding a perforation tunnel where the action of the perforating charge or bullet has altered the formation structure and permeability. Although it is generally damaging to production, the severity or e!tent of the crushed zone depend greatly on the characteristics of the formation, the perforating charge and the underbalance or overbalance conditions at time of perforating. $easures to reduce the effect of the crushed zone include underbalanced perforating in which the crushed zone and perforating debris are flushed from the perforating tunnel by the reservoir fluid as soon as the perforation is created. %here overbalanced perforating techniques are used, it may be necessary to acidize the crushed zone to achieve ma!imum productivity from the perforated interval. $a%aged #one : The area surrounding the wellbore that has been harmed by the drilling process, generally as a result of mud or cement-filtrate invasion. &ear-wellbore damage can significantly affect productivity and is typically easier to prevent than it is to cure. Although almost always present, a lightly damaged zone around the wellbore can be bypassed by perforation tunnels to create connecting conduits from the wellbore to the undamaged reservoir formation. $ore severe cases of damage may require a matri!-acidizing treatment to restore the natural permeability, or a hydraulic fracturing treatment to create a new high-conductivity flow path to the reservoir. $etonator & 'lasting cap : A device containing primary high-e!plosive material that is used to initiate an e!plosive sequence. The two common types of detonators are electrical detonators 'also #nown as blasting caps( and percussion detonators. )lectrical detonators have a fuse material that burns when

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high voltage is applied to initiate the primary high e!plosive. +ercussion detonators contain abrasive grit and primary high e!plosive in a sealed container that is activated by a firing pin. The impact force of the firing pin is sufficient to initiate the ballistic sequence that is then transmitted to the detonating cord. ,everal safety systems are used in con unction with detonators to avoid accidental firing during rig-up or rig-down. ,afety systems also are used to disarm the gun or ballistic assembly if downhole conditions are unsafe for firing. $rop 'all : A ball that is dropped or pumped through the wellbore tubulars to activate a downhole tool or device. %hen the ball is located on a landing seat, hydraulic pressure generally is applied to operate the tool mechanism. Mec"anical s(in : The reduction in permeability in the near-wellbore area resulting from mechanical factors such as the displacement of debris that plugs the perforations or formation matri!. ,uch damage in the near-wellbore area can have a significant effect on the productivity of a well. Nitrogen cus"ion : A column of high-pressure nitrogen typically applied to a tubing string in preparation for drillstem testing or perforating operations in which the reservoir formation is to be opened to the tubing string. The nitrogen cushion allows a precise pressure differential to be applied before opening flow from the reservoir. -nce flow begins, the nitrogen cushion pressure can be easily and safely bled down to flow formation fluids under a high degree of control. Perforating acid : An acid treatment placed in the wellbore over the interval to be perforated. "ecause of the overbalance conditions at the time of perforating, the perforating acid is forced into the newly formed perforation tunnel to stimulate the crushed zone. .ormulation of the perforating acid depends on the characteristics of the formation and the downhole equipment used. Perforating fluid : A specially prepared fluid placed in the wellbore over the interval to be perforated. The ideal fluid is clean and solids-free 'filtered(, and will not react to cause damaging by-products on contact with the reservoir formation. +erforating in a dirty fluid may result in significant permeability damage that is difficult to treat and remove. Tu'ing punc"er : A special perforating gun, or charge, that is designed for limited penetration to allow an inner tubing or casing string to be perforated without damaging a surrounding outer string. These guns often are used in remedial or wor#over operations in which downhole communication devices, such as sliding sleeves, cannot be opened to allow circulation of well-#ill fluids.

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